Precipitation characteristics of trade wind clouds during RICO derived from Radar, Satellite, and aircraft measurements

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 464-483

  Snodgrass, Eric R ^a   Di Girolamo, Larry ^a   Rauber, Robert M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT DATA; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENT; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BELOW-CLOUD; BI-DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTORS; CLOUD FIELDS; CLOUD FRACTION; CLOUDY PIXELS; DAILY RAINFALL; DIURNAL CYCLE; FIELD CAMPAIGN; LOCAL TIME; MESOSCALE; MULTIANGLE IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS; PRECIPITATION PROCESS; RADAR DATA; RAINFALL RATES; REFLECTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUXES; TOTAL RAINFALL; TRADE WINDS;

AIRCRAFT; CLOUDS; COMMERCE; HEAT FLUX; LATENT HEAT; OCEAN ENGINEERING; OCEANOGRAPHY; RADAR; RADAR IMAGING; RAIN; REFLECTION;

RADAR MEASUREMENT;

AIRBORNE SURVEY; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; CUMULUS; LATENT HEAT FLUX; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PIXEL; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RADAR IMAGERY; RAINFALL; SATELLITE DATA; SATELLITE IMAGERY; TRADE WIND;

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA; ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BARBUDA; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; LEEWARD ISLANDS [LESSER ANTILLES]; LESSER ANTILLES;

EID: 67549151314     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008JAMC1946.1     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Adler, R. F., and Coauthors, 2003: The version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147-1167.
2. Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. H. Scubert, and A. S. Frisch, 1995: The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment - ASTEX. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 889-904.
3. Augstein, E., H. Riehl, F. Ostapoff, and V. Wagner, 1973: Mass and energy transports in an undisturbed Atlantic trade wind flow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 101-111.
4. Battan, L. J., and R. R. Braham, 1956: A study of convective precipitation based on cloud and radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 13, 587-591.
5. Betts, A. K., 1997: Trade cumulus: Observations and modeling. The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, R. K. Smith, Ed., Kluwer Academic, 99-126.
6. Browning, K. A., and R. Wexler, 1968: A determination of kinematic properties of a wind field using Doppler radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 105-113.
7. Bruegge, C. J., D. J. Diner, R. A. Kahn, N. Chrien, M.C. Helmlinger, B. J. Gaitley, and W. A. Abdou, 2007: The MISR radiometric calibration process. Remote Sens. Environ., 107, 2-11.
8. Byers, H. R., and R. K. Hall, 1955: A census of cumulus-cloud height versus precipitation in the vicinity of Puerto Rico during the winter and spring of 1953-1954. J. Atmos. Sci., 12, 176-178.
9. Chou, S. H., R. M. Atlas, C. L. Shie, and J. Ardizzone, 1995: Estimates of surface humidity and latent heat fluxes over oceans from SSM/I data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2405-2425.
10. Diner, D. J., and Coauthors, 1998: Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) instrument description and experiment overview. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1072-1087.
11. Diner, D. J., J. C. Beckert, G. W. Bothwell, and J. I. Rodriguez, 2002: Performance of the MISR instrument during its first 20 months in Earth orbit. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1449-1466.
12. Doviak, R. J., and D. S. Zrnić, 1993: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. Academic Press, 458 pp.
13. Genkova, I., G. Seiz, P. Zuidema, G. Zhao, and L. Di Girolamo, 2007: Cloud-top height comparisons from ASTER, MISR, and MODIS for trade wind cumuli. Remote Sens. Environ., 107, 211-222.
14. Glickman, T. S., Ed., 2000: Glossary of Meteorology. 2nd ed. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 855 pp.
15. Hahn, C. J., and S. G. Warren, 1999: Extended edited cloud reports from ships and land stations over the globe, 1952-1996. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center NDP-026C, 79 pp.
16. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, 1979: Techniques employed in the processing of particle size spectra and state parameter data obtained with the T-28 aircraft platform. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-137+1A, 78 pp. [NTIS PB-299362/AS.]
17. Heymsfield, A. J., and D. Baumgardner, 1985: Summary of a workshop on processing 2-D probe data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 437-440.
18. Holland, J. Z., 1970: Preliminary report on the BOMEX Sea-Air Interaction Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 51, 809-820.
19. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. Brodzik, C. Schumacher, S. E. Yuter, and C. R. Williams, 2004: Uncertainties in oceanic radar rain maps at Kwajalein and implications for satellite validation. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 1114-1132.
20. Huffman, G. J., and Coauthors, 1997: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Combined Precipitation Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 5-20.
21. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, 2000: Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2038-2052.
22. Ikai, J., and K. Nakamura, 2003: Comparison of rain rates over the ocean derived from TRMM Microwave Imager and precipitation radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1709-1726.
23. Jovanovic, V. M., M. A. Bull, M. M. Smyth, and J. Zong, 2002: MISR in-flight camera geometric model calibration and geo-rectification performance. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1512-1519.
24. Knight, C. A., and L. J. Miller, 1998: Early radar echoes from small, warm cumulus: Bragg and hydrometeor scattering. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2974-2992.
25. Korolev, A., 2007: Reconstruction of the sizes of spherical particles from their shadow images. Part I: Theoretical considerations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 376-389.
26. Kuettner, J. P., 1974: General description and central program of GATE. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 55, 712-719.
27. Liu, G., J. A. Curry, and R.-S. Sheu, 1995: Classification of clouds over the western equatorial Pacific Ocean using combined infrared and microwave satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13 811-13 826.
28. Loomis, E., 1882: Contributions to meteorology: Being results derived froman examination of observations of the United States Signal Service and from other sources. Amer. J. Sci., 23, 1-25.
29. Marchand, R. T., T. P. Ackerman, and C. Moroney, 2007: An assessment of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) stereo-derived cloud top heights and cloud top winds using ground-based radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06204, doi:10.1029/2006JD007091.
30. Minnis, P., 1989: Viewing zenith angle dependence of cloudiness determined from coincident GOES East and GOES West data. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2303-2320.
31. Moroney, C., R. Davies, and J.-P. Muller, 2002: Operational retrieval of cloud-top heights using MISR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1532-1540.
32. Naud, C. M., J.-P. Muller, E. E. Clothiaux, B. A. Baum, and W. P. Menzel, 2005: Intercomparison of multiple years of MODIS, MISR and radar cloud-top heights. Ann. Geophys., 23, 2415-2424.
33. Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16, 1456-1475.
34. Nesbitt, S. W., E. J. Zipser and C. D. Kummerow, 2004: An examination of version-5 rainfall estimates from the TRMM Microwave Imager, precipitation radar, and rain gauges on global, regional, and storm scales. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 1016-1036.
35. Nuijens, L., B. Stevens, and A. P. Siebesma, 2009: The environment of precipitating shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
36. Oye, R., C. Mueller, and S. Smith, 1995: Software for radar translation, visualization, editing, and interpolation. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 359-361.
37. Petty, G., 1999: Prevalence of precipitation from warm-topped clouds over eastern Asia and the western Pacific. J. Climate, 12, 220-229.
38. Rauber, R. M., N. F. Laird, and H. T. Ochs III, 1996: Precipitation efficiency of trade wind clouds over the north central tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26 247-26 253.
39. Rauber, R. M., and Coauthors, 2007: Rain in Shallow Cumulus over the Ocean: The RICO campaign. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1912-1928.
40. Riehl, H., T. C. Yeh, J. S. Malkus, and N. E. LaSeur, 1951: The northeast trade of the Pacific Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 598-626.
41. Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau, 1989: A Short Course in Cloud Physics. 3rd ed. Pergamon, 293 pp.
42. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2261-2287.
43. Short, D. A., and K. Nakamura, 2000: TRMM radar observations of shallow precipitation over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 13, 4107-4124.
44. Siebesma, A. P., 1998: Shallow cumulus convection. Buoyant Convection in Geophysical Flows, E. J. Plate et al., Eds., Kluwer Academic, 441-486.
45. Snodgrass, E. R., 2006: Precipitation characteristics of trade wind clouds during RICO derived from radar, satellite, and aircraft measurements. M.S. thesis, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 101 pp.
46. Stephens, G. L., and C. D. Kummerow, 2007: The remote sensing of clouds and precipitation from space: A review. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3742-3765.
47. Stevens, B., 2005: Atmospheric moist convection. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 605-643.
48. Stout, G. E., and E. A. Mueller, 1968: Survey of relationships between rainfall rate and radar reflectivity in the measurement of precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 465-474.
49. Tompkins, A. M., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of cold pools. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1650-1672.
50. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377-1416.
51. Wielicki, B. A., and R. M. Welch, 1986: Cumulus cloud properties derived using Landsat satellite data. J. Appl. Meteor., 25, 261-276.
52. Wilson, J.W., T. M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R. M. Wakimoto, and R. W. Russell, 1994: Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184-1206.
53. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558.
54. Yang, Y., and L. Di Girolamo, 2008: Impacts of 3-D radiative effects on satellite cloud detection and their consequences on cloud fraction and aerosol optical depth retrievals. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04213, doi:10.1029/2007JD009095.
55. Zhao, G., and L. Di Girolamo, 2004: A cloud fraction versus view angle technique for automatic in-scene evaluation of the MISR cloud mask. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 860-869.
56. Zhao, G., and L. Di Girolamo, 2006: Cloud fraction errors for trade wind cumuli from EOS-Terra instruments. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20802, doi:10.1029/2006GL027088.
57. Zhao, G., and L. Di Girolamo, 2007: Statistics on the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumuli over the tropical western Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10204, doi:10.1029/2006JD007371.