Layer-by-layer removal of insulating few-layer mica flakes for asymmetric ultra-thin nanopore fabrication

Nano Research

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 99-108

  Gao, Jun ^a   Guo, Wei ^a   Geng, Hua ^a   Hou, Xu ^a   Shuai, Zhigang ^b   Jiang, Lei ^a,c  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c BEIHANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

atomic force microscopy; few layer; mica; solid state nanopores; Two dimensional materials; ultra thin

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856713515     PISSN: 19980124     EISSN: 19980000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-011-0189-7     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F.; Booth, T. J.; Khotkevich, V. V.; Morozov, S. V.; Geim, A. K. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2005, 102, 10451-10453.
2. Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.; Sun, Z. Y.; De, S.; McGovern, I. T.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.; Gun'ko Y. K. et al. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 563-568.
3. Koh, Y. K.; Bae, M. H.; Cahill, D. G.; Pop, E. Reliably counting atomic planes of few-layer graphene (n & 4). ACS Nano2011, 5, 269-274.
4. Coleman, J. N.; Lotya, M.; O'Neill, A.; Bergin, S. D.; King, P. J.; Khan, U.; Young, K.; Gaucher, A.; De, S.; Smith, R. J. et al. Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science2011, 331, 568-571.
5. Caseri, W. R.; Shelden, R. A.; Suter, U. W. Preparation of muscovite with ultrahigh specific surface-area by chemical cleavage. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1992, 270, 392-398.
6. Maslova, M. V.; Gerasimova, L. G.; Forsling, W. Surface properties of cleaved mica. Colloid J. 2004, 66, 322-328.
7. Jin, P.; Mukaibo, H.; Horne, L. P.; Bishop, G. W.; Martin, C. R. Electroosmotic flow rectification in pyramidal-pore mica membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2118-2119.
8. Augustin, L.; Chi, L. F.; Fuchs, H.; Hoppner, S.; Rakers, S.; Rothig, C.; Schwaack, T.; Starrberg, F. Preparation and characterization of low-dimensional nanostructures. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 141, 219-227.
9. Lui, C. H.; Liu, L.; Mak, K. F.; Flynn, G. W.; Heinz, T. F. Ultraflat graphene. Nature2009, 462, 339-341.
10. Singh, M.; Kaur, N.; Singh, L. Morphology of heavy ions irradiated mica. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2010, 79, 1180-1188.
11. Xu, K.; Cao, P. G.; Heath, J. R. Graphene visualizes the first water adlayers on mica at ambient conditions. Science2010, 329, 1188-1191.
12. Downs, R. T.; Hall-Wallace, M. The American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Am Mineral. 2003, 88, 247-250.
13. Castellanos-Gomez, A.; Wojtaszek, M.; Tombros, N.; Agraït, N.; van Wees, B. J.; Rubio-Bollinger, G. Atomically thin mica flakes and their application as ultrathin insulating substrates for graphene. Small2011, 7, 2491-2497.
14. Garaj, S.; Hubbard, W.; Reina, A.; Kong, J.; Branton, D.; Golovchenko, J. A. Graphene as a subnanometre transelectrode membrane. Nature2010, 467, 190-193.
15. Branton, D.; Deamer, D. W.; Marziali, A.; Bayley, H.; Benner, S. A.; Butler, T.; Di Ventra, M.; Garaj, S.; Hibbs, A.; Huang, X. H. et al. The potential and challenges of nanopore sequencing. Nat. Biotechnol. 2008, 26, 1146-1153.
16. Schneider, G. F.; Kowalczyk, S. W.; Calado, V. E.; Pandraud, G.; Zandbergen, H. W.; Vandersypen, L. M. K.; Dekker, C. DNA translocation through graphene nanopores. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3163-3167.
17. Merchant, C. A.; Healy, K.; Wanunu, M.; Ray, V.; Peterman, N.; Bartel, J.; Fischbein, M. D.; Venta, K.; Luo, Z. T.; Johnson, A. T. et. al. DNA translocation through graphene nanopores. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2915-2921.
18. Howorka, S.; Siwy, Z. Nanopore analytics: Sensing of single molecules. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2360-2384.
19. Mulero, R.; Prabhu, A. S.; Freedman, K. J.; Kim, M. J. Nanopore-based devices for bioanalytical applications. JALA2010, 15, 243-252.
20. Vlassiouk, I.; Apel, P. Y.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Healy, K.; Siwy, Z. S. Versatile ultrathin nanoporous silicon nitride membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2009, 106, 21039-21044.
21. Wanunu, M.; Dadosh, T.; Ray, V.; Jin, J. M.; McReynolds, L.; Drndic, M. Rapid electronic detection of probe-specific microRNAs using thin nanopore sensors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 807-814.
22. Deamer, D. W.; Branton, D. Characterization of nucleic acids by nanopore analysis. Accounts. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 817-825.
23. Li, J.; Stein, D.; McMullan, C.; Branton, D.; Aziz, M. J.; Golovchenko, J. A. Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales. Nature2001, 412, 166-169.
24. Dekker, C. Solid-state nanopores. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 209-215.
25. Striemer, C. C.; Gaborski, T. R.; McGrath, J. L.; Fauchet, P. M. Charge- and size-based separation of macromolecules using ultrathin silicon membranes. Nature2007, 445, 749-753.
26. Storm, A. J.; Chen, J. H.; Ling, X. S.; Zandbergen, H. W.; Dekker, C. Fabrication of solid-state nanopores with single-nanometre precision. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 537-540.
27. Zwolak, M.; Di Ventra, M. Colloquium: Physical approaches to DNA sequencing and detection. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2008, 80, 141-165.
28. Bayley, H.; Cremer, P. S. Stochastic sensors inspired by biology. Nature2001, 413, 226-230.
29. Stoddart, D.; Maglia, G.; Mikhailova, E.; Heron, A. J.; Bayley, H. Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: Two heads are better than one. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2010, 49, 556-559.
30. Stoddart, D.; Heron, A. J.; Mikhailova, E.; Maglia, G.; Bayley, H. Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2009, 106, 7702-7707.
31. Butler, T. Z.; Pavlenok, M.; Derrington, I. M.; Niederweis, M.; Gundlach, J. H. Single-molecule DNA detection with an engineered MSPA protein nanopore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2008, 105, 20647-20652.
32. Derrington, I. M.; Butler, T. Z.; Collins, M. D.; Manrao, E.; Pavlenok, M.; Niederweis, M.; Gundlach, J. H. Nanopore DNA sequencing with MSPA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2010, 107, 16060-16065.
33. Siwy, Z. S.; Howorka, S. Engineered voltage-responsive nanopores. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1115-1132.
34. Bocquet, L.; Charlaix, E. Nanofluidics, from bulk to interfaces. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1073-1095.
35. Xia, F.; Guo, W.; Mao, Y. D.; Hou, X.; Xue, J. M.; Xia, H. W.; Wang, L.; Song, Y. L.; Ji, H.; Ouyang, Q. et al. Gating of single synthetic nanopores by proton-driven DNA molecular motors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8345-8350.
36. Hou, X.; Guo, W.; Jiang, L. Biomimetic smart nanopores and nanochannels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 2385-2401.
37. Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry-Fourth Edition. W. H. Freeman: New York, 2005; pp. 306-330.
38. Gyurcsanyi, R. E. Chemically-modified nanopores for sensing. Trends Anal. Chem. 2008, 27, 627-639.
39. Mendes, P. M. Stimuli-responsive surfaces for bio-applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2512-2529.
40. Min, S. K.; Kim, W. Y.; Cho, Y.; Kim, K. S. Fast DNA sequencing with a graphene-based nanochannel device. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 162-165.
41. Huang, S.; He, J.; Chang, S.; Zhang, P.; Liang, F.; Li, S.; Tuchband, M.; Fuhrmann, A.; Ros, R.; Lindsay, S. Identifying single bases in a DNA oligomer with electron tunnelling. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 868-873.
42. Postma, H. W. C. Rapid sequencing of individual DNA molecules in graphene nanogaps. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 420-425.
43. Prasongkit, J.; Grigoriev, A.; Pathak, B.; Ahuja, R.; Scheicher, R. H. Transverse conductance of DNA nucleotides in a graphene nanogap from first principles. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1941-1945.
44. Dimiev, A.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Sinitskii, A.; Slesarev, A.; Sun, Z.; Tour, J. M. Layer-by-layer removal of graphene for device patterning. Science2011, 331, 1168-1172.
45. Miyake, S. 1 nm deep mechanical processing of muscovite mica by atomic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 67, 2925-2927.
46. Umebayashi, T.; Yamaki, T.; Itoh, H.; Asai, K. Band gap narrowing of titanium dioxide by sulfur doping. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 454-456.
47. Weng, H.; Yang, X.; Dong, J.; Mizuseki, H.; Kawasaki, M.; Kawazoe, Y. Electronic structure and optical properties of the Co-doped anatase TiO2 studied from first principles. Phys. Rev. B2004, 69, 125219.
48. Monkhorst, H. J.; Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouinzone integrations. Phys. Rev. B1976, 13, 5188-5192.
49. Sham, L. J.; Schlüter, M. Density-functional theory of the band gap. Phys. Rev. B1985, 32, 3883-3889.
50. Davidson, A. T.; Vickers, A. F. The optical properties of mica in the vacuum ultraviolet. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1972, 5, 879-887.
51. Jung, I.; Pelton, M.; Piner, R.; Dikin, D. A.; Stankovich, S.; Watcharotone, S.; Hausner, M.; Ruoff, R. S. Simple approach for high-contrast optical imaging and characterization of graphene-based sheets. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3569-3575.
52. Gaskell, P. E.; Skulason, H. S.; Rodenchuk, C.; Szkopek, T. Counting graphene layers on glass via optical reflection microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 143101.
53. Nolen, C. M.; Denina, G.; Teweldebrhan, D.; Bhanu, B.; Balandin, A. A. High-throughput large-area automated identification and quality control of graphene and few-layer graphene films. ACS Nano2011, 5, 914-922.
54. Dorn, M.; Lange, P.; Chekushin, A.; Severin, N.; Rabe, J. P. High contrast optical detection of single graphenes on optically transparent substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 106101.
55. Gorbachev, R. V.; Riaz, I.; Nair, R. R.; Jalil, R.; Britnell, L.; Belle, B. D.; Hill, E. W.; Novoselov, K. S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T. et al., Hunting for monolayer boron nitride: Optical and raman signatures. Small2011, 7, 465-468.
56. Westheim, G. Optimal magnification in visual microscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1972, 62, 1502-1504.
57. Teo, G. Q.; Wang, H. M.; Wu, Y. H.; Guo, Z. B.; Zhang, J.; Ni, Z. H.; Shen, Z. X. Visibility study of graphene multilayer structures. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 124302.
58. Zeng, H.; Zhi, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wei, X.; Wang, X.; Guo, W.; Bando, Y.; Golberg, D. "White graphenes": Boron nitride nanoribbons via boron nitride nanotube unwrapping. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 5049-5055.
59. Siwy, Z. S. Ion-current rectification in nanopores and nanotubes with broken symmetry. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 735-746.
60. Shaw, R. S.; Packard, N.; Schröter, M.; Swinney, H. L. Geometry-induced asymmetric diffusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2007, 104, 9580-9584.
61. Guo, W.; Cao, L. X.; Xia, J. C.; Nie, F. Q.; Ma, W.; Xue, J. M.; Song, Y. L.; Zhu, D. B.; Wang, Y. G.; Jiang, L. Energy harvesting with single-ion-selective nanopores: A concentration-gradient-driven nanofluidic power source. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1339-1344.
62. Cao, L. X.; Guo, W.; Ma, W.; Wang, L.; Xia, F.; Wang, S. T.; Wang, Y. G.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. B. Towards understanding the nanofluidic reverse electrodialysis system: Well matched charge selectivity and ionic composition. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2259-2266.
63. Guo, W.; Xia, H. W.; Cao, L. X.; Xia, F.; Wang, S. T.; Zhang, G. Z.; Song, Y. L.; Wang, Y. G.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. B. Integrating ionic gate and rectifier within one solid-state nanopore via modification with dual-responsive copolymer brushes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3561-3567.
64. Guo, W.; Xia, H.; Xia, F.; Hou, X.; Cao, L.; Wang, L.; Xue, J.; Zhang, G.; Song, Y.; Zhu, D. et al. Current rectification in temperature-responsive single nanopores. ChemPhysChem2010, 11, 859-864.
65. Zhang, W. M.; Wang, Y. G.; Li, J.; Xue, J. M.; Ji, H.; Ouyang, Q.; Xu, J.; Zhang, Y. Controllable shrinking and shaping of silicon nitride nanopores under electron irradiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 163102.
66. Bertolazzi, S.; Brivio, J.; Kis, A. Stretching and breaking of ultrathin MoS2. ACS Nano, in press, DOI: 10. 1021/nn203879f.