Identity matters: Ethnicity, race, and the American dream

Just Schools: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 63-98

  Markus, Hazel Rose ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856890582     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. Adams, Glen, editor. 2008. Commemorating Brown: The Social Psychology of Racism and Discrimination. Washington: American Psychological Association.
2. Adams, Glen, and Hazel Rose Markus. 2004. "Toward a Conception of Culture Suitable for a Social Psychology of Culture." In The Psychological Foundations of Culture, edited by Mark Schaller and Christian S. Crandall. Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Alba, Richard. 1990. Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
4. American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education. 1999. Teacher Education Pipeline IV: Schools, Colleges, and Departments of Education. Washington: AACTE.
5. Aronson, Elliot. 2003. The Social Animal. London: Worth Publishing.
6. Asch, Solomon E. 1952. Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
7. Augoustinos, Martha. 1998. "Social Representations and Ideology: Toward the Study of Ideological Representations." In The Psychology of the Social, edited by Uwe Flick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bandura, Albert. 1997. Self-Efficacy. New York: W. H. Freeman.
9. Bellah, Robert, Richard Madsen, William Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
10. Blau, Judith R. 2003. Race in the Schools: Perpetuating White Dominance? Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
11. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1970. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. Translated by Richard Nice. London: Sage Publications.
12. Bruner, Jerome. 1990. Acts of Meaning: Four Lectures on Mind and Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
13. Burlew, Ann Kathleen, W. Curtis Banks, Harriette Pipes McAdoo, and Daudi Ajani Azibo, editors. 1992. African American Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publishing.
14. Carter, Prudence L. 2005. Keepin' It Real: School Success Beyond Black and White. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Chao, Ruth K. 1993. East and West Concepts of the Self Reflected in Mothers' Reports of Their Child Rearing. Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California.
16. Cohen, Geoffrey L., Julio Garcia, Nancy Apfel, and Allison Master. 2006. "Reducing the Racial Achievement Gap: A Social-Psychological Intervention. " Science 313(5791):1307-10.
17. Crocker, Jennifer, Riia Luhtanen, Bruce Blaine, and Stephanie Broadmax. 1994. "Collective Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-Being Among White, Black, and Asian College Students." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20(5):503-13.
18. Darling-Hammond, Linda. 2004. "What Happens to a Dream Deferred? The Continuing Quest for Equal Educational Opportunity." In Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education, edited by James A. Banks and Cherry A. McGee Banks. 2nd ed. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
19. Davies, Paul G., Steven Spencer, and Claude M. Steele. 2005. "Clearing the Air: Identity Safety Moderates the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Women's Leadership Aspirations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(2):276-87.
20. Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 1985. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Springer Verlag.
21. Denner, Jill, and Bianca Guzman. 2006. Latina Girls: Voices of Adolescent Strength in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
22. Deyhle, Donna, and Karen Swisher. 1997. "Research in American Indian and Alaskan Native Education: From Assimilation to Self-Determination. " Review of Research in Education 22(2):113-94.
23. Diaz-Guerrero, Rogelio, and Lorand B. Szalay. 1991. Understanding Mexicans and Americans: Cultural Perspectives in Conflict. New York: Springer Verlag.
24. Dodd, Susan Leverett, and Mile Anthony Irving. 2006. "Incorporation of Multicultur-alism into Art Education. " In White Teachers/Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism, edited by Julie Landsman and Chance W. Lewis. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Publishing.
25. Downey, Geraldine, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Celina M. Chatman, editors. 2005. Navigating the Future: Social Identity, Coping, and Life Tasks. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
26. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903/1989. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Books.
27. Duncan, Jacqueline, and Delroy L. Paulhus. 1998. "Varieties of Shyness in Asian- and European-Canadians." Paper presented at the 106th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, August 17, 1998, San Francisco, Calif.
28. Eccles, Jacquelynne S., and Allan Wigfield. 2002. "Motivational Beliefs, Values and Goals." Annual Review of Psychology 53(1):109-32.
29. Edley, Christopher, Jr. 2002. "Education Reform in Context: Research, Politics, and Civil Rights." In Achieving High Educational Standards for All: Conference Summary. Washington: National Academies Press.
30. Fiske, Alan Page, Shinobu Kitayama, Hazel Rose Markus, and Richard E. Nisbett. 1998. "The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology." In Vol. 2 of Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
31. Foley, Douglas and Kirby Moss. 2000. "Studying American Cultural Diversity: Some Non-Essentializing Perspectives." In Studying Cultural Diversity in America, edited by Ida Susser. London: Blackwell Publishing.
32. Foley, Douglas, Bradley A. Levinson, and Janise Hurtig. 2000-2001. "Anthropology Goes Inside: The New Educational Ethnography of Ethnicity and Gender." Review of Research in Education 25:37-98.
33. Foner, Eric. 1998. The Story of American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
34. Fordham, Signithia. 1993. "Those Loud Black Girls": (Black) Women, Silence, and Gender "Passing" in the Academy. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 24(1):3-32.
35. Fredrickson, George M. 2001. "Models of American Ethnic Relations: Hierarchy, Assimilation, and Pluralism." In Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict, edited by Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T. Miller. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
36. Fryberg, Stephanie, and Hazel Rose Markus. 2003. "On Being American Indian: Current and Possible Selves." Self and Identity 2(4):325.
37. -. 2007. "Models of Education in American Indian, Asian American, and European American Cultural Contexts." Social Psychology of Education 10(2):213-46.
38. Fryberg, Stephanie A., Hazel Rose Markus, Daphna Oyserman, and Joseph M. Stone. 2007. Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots.
39. Garrison-Wade, Dorothy F., and Chance W. Lewis. 2004. "Affirmative Action: History and Analysis." Journal of College Admission 184:23-26.
40. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books.
41. -. 2001. Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
42. Gloria, Alberta M., and Sharon E. Robinson Kurpius. 2001. "Influences of Self-Beliefs, Social Support, and Comfort in the University Environment on the Academic Nonpersistence Decisions of American Indian Undergraduates." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 7(1):88-102.
43. Gorski, Paul, and EdChange.org. 1995-2006. Teacher's Corner of EdChange's Multicultural Pavilion. "Working Definition". Accessed December 14, 2007, at http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/teachers.html.
44. Greenfield, Patricia M., and Rodney R. Cocking. 1994. Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45. Guay, Frederic, Herbert W. Marsh, and Michel Boivin. 2003. "Academic Self-Concept and Academic Achievement: Developmental Perspectives on Their Causal Ordering." Journal of Educational Psychology 95(1):124-36.
46. Guinier, Lani. 2000. "Confirmative Action. " Law and Social Inquiry 25(2):565-83.
47. Gurin, Patricia, Gerald Gurin, John Matlock, and Katrina Wade-Golden. 2007. "Sense of Community Values Among Racial-Ethnic Groups: An Opportunity for a New Conception of Integration. " In Commemorating Brown: The Social Psychology of Racism and Discrimination, edited by Glen Adams, Monica Biernat, Nyla R. Branscombe, Christian S. Crandall, and Lawrence S. Wrightsman. Washington: American Psychological Association.
48. Gutierrez, Kris D., and Barbara Rogoff. 2003. "Cultural Ways of Learning: Individual Traits or Repertories of Practice." Educational Researcher 32(5):19-25.
49. Hall, Kathleen. 2005. "Science, Globalization, and Educational Governance: The Political Rationalities of the New Managerialism." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 12(1):153-82.
50. Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1995. Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
51. Holland, Dorothy, and Naomi Quinn, editors. 1987. Cultural Models in Language and Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. Hudley, Edith V. P., Wendy L. Haight, and Peggy J. Miller. 2003. "Raise Up a Child": Human Development in an African-American Family. Chicago, Ill.: Lyceum Books.
53. Hwang, Kwang-Kuo. 1999. "Fillial Piety and Loyalty: Two Types of Social Identification in Confucianism." Theoretical and Methodological Advances in Social Psychology. Special issue, Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2(1):163-83.
54. Irvine, Jacqueline Jordan, and Darlene E. York. 2001. "Learning Styles and Culturally Diverse Students: A Literature Review." In Handbook of Research on Multicultural Educations, edited by James A. Banks. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
55. Iyengar, Sheena S., and Mark R. Lepper. 1999. "Rethinking the Value of Choice: A Cultural Perspective on Intrinsic Motivation. " Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76(3):349-66.
56. Jones, James M. 1999. "Cultural Racism: The Intersection of Race and Culture in In-tergroup Conflict." In Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict, edited by Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T. Miller. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
57. Jordan, Cathie. 1985. "Translating Culture: From Ethnographic Information to Educational Program." Anthropology and Education Quarterly 16(2):105-23.
58. Kendall, Frances E. 1983. Diversity in the Classroom: A Multicultural Approach to the Education of Young Children. New York: Teachers College Press.
59. Kim, Heejung S. 2002. "We Talk, Therefore We Think? A Cultural Analysis of the Effect of Talking on Thinking." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83(4):828-42.
60. Kitayama, Shinobu, Sean Duffy, and Yukiko Uchida. 2007. "Self as Cultural Mode of Being." In Handbook of Cultural Psychology, edited by Shinobu Kitayama and Dov Cohen. New York: Guilford Press.
61. Kroeber, A. L., and Clyde Kluckhohn. 1952. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. New York: Vintage Books.
62. Krysan, Maria, and Amanda Lewis. 2005. "The United States Today: Racial Discrimination Is Alive and Well." Challenge 48(3):34-49.
63. Ladson-Billings, Gloria. 1994. The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African-American Children. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
64. -. 2006. "Yes, But How Do We Do It? Practicing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy." In White Teachers, Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism, edited by Julie Landsman and Chance W. Lewis. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Publishing.
65. Landsman, Julie, and Chance W. Lewis. 2006. White Teachers, Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Publishing.
66. Lareau, Annette. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
67. Levinson, Bradley. 2002. "Foreword". In Education in the New Latino Diaspora, edited by Stanton Wortham, Enrique G. Murillo Jr., & Edmund T. Hamann. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Publishing.
68. Levinson, Bradley, and Dorothy Holland. 1996. "The Cultural Production of the Educated Person: An Introduction. " In The Cultural Production of the Educated Person: Critical Ethnographies of Schooling and Local Practice, edited by B. Levin-son, Douglas Foley, and Dorothy Holland. Albany, N. Y.: State University of New York Press.
69. Lewis, Amanda E. 2003. Race in the Schoolyard: Negotiating the Color Line in Classrooms and Communities. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press.
70. Majors, Richard, and Janet Mancini Billson. 1992. Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
71. Markus, Hazel Rose, and Shinobu Kitayama. 1991. "Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. " Psychological Review 98(2):224-53.
72. Markus, Hazel Rose, and Paula Nurius. 1986. "Possible Selves." American Psychologist 41(9):954-69.
73. Markus, Hazel Rose, Shinobu Kitayama, and Rachel J. Heiman. 1997. "Culture and 'Basic' Psychological Principles." In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, edited by E. Tory Higgins and Arie W. Kruglanski. New York: Guilford Press.
74. Markus, Hazel Rose, Claude M. Steele, and Dorothy M. Steele. 2002. "Colorblindness as a Barrier to Inclusion: Assimilation and Nonimmigrant Minorities." Daedalus 129(4):233-59.
75. Marsh, Herbert W. 1990. "Casual Ordering of Academic Self-Concept and Academic Achievement: A Multiwave, Longitudinal Panel Analysis." Journal of Educational Psychology 82(4):646-56.
76. Marsh, Herbert W., Ulrich Trautwein, Oliver Ludke, Olaf Koller, and Jrgen Baumert. 2005. "Academic Self-Concept, Interest, Grades, and Standardized Test Scores: Reciprocal Effects Models of Casual Ordering." Child Development 76(2):397-416.
77. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1992. "Racial Identity and the Spatial Assimilation of Mexicans in the United States." Social Science Research 21(3):235-60.
78. McIntosh, Peggy. 1990. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Knapsack." Independent School, 49(2):31-36.
79. Mesquita, Batja, Krishna Savani, David Albert, Hilda Fernandez de Ortega, and Mayumi Karasawa. 2006. "Beyond the Dichotomy of Cultures: Emotions in Mexican, Japanese, and European American Contexts." Unpublished manuscript. K. U. Leuven, Belgium.
80. Michaels, Walter Benn. 2007. How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
81. Morgan, Marcyliena. In press. The Real Hiphop: Battling for Knowledge, Power, and Respect in the Underground. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press.
82. Moses, Michele S. 2002. Embracing Race: Why We Need Race-Conscious Education Policy. New York: Teachers College Press.
83. Murphy, Mary C., Claude M. Steele, and James J. Gross. 2007. "Signaling Threat: How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings." Psychological Science, 18(10):879-85
84. Nelson-Barber, Sharon. 1999. "A Better Education for Every Child: The Dilemma for Teachers of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students." In Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Standards-Based Reform: A Report on McREL's Diversity Roundtable I. Aurora, Colo.: Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning.
85. New American Media. 2006, August 23. "Great Expectations: Multilingual Poll of Latino, Asian, and African American Parents Reveals High Aspirations for Chil-dren-From Preschool to College". Accessed December 14, 2007, at http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view-alt-category.html?category- id=95.
86. Nisbett, Richard E. 2003. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently⋯ And Why. New York: Free Press.
87. Nobles, Wade W. 1991. "African Philosophy: Foundations of Black Psychology." In Black Psychology, edited by Reginald Jones. 3rd ed. Hampton, Va.: Cobb and Henry.
88. Oakes, Jeannie, and Gretchen Guiton. 1995. "Matchmaking: The Dynamics of High School Tracking Decisions." American Educational Research Journal 32(1):3-33.
89. Oakes, Jeannie, Karen Hunter Quartz, Steve Ryan, and Martin Lipton. 2000. Becoming Good American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in School Reform. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
90. Ogbu, John U. 1985. "A Cultural Ecology of Competence Among Inner-City Blacks." In Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children, edited by Margaret B. Spencer, Geraldine K. Brookins, and Walter Recharde Allen. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
91. Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. 1997. Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
92. Olsen, Laurie. 1997. Made in America: Immigrant Students in Our Public Schools. New York: New Press.
93. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.
94. Orfield, Gary. 2004. Dropouts in America: Confronting the Graduation Rate Crisis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Education Press.
95. Oyserman, Daphna, and Kathy Harrison. 1998. "Implications of Cultural Context: African American Identity and Possible Selves." In Prejudice: The Target's Perspective, edited by Janet K. Swim and Charles Stangor. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
96. Oyserman, Daphna, Larry Grant, and Joel Ager. 1995. "A Socially Contextualized Model of African American Identity: Possible Selves and School Persistence." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(6):1216-32.
97. Perry, Theresa. 2003. "Up from the Parched Earth: Toward a Theory of African American Achievement." In Young, Gifted, and Black: Promoting High Achievement Among African American Students, edited by Theresa Perry, Claude Steele, and Asa Hilliard III. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.
98. Perry, Theresa, Claude Steele, and Asa Hilliard. 2003. Young, Gifted, and Black: Promoting High Achievement Among African American Students. Boston: Beacon Press.
99. Plaut, Victoria C. 2002. "Cultural Models of Diversity: The Psychology of Difference and Inclusion. " In Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies, edited by Richard Shweder, Martha Minow, and Hazel Rose Markus. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
100. Plaut, Victoria, and Hazel Markus. 2005. "The 'Inside' Story: A Cultural-Historical Analysis of How to Be Smart and Motivated, American Style." In Handbook of Culture and Motivation, edited by Andrew Eliot and Carol Dweck. New York: Guilford Press.
101. Pratt, Daniel D., Mavis Kelly, and Winnie S. S. Wong. 1999. "Chinese Conceptions of 'Effective Teaching' in Hong Kong: Towards a Culturally Sensitive Evaluation of Teaching." International Journal of Lifelong Education 18(4):241-58.
102. Resnick, Lauren B. 1994. "Situated Rationalism: Biological and Social Preparation for Learning." In Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, edited by Lawrence A. Hirschfeld and Susan A. Gelman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
103. Rothstein-Fisch, Carrie, Patricia M. Greenfield, and Elise Trumbull. 1999. "Bridging Cultures with Classroom Strategies: Understanding Individualism-Collectivism." Educational Leadership 56(7):64-67.
104. Sanchez-Burks, Jeffrey, Richard E. Nisbett, and Oscar Ybarra. 2000. "Cultural Styles, Relationship Schemas, and Prejudice Against Out-Groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(2):174-89.
105. Shweder, Richard A. 1991. Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
106. -. 2003. Why Do Men Barbecue?: Recipes for Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
107. Shweder, Richard A., and Edmund J. Bourne. 1984. "Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?" In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion, edited by Richard A. Shweder and Robert Alan LeVine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
108. Spindler, George Dearborn, and Louise S. Spindler. 1990. The American Cultural Dialogue and Its Transmission. Basingstoke, U. K.: Falmer Press.
109. Stanton-Salazar, Ricardo D. 1997. "A Social Capital Framework for Understanding the Socialization of Racial Minority Children and Youths." Harvard Educational Review 67(1):1-40.
110. Steele, Claude M. 1997. "A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance." American Psychologist 52(6):613-29.
111. -. 1999. "The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self." In The Self in Social Psychology. Key Readings in Social Psychology, edited by Roy F. Baumeister. New York: Psychology Press.
112. -. 2003. "Stereotype Threat and African-American Student Achievement." In Young, Gifted and Black, edited by Theresa Perry, Claude M. Steele, and Asa Hilliard. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.
113. Steele, Claude M., and Joshua Aronson. 1995. "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5):797-811.
114. Steele, Claude M., Steven J. Spencer, and Joshua Aronson. 2002. "Contending with Group Image: The Psychology of Stereotype and Social Identity Threat." In Vol. 34 of Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by Mark P. Zanna. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
115. Steele, Dorothy M., Claude M. Steele, Hazel Rose Markus, Amanda E. Lewis, Fran-cie Green, and Paul G. Davies. 2007. How Identity Safety Improves Student Achievement. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
116. Stevenson, Harold W., and Shin-Ying Lee. 1996. "The Academic Achievement of Chinese Students." In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, edited by Michael Harris Bond. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
117. Suárez-Orozco, Carola, and Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco. 2001. Children of Immigration. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
118. Suina, Joseph H., and Laura B. Smolkin. 1994. "From Natal Culture to School Culture to Dominant Society Culture: Supporting Transitions for Pueblo Indian Students." In Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development, edited by Patricia Greenfield and Rodney R. Cocking. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
119. Tharp, Roland, and Roland Gallimore. 1988. Rousing Minds to Life: Teaching, Learning, and Schooling in Social Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Thernstrom, Abigail, and Stephan Thernstrom. 2003. No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning. New York: Simon & Schuster.
121. Tierney, William G. 1992. "An Anthropological Analysis of Student Participation in College." The Journal of Higher Education 63(6):603-18.
122. Thomas, Laurence. 1992. "Moral Deference." Philosophical Forum 24(1-3):233-50.
123. Thomas, William I. 1923. The Unadjusted Girl. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, and Company.
124. Tomasello, Michael. 2001. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
125. Tormala, Teceta Thomas, and Kay Deaux. 2006. "Black Immigrants to the United States: Confronting and Constructing Ethnicity and Race." In Cultural Psychology of Immigrants, edited by Ramaswami Mahalingam. Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erl-baum Associates.
126. Triandis, Harry C. 1995. Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
127. Triandis, Harry C., Gerardo Marin, Judith Lisansky, and Hector Betancourt. 1984. "Simpatia as a Cultural Script of Hispanics." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47(6):1363-75.
128. Tsai, Annie Y. 2005. "Equality or Propriety: A Cultural Models Approach to Understanding Social Hierarchy." Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University.
129. Tuan, Mia. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. Piscataway, N. J.: Rutgers University Press.
130. Tweed, Roger G., and Darrin R. Lehman. 2002. "Learning Considered Within a Cultural Context: Confucian and Socratic Approaches." American Psychologist 57(2):89-99.
131. Valdez, Guadalupe. 1996. Con Respecto: Bridging the Distances Between Culturally Diverse Families and Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
132. Valentine, Jeffrey C., David L. DuBois, and Harris Cooper. 2004. "The Relations Between Self-Beliefs and Academic Achievement: A Systematic Review." Educational Psychologist 39(2):111-33.
133. Villenas, Sofia. 2002. "Reinventing Educación in New Latino Communities: Pedagogies of Change and Continuity in North Carolina." In Education in the New Latino Diaspora, edited by Stanton Wortham, Enrique G. Murillo Jr., and Edmund T. Hamann. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Publishing.
134. Walton, Gregory M., and Geoffrey L. Cohen. 2007. "A Question of Belonging: Race, Social Fit, and Achievement." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1):82-96.
135. Waters, Harry. 1992. "Race, Culture and Interpersonal Conflict." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16(4):437-54.
136. Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
137. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1994. "Emotion, Language, and Cultural Scripts." In Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence, edited by Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Markus. Washington: American Psychological Association.
138. Wortham, Stanton. 2004. "The Interdependence of Social Identification and Learning." American Educational Research Journal 41(3):715-50.
139. Wortham, Stanton, Enrique G. Murillo, Jr., and Edmund T. Hamann, editors. 2002. Education in the New Latino Diaspora. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Publishing.
140. Zhou, Min. 2006. "Negotiating Culture and Ethnicity: Intergenerational Relations in Chinese Immigrant Families in the United States." In Cultural Psychology of Immigrants, edited by Ramaswami Mahalingam. Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
141. Zirkel, Sabrina. 2007. "Creating More Effective Multiethnic Schools and Classrooms." Review of Educational Research.