Neuro-Intensive Care of Patients with Acute CNS Infections

Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 124-138

  Beckham, J David ^a,b   Tyler, Kenneth L ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c VA Eastern Colorado Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Abscess; Encephalitis; Infection; Meningitis; Nervous system; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMPICILLIN; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; MEROPENEM; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; APHASIA; ATAXIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BLOOD CULTURE; BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN HERNIA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CULTURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISABILITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FLAVIVIRUS; GRAM STAINING; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HEMIPARESIS; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; MORTALITY; MYOCLONUS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS ANGINOSUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SUBDURAL EMPYEMA; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD;

ACUTE DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; NEUROLOGY;

EID: 84856580509     PISSN: 19337213     EISSN: 18787479     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0086-5     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Conen A, Walti LN, Merlo A, Fluckiger U, Battegay M, Trampuz A. Characteristics and treatment outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunt-associated infections in adults: a retrospective analysis over an 11-year period. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 73-82.
2. Lietard C, Thebaud V, Besson G, Lejeune B. Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections: an 18-month prospective survey. J Neurosurg 2008; 109: 729-734.
3. Beer R, Pfausler B, Schmutzhard E. Management of nosocomial external ventricular drain-related ventriculomeningitis. Neurocrit Care 2009; 10: 363-367.
4. Khetsuriani N, Holman RC, Anderson LJ. Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1988-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 175-182.
5. Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2016-2025.
6. Tsou TP, Lee PI, Lu CY, et al. Microbiology and epidemiology of brain abscess and subdural empyema in a medical center: a 10-year experience. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2009; 42: 405-412.
7. Aronin SI, Peduzzi P, Quagliarello VJ. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 862-869.
8. Lu CH, Huang CR, Chang WN, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: the epidemiology, timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002; 104: 352-358.
9. Miner JR, Heegaard W, Mapes A, Biros M. Presentation, time to antibiotics, and mortality of patients with bacterial meningitis at an urban county medical center. J Emerg Med 2001; 21: 387-392.
10. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW Jr. Acyclovir: a decade later. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 782-789.
11. Raschilas F, Wolff M, Delatour F, et al. Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 254-260.
12. Whitley RJ, Alford CA, Hirsch MS, et al. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 144-149.
13. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Macias CG, et al. Effect of antibiotic pretreatment on cerebrospinal fluid profiles of children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 726-730.
14. Wang X, Cohn A, Comanducci M, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of candidate vaccine antigens among invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates in the United States. Vaccine 2011; 29: 4739-4744.
15. Weisfelt M, de Gans J, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in alcoholic patients. PLoS One 2010; 5: e9102.
16. Kaplan SL. Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and prognostic factors of bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999; 13: 579-594.
17. Saez-Llorens X, McCracken GH, Jr. Bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet 2003; 361: 2139-2148.
18. van Crevel H, Hijdra A, de Gans J. Lumbar puncture and the risk of herniation: when should we first perform CT? J Neurol 2002; 249: 129-137.
19. Hasbun R, Abrahams J, Jekel J, Quagliarello VJ. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1727-1733.
20. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 21-28.
21. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 44-53.
22. Proulx N, Frechette D, Toye B, Chan J, Kravcik S. Delays in the administration of antibiotics are associated with mortality from adult acute bacterial meningitis. QJM 2005; 98: 291-298.
23. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1849-1859.
24. Hussein AS, Shafran SD. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 12-year review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 360-368.
25. Sigurdardottir B, Bjornsson OM, Jonsdottir KE, Erlendsdottir H, Gudmundsson S. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 20-year overview. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 425-430.
26. Bodnadio WA. The cerebrospinal fluid: physiologic aspects and alterations associated with bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 423-431.
27. Saravolatz LD, Manzor O, VanderVelde N, Pawlak J, Belian B. Broad-range bacterial polymerase chain reaction for early detection of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 40-45.
28. Tzanakaki G, Tsopanomichalou M, Kesanopoulos K, et al. Simultaneous single-tube PCR assay for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 386-390.
29. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1267-1284.
30. Lorber B. Listeriosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1-11.
31. McIntyre PB, Berkey CS, King SM, et al. Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. JAMA 1997; 278: 925-931.
32. de Gans J, van de Beek D. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1549-1556.
33. Nguyen TH, Tran TH, Thwaites G, et al. Dexamethasone in Vietnamese adolescents and adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2431-2440.
34. Scarborough M, Gordon SB, Whitty CJ, et al. Corticosteroids for bacterial meningitis in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2441-2450.
35. van de Beek D, Farrar JJ, de Gans J et al. Adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 254-263.
36. Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, de Gans J, Prasad K, van de Beek D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(9)CD004405.
37. Brouwer MC, Heckenberg SG, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Reitsma JB, van de Beek D. Nationwide implementation of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy for pneumococcal meningitis. Neurology 2010; 75: 1533-1539.
38. Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 303-327.
39. Vincent A, Bien CG, Irani SR, Waters P. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 759-772.
40. Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn JS. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology 2007; 68(16 Suppl 2): S23-S36.
41. Huynh W, Cordato DJ, Kehdi E, Masters LT, Dedousis C. Post-vaccination encephalomyelitis: literature review and illustrative case. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15: 1315-1322.
42. Noorbakhsh F, Johnson RT, Emery D, Power C. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinical and pathogenesis features. Neurol Clin 2008; 26: 759-780.
43. de Seze J, Debouverie M, Zephir H et al. Acute fulminant demyelinating disease: a descriptive study of 60 patients. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 1426-1432.
44. Poissy J, Wolff M, Dewilde A, et al. Factors associated with delay to acyclovir administration in 184 patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 560-564.
45. Hatipoglu HG, Sakman B, Yuksel E. Magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted imaging findings of herpes simplex encephalitis. Herpes 2008; 15: 13-17.
46. Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol 2008; 28: 511-522.
47. Kiroglu Y, Calli C, Yunten N, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of viral encephalitis. Neuroradiology 2006; 48: 875-880.
48. Maschke M, Kastrup O, Forsting M, Diener HC. Update on neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 475-480.
49. McCabe K, Tyler K, Tanabe J. Diffusion-weighted MRI abnormalities as a clue to the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Neurology 2003; 61: 1015-1016.
50. Tyler KL, Pape J, Goody RJ, Corkill M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis. Neurology 2006; 66: 361-365.
51. Jeren T, Vince A. Cytologic and immunoenzymatic findings in CSF from patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Acta Cytol 1998; 42: 330-334.
52. Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1867-1874.
53. Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG. Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78: 575-583.
54. Gilden DH, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Tyler KL. Herpesvirus infections of the nervous system. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 82-94.
55. Domingues RB, Tsanaclis AM, Pannuti CS, Mayo MS, Lakeman FD. Evaluation of the range of clinical presentations of herpes simplex encephalitis by using polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid samples. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 86-91.
56. Domingues RB, Fink MC, Tsanaclis AM, et al. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by magnetic resonance imaging and polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci 1998; 157: 148-153.
57. Tyler KL. Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret's. Herpes 2004;(11 Suppl 2): 57A-64A.
58. Ali M, Safriel Y, Sohi J, Llave A, Weathers S. West Nile virus infection: MR imaging findings in the nervous system. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 289-297.
59. Petropoulou KA, Gordon SM, Prayson RA, Ruggierri PM. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis: MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 1986-1995.
60. Kalita J, Misra UK. Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2000; 174: 3-8.
61. Handique SK, Das RR, Barman K et al. Temporal lobe involvement in Japanese encephalitis: problems in differential diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 1027-1031.
62. Kalita J, Misra UK, Pandey S, Dhole TN. A comparison of clinical and radiological findings in adults and children with Japanese encephalitis. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1760-1764.
63. O'Sullivan CE, Aksamit AJ, Harrington JR, Harmsen WS, Mitchell PS, Patel R. Clinical spectrum and laboratory characteristics associated with detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 1347-1352.
64. Simko JP, Caliendo AM, Hogle K, Versalovic J. Differences in laboratory findings for cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from patients with meningitis or encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) documented by detection of HSV DNA. Clin Infect Dis, 2002; 35: 414-419.
65. Whitley RJ, Soong SJ, Linneman C Jr, Liu C, Pazin G, Alford CA. Herpes simplex encephalitis. Clinical Assessment. JAMA 1982; 247: 317-320.
66. Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 857-863.
67. Weil AA, Glaser CA, Amad Z, Forghani B. Patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: rethinking an initial negative polymerase chain reaction result. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1154-1157.
68. Kamei S, Takasu T, Morishima T, Mizutani T. Serial changes of intrathecal viral loads evaluated by chemiluminescence assay and nested PCR with aciclovir treatment in herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Intern Med 2004; 43: 796-801.
69. Nagel MA, Forghani B, Mahalingam R, et al. The value of detecting anti-VZV IgG antibody in CSF to diagnose VZV vasculopathy. Neurology 2007; 68: 1069-1073.
70. Weinberg A, Li S, Palmer M, Tyler KL. Quantitative CSF PCR in Epstein-Barr virus infections of the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 543-548.
71. Bossolasco S, Calori G, Moretti F, et al. Prognostic significance of JC virus DNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 738-744.
72. Weber T. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Clin 2008; 26: 833-854.
73. Solomon T, Ooi MH, Beasley DW, Mallewa M. West Nile encephalitis. BMJ 2003; 326: 85-869.
74. Brenner W, Storch G, Buller R, Vij R, Devine S, DiPersio J. West Nile Virus encephalopathy in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient: use of quantitative PCR for diagnosis and assessment of viral clearance. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36: 369-370.
75. Hiatt B, DesJardin L, Carter T, Gingrich R, Thompson C, de Magalhaes-Silverman M. A fatal case of West Nile virus infection in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: e129-e131.
76. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai TF, Cernescu C. Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2232-2239.
77. Solomon T, Hart IJ, Beeching NJ. Viral encephalitis: a clinician's guide. Pract Neurol 2007; 7: 288-305.
78. Domingues RB, Lakeman FD, Pannuti CS, Fink MC, Tsanaclis AM. Advantage of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: presentation of 5 atypical cases. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29: 229-231.
79. Gandelman-Marton R, Kimiagar I, Itzhaki A, Klein C, Theitler J, Rabey JM. Electroencephalography findings in adult patients with West Nile virus-associated meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1573-1578.
80. Rodriguez AJ, Westmoreland BF. Electroencephalographic characteristics of patients infected with west nile virus. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 24: 386-389.
81. Kamei S, Sekizawa T, Shiota H, et al. Evaluation of combination therapy using aciclovir and corticosteroid in adult patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 1544-1549.
82. Openshaw H, Cantin EM. Corticosteroids in herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 1469.
83. th edition. Churchill-Livingstone. Philidelphia, 2010. 1265-1278.
84. Nathoo N, Nadvi SS, Narotam PK, van Dellen JR. Brain abscess: management and outcome analysis of a computed tomography era experience with 973 patients. World Neurosurg 2011; 75: 716-726.
85. Carpenter J, Stapleton S, Holliman R. Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 1-11.
86. Tseng JH, Tseng MY. Brain abscess in 142 patients: factors influencing outcome and mortality. Surg Neurol 2006; 65: 557-562.
87. Lu CH, Chang WN, Lui CC. Strategies for the management of bacterial brain abscess. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13: 979-985.
88. Prasad KN, Mishra AM, Gupta D, Husain N, Husain M, Gupta RK. Analysis of microbial etiology and mortality in patients with brain abscess. J Infect 2006; 53: 221-227.
89. Su TM, Lin YC, Lu CH, et al. Streptococcal brain abscess: analysis of clinical features in 20 patients. Surg Neurol 2001; 56: 189-194.
90. de Louvois J, Gortavai P, Hurley R. Bacteriology of abscesses of the central nervous system: a multicentre prospective study. Br Med J 1977; 2: 981-984.
91. Eckburg PB, Montoya JG, Vosti KL. Brain abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes: five cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001; 80: 223-235.
92. De Bonis P, Anile C, Pompucci A, Labonia M, Lucantoni C, Mangiola A. Cranial and spinal subdural empyema. Br J Neurosurg 2009; 23: 335-340.
93. Nathoo N, Nadvi SS, van Dellen JR. Cranial extradural empyema in the era of computed tomography: a review of 82 cases. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: 748-753.
94. Mat Nayan SA, Mohd Haspani MS, Abd Latiff AZ, Abdullah JM, Abdullah S. Two surgical methods used in 90 patients with intracranial subdural empyema. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16: 1567-1571.
95. Nathoo N, Nadvi SS, van Dellen JR, Gouws E. Intracranial subdural empyemas in the era of computed tomography: a review of 699 cases. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: 529-535.
96. Bockova J, Rigamonti D. Intracranial empyema. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 735-737.