Effects of sea-salt aerosols on precipitation in simulations of shallow cumulus

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 69, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 463-483

  Kogan, Yefim L ^a,b   Mechem, David B ^c   Choi, Kityan ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^d PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Cloud microphysics; Clouds; Large eddy simulations

Indexed keywords

BACKGROUND AEROSOL; CLOUD BASE; CLOUD DROPS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DIFFERENT SIZES; FIELD CAMPAIGN; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESS; NEGATIVE SLOPE; PRECIPITATION FORMATION; PRECIPITATION PROCESS; RAIN DROPS; SEA SALT AEROSOL; SEA SALTS; SURFACE WIND SPEED; SURFACE WINDS; WIND SPEED;

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; COALESCENCE; DROPS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; RAIN; WIND EFFECTS;

CLOUDS;

AEROSOL; CLOUD DROPLET; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CUMULUS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); SEA SALT;

EID: 84857207195     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-031.1     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Abdul-Razzak, H., S. J. Ghan, and C. Rivera-Carpio, 1998: A parameterization of aerosol activation. 1. Single aerosol type. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6123-6131.
2. Betts, A. K., 1997: Trade cumulus: Observations and modeling. The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, R. K. Smith, Ed., Kluwer Academic, 99-126.
3. Blyth, A. M., S. G. Lasher-Trapp, W. A. Cooper, C. A. Knight, and J. Latham, 2003: The role of giant and ultragiant nuclei in the formation of early radar echoes in warm cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2557-2572.
4. Bony, S., and J.-L. Dufresne, 2005: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023851.
5. Cheng, W. Y. Y., G. G. Carrió, W. R. Cotton, and S. M. Saleeby, 2009: Influence of cloud condensation and giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitating trade wind cumuli in a large eddy simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08201, doi:10.1029/2008JD011011.
6. Cohard, J.-M., J.-P. Pinty, and C. Bedos, 1998: Extending Twomey's analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348-3357.
7. Cólon-Robles, Marilé, R. M. Rauber, and J. B. Jensen, 2006: Influence of low-level wind speed on droplet spectra near cloud base in trade wind cumulus. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20814, doi:10.1029/2006GL027487.
8. Cooper, W. A., R. T. Bruintjes, and G. K. Mather, 1997: Calculations pertaining to hygroscopic seeding with flares. J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 1449-1469.
9. Dearden, C., 2009: Investigating the simulation of cloud microphysical processes in numerical model using a one-dimensional dynamical framework. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 10, 207-214.
10. Deardorff, J. W., 1980: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 495-527.
11. Feingold, G., W. R. Cotton, S. M. Kreidenweis, and J. T. Davis, 1999: The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: Implications for cloud radiative properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4100-4117.
12. Feingold, G., I. Koren, H. Wang, H. Xue, and W. A. Brewer, 2010: Precipitation-generated oscillations in open cellular cloud fields. Nature, 466, 849-852, doi:10.1038/nature09314.
13. Gerber, H. E., G. M. Frick, J. B. Jensen, and J. G. Hudson, 2008: Entrainment, mixing, and microphysics in trade-wind cumulus. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86A, 87-106.
14. Ghan, S. J., G. Guzman, and H. Abdul-Razzak, 1998: Competition between sea salt and sulfate particles as cloud condensation nuclei. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3340-3347.
15. Göke, S., H. T. Ochs III, and R. M. Rauber, 2007: Radar analysis of precipitation initiation in maritime versus continental clouds near the Florida coast: Inferences concerning the role of CCN and giant nuclei. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3695-3707.
16. Hudson, J. G., and S. S. Yum, 2001: Maritime-continental drizzle contrasts in small cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 915-926.
17. Hudson, J. G., and S. Mishra, 2007: Relationships between CCN and cloud microphysics variations in clean maritime air. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16804, doi:10.1029/2007GL030044.
18. Hudson, J. G., S. Noble, V. Jha, and S. Mishra, 2009: Correlations of small cumuli droplet and drizzle drop concentrations with cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05201, doi:10.1029/2008JD010581.
19. Illingworth, A. J., 1988: The formation of rain in convective clouds. Nature, 336, 754-756.
20. Ivanova, E. T., Y. L. Kogan, I. P. Mazin, and M. S. Permyakov, 1977: Method of parameterizing the condensation process of droplet growth in numerical models. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 13, 821-826.
21. Jiang, H., G. Feingold, and I. Koren, 2009: Effect of aerosol on trade cumulus cloud morphology. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D11209, doi:10.1029/2009JD011750.
22. Johnson, D. B., 1982: The role of giant and ultragiant aerosol particles in warm rain initiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 448-460.
23. Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Y. L. Kogan, 1999: A large eddy simulation model with explicit microphysics: Validation against aircraft observations of a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2115-2131.
24. Khairoutdinov, M. F., and D. A. Randall, 2003: Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP: Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607-625.
25. Knight, C. A., L. J. Miller, and R. A. Rilling, 2008: Aspects of precipitation development in trade wind cumulus revealed by differential reflectivity at S band. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2563- 2580.
26. Kogan, Y. L., 1991: The simulation of a convective cloud in a 3D model with explicit microphysics. Part I: Model description and sensitivity experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1160-1189.
27. Kogan, Y. L., 2006: Large eddy simulation of air parcels in stratocumulus clouds: Time scales and spatial variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 952-967.
28. Kogan, Y. L., D. K. Lilly, Z. N. Kogan, and V. V. Filyushkin, 1994: The effect of CCN regeneration on the evolution of stratocumulus cloud layers. Atmos. Res., 33, 137-150.
29. Kogan, Y. L., M. P. Khairoutdinov, D. K. Lilly, Z. N. Kogan, and Q. Liu, 1995: Modeling of stratocumulus cloud layers in a large eddy simulation model with explicit microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2923-2940.
30. Laird, N. F., H. T. Ochs III, R. M. Rauber, and L. J. Miller, 2000: Initial precipitation formation in warm Florida cumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3740-3751.
31. Lasher-Trapp, S. G., C. A. Knight, and J. M. Straka, 2001: Early radar echoes from ultragiant aerosol in a cumulus congestus: Modeling and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3545-3561.
32. Lewis, E. R., and S. E. Schwartz, 2004: Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models-A Critical Review. Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 152, Amer. Geophys. Union, 413 pp.
33. Lowenstein, J. H., A. M. Blyth, and R. P. Lawson, 2010: Early evolution of the largest-sized droplets in maritime cumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 708-717.
34. Medeiros, B., B. Stevens, I. M. Held, M. Zhao, D. L. Williamson, J. G. Olson, and C. S. Bretherton, 2008: Aquaplanets, climate sensitivity, and low clouds. J. Climate, 21, 4974-4991.
35. Nuijens, L., B. Stevens, and A. P. Siebesma, 2009: The environment of precipitating shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1962-1979.
36. O'Dowd, C. D., M. H. Smith, I. E. Consterdine, and J. A. Lowe, 1997: Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle:A short review. Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80.
37. Rauber, R. M., and Coauthors, 2007: Rain in shallow cumulus over the ocean: The RICO campaign. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1912-1928.
38. Reiche, C. H., and S. Lasher-Trapp, 2010: The minor importance of giant aerosol to precipitation development within small trade wind cumuli observed during RICO. Atmos. Res., 95, 386-399.
39. Riehl, H., C. Yeh, J. S. Malkus, and N. E. LaSeur, 1951: The northeast trade of the Pacific Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 598-626.
40. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2003: The TRMM precipitation radar's view of shallow, isolated rain. J. Appl.Meteor., 42, 1519-1524.
41. Short, D. A., and K. Nakamura, 2000: TRMM radar observations of shallow precipitation over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 13, 4107-4124.
42. Siebesma, A. P., 1998: Shallow cumulus convection. Buoyant Convection in Geophysical Flows, E. J. Plate et al., Eds., Kluwer Academic, 441-486.
43. Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and W. W. Grabowski, 1990: The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: Non-oscillatory option. J. Comput. Phys., 86, 355-375.
44. Snider, J. R., S. Guibert, J.-L. Brenguier, and J.-P. Putaud, 2003: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Köhler and parcel theory closure studies. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8629, doi:10.1029/2002JD002692.
45. Snodgrass, E. R., L. Di Girolamo, and R. M. Rauber, 2009: Precipitation characteristics of trade wind clouds during RICO derived from radar, satellite, and aircraft measurements. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 464-483.
46. Stein, U., and P. Alpert, 1993: Factor separation in numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2107-2115.
47. Stevens, B., 2005: Atmospheric moist convection. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 605-643.
48. Stevens, B., and A. Seifert, 2008: Understanding macrophysical outcomes of microphysical choices in simulations of shallow cumulus convection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86A, 143-162.
49. Stevens, B., and G. Feingold, 2009: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature, 461, 607-613, doi:10.1038/nature08281.
50. Twomey, S., 1959: The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Pure Appl. Geophys., 43, 243- 249.
51. van Zanten, M. C., and Coauthors, 2011: Controls on precipitation and cloudiness in simulations of trade-wind cumulus as observed during RICO. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M06001, doi:10.1029/2011MS000056.
52. Wyant, M. C., C. S. Bretherton, J. T. Bacmeister, J. T. Kiehl, I. M. Held, M. Zhao, S. A. Klein, and B. A. Soden, 2006: A comparison of low-latitude cloud properties and their response to climate change in three AGCMs sorted into regimes using mid-tropospheric vertical velocity. Climate Dyn., 27, 261-279.
53. Zhao, G., and L. Di Girolamo, 2007: Statistics on the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumuli over the tropical western Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10204, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007371.