메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 41-46

Clioquinol: Review of its mechanisms of action and clinical uses in neurodegenerative Disorders

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; Anticancer; Antioxidant activity; Huntington disease; Ionophore; Metal chelation; Prion disease

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CHELATING AGENT; CLIOQUINOL; COPPER; GLUCURONIC ACID; IRON; SULFATE; ZINC;

EID: 84856280358     PISSN: 17555930     EISSN: 17555949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00231.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (212)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 0033781375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subacute myelo-optic-neuropathy: Clioquinol intoxication in humans and animals
    • Tateishi J. Subacute myelo-optic-neuropathy: Clioquinol intoxication in humans and animals. Neuropathology 2000;20(Suppl):520-524.
    • (2000) Neuropathology , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 520-524
    • Tateishi, J.1
  • 2
    • 0015208991 scopus 로고
    • Neurological syndrome associated with clioquinol
    • Tsubaki T, Honma Y, Hoshi M. Neurological syndrome associated with clioquinol. Lancet 1971;1:696-697.
    • (1971) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 696-697
    • Tsubaki, T.1    Honma, Y.2    Hoshi, M.3
  • 3
    • 0021206802 scopus 로고
    • A neurological evaluation of purported cases of SMON in Sweden
    • Gilland O. A neurological evaluation of purported cases of SMON in Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1984;100:165-169.
    • (1984) Acta Neurol Scand Suppl , vol.100 , pp. 165-169
    • Gilland, O.1
  • 4
    • 0034680742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroscience. An antibiotic to treat Alzheimer's?
    • Helmut L. Neuroscience. An antibiotic to treat Alzheimer's?Science 2000;290:1273-1274.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1273-1274
    • Helmut, L.1
  • 5
    • 0016791488 scopus 로고
    • Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and clioquinol
    • Meade TW. Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and clioquinol. Br J Prev Soc Med 1975;29:157-169.
    • (1975) Br J Prev Soc Med , vol.29 , pp. 157-169
    • Meade, T.W.1
  • 7
    • 12544255535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PBT-1 Prana Biotechnology
    • Huckle R. PBT-1 Prana Biotechnology. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2005;6:99-107.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Invest Drugs , vol.6 , pp. 99-107
    • Huckle, R.1
  • 8
    • 54249103057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug development based on the metals hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
    • Very interesting concerning the mechanisms of ALZ disease: Zn precipitates Aβ and Cu stabilises it and, in this environment, clioquinol and derivatives may act as ionophores and not as chelators
    • Bush AI. Drug development based on the metals hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2008;15:223-240. Very interesting concerning the mechanisms of ALZ disease: Zn precipitates Aβ and Cu stabilises it and, in this environment, clioquinol and derivatives may act as ionophores and not as chelators.
    • (2008) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.15 , pp. 223-240
    • Bush, A.I.1
  • 9
    • 0020329255 scopus 로고
    • HPLC determination of clioquinol and its conjugates in biological materials
    • Hayakawa K, Kitada K, Hamaki M, Miyazaki M. HPLC determination of clioquinol and its conjugates in biological materials. J Chromatogr 1982;229:159-165.
    • (1982) J Chromatogr , vol.229 , pp. 159-165
    • Hayakawa, K.1    Kitada, K.2    Hamaki, M.3    Miyazaki, M.4
  • 11
    • 0020594033 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of iodochlorhydroxyquin in biological materials by HPLC
    • Ezzedeen FW, Sthos SJ, Stublar M. Analysis of iodochlorhydroxyquin in biological materials by HPLC. J Chromatogr 1983;276:121-128.
    • (1983) J Chromatogr , vol.276 , pp. 121-128
    • Ezzedeen, F.W.1    Sthos, S.J.2    Stublar, M.3
  • 12
    • 0015745884 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of iodochlorhydroxyquin in man
    • Interesting description of clioquinol kinetics in humans
    • Jack B, Riess W. Pharmacokinetics of iodochlorhydroxyquin in man. J Pharm Sci 1973;62:1929-1932. Interesting description of clioquinol kinetics in humans.
    • (1973) J Pharm Sci , vol.62 , pp. 1929-1932
    • Jack, B.1    Riess, W.2
  • 13
    • 0017095348 scopus 로고
    • A GC determination method of 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol and its conjugates in biological fluids
    • Chen Clioquinol-T, Kodama H, Egashira Y, Samejima K, Imanari T, Tamura Z. A GC determination method of 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol and its conjugates in biological fluids. Chem Pharm Bull 1976;24:2007-2013.
    • (1976) Chem Pharm Bull , vol.24 , pp. 2007-2013
    • Chen, C.-T.1    Kodama, H.2    Egashira, Y.3    Samejima, K.4    Imanari, T.5    Tamura, Z.6
  • 14
    • 0022884758 scopus 로고
    • Determination of chinoform in biological fluids and nervous tissues of the dog by GC-MS
    • Matsuki Y, Kukuhara K, Abe M, Othaki T, Nambara T. Determination of chinoform in biological fluids and nervous tissues of the dog by GC-MS. Arch Toxicol 1987;59:374-378.
    • (1987) Arch Toxicol , vol.59 , pp. 374-378
    • Matsuki, Y.1    Kukuhara, K.2    Abe, M.3    Othaki, T.4    Nambara, T.5
  • 15
    • 0036468902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LC of pharmaceutically halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines after precolumn derivatization with Pd (II)
    • Rizk M, Belal F, Ibrahim F, Ahmed S, Sheribah ZA. LC of pharmaceutically halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines after precolumn derivatization with Pd (II). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002;27:813-820.
    • (2002) J Pharm Biomed Anal , vol.27 , pp. 813-820
    • Rizk, M.1    Belal, F.2    Ibrahim, F.3    Ahmed, S.4    Sheribah, Z.A.5
  • 16
    • 33646866760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of clioquinol in plasma and tissues of hamsters by HPLC and electrochemical detection
    • An interesting new analytical method
    • Bondiolotti GP, Pollera C, Pirola R, Bareggi SR. Determination of clioquinol in plasma and tissues of hamsters by HPLC and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B 2006;837:87-91. An interesting new analytical method.
    • (2006) J Chromatogr B , vol.837 , pp. 87-91
    • Bondiolotti, G.P.1    Pollera, C.2    Pirola, R.3    Bareggi, S.R.4
  • 18
    • 0017061384 scopus 로고
    • Differences in species of iodochlorohydoxyquin absorption, metabolism and excretion
    • Interesting description of correlations between concentrations and toxicity
    • Hayashi M, Fuwa T, Awazu S, Hanano M. Differences in species of iodochlorohydoxyquin absorption, metabolism and excretion. Chem Pharm Bull 1976;24:2589-2596. Interesting description of correlations between concentrations and toxicity.
    • (1976) Chem Pharm Bull , vol.24 , pp. 2589-2596
    • Hayashi, M.1    Fuwa, T.2    Awazu, S.3    Hanano, M.4
  • 19
    • 0017032939 scopus 로고
    • Various factors affecting intestinal absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin in rat and man
    • Hayashi M, Fuwa T, Awazu S, Hanano M. Various factors affecting intestinal absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin in rat and man. Chem Pharm Bull 1976;24:2603-2609.
    • (1976) Chem Pharm Bull , vol.24 , pp. 2603-2609
    • Hayashi, M.1    Fuwa, T.2    Awazu, S.3    Hanano, M.4
  • 22
    • 0025134355 scopus 로고
    • Clioquinol (lodochlorhydroxyquin, Vioform) and lodoquinol (Diiodohydroxyquin): Blindness and Neuropathy
    • Committee on Drugs
    • Committee on Drugs. Clioquinol (lodochlorhydroxyquin, Vioform) and lodoquinol (Diiodohydroxyquin): Blindness and Neuropathy. Pediatrics 1990;86:797-798.
    • (1990) Pediatrics , vol.86 , pp. 797-798
  • 23
    • 0037386086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease
    • Bush AI. The metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:207-214.
    • (2003) Trends Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 207-214
    • Bush, A.I.1
  • 24
    • 84856295295 scopus 로고
    • On the green pigment found in SMON patients: Two cases excreting greenish urine
    • Igata A, Hasegawa S, Tsuji T. On the green pigment found in SMON patients: Two cases excreting greenish urine. Jap Med J 1970;2427:25.
    • (1970) Jap Med J , vol.2427 , pp. 25
    • Igata, A.1    Hasegawa, S.2    Tsuji, T.3
  • 25
    • 84856290648 scopus 로고
    • On the green tongue observed in SMON patients
    • Takasu T, Igata A, Toyokura Y. On the green tongue observed in SMON patients. Igakuno Ayumi 1970;72:539.
    • (1970) Igakuno Ayumi , vol.72 , pp. 539
    • Takasu, T.1    Igata, A.2    Toyokura, Y.3
  • 26
    • 0031761894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clioquinol-zinc chelate: A candidate agent of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy
    • Arbisier JL, Kraeft SK, van Leewen R, et al. Clioquinol-zinc chelate: A candidate agent of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. Mol Med 1998;4:665-670.
    • (1998) Mol Med , vol.4 , pp. 665-670
    • Arbisier, J.L.1    Kraeft, S.K.2    van Leewen, R.3
  • 27
    • 54949124884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The toxicology of Clioquinol
    • Toxicological effects in animals and humans
    • Mao X, Scimmer AD. The toxicology of Clioquinol. Toxicol Lett 2008;182:1-6. Toxicological effects in animals and humans.
    • (2008) Toxicol Lett , vol.182 , pp. 1-6
    • Mao, X.1    Scimmer, A.D.2
  • 28
    • 0034035616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metals and neuroscience
    • Bush AI. Metals and neuroscience. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2000;4:184-191.
    • (2000) Curr Opin Chem Biol , vol.4 , pp. 184-191
    • Bush, A.I.1
  • 29
    • 0034964390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits b-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice
    • Interesting description of the drug's mechanism of action on amyloid
    • Cherny RA, Atwood CS, Xilinas ME, et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits b-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron 2001;30:665-676. Interesting description of the drug's mechanism of action on amyloid.
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.30 , pp. 665-676
    • Cherny, R.A.1    Atwood, C.S.2    Xilinas, M.E.3
  • 30
    • 0033139740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amylodosis precursor protein transgenic mice
    • Lee JY, Mook-Jung I, Koh JY. Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amylodosis precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 1999:19:RC10.
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Mook-Jung, I.2    Koh, J.Y.3
  • 31
    • 0030885482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals
    • Smith MA, Harris PL, Sayre LM, Perry G. Iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:9866-9868.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 9866-9868
    • Smith, M.A.1    Harris, P.L.2    Sayre, L.M.3    Perry, G.4
  • 33
    • 0033986037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histochemically reactive zinc in amyloid plaques, angiopathy, and degenerating neurons of Alzheimer's diseased brains
    • Suh SW, Jensen KB, Jensen MS, et al. Histochemically reactive zinc in amyloid plaques, angiopathy, and degenerating neurons of Alzheimer's diseased brains. Brain Res 2000;852:274-278.
    • (2000) Brain Res , vol.852 , pp. 274-278
    • Suh, S.W.1    Jensen, K.B.2    Jensen, M.S.3
  • 34
    • 0033551782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aqueous dissolution of Alzheimer's disease Abeta amyloid deposits by biometal depletion
    • Cherny RA, Legg JT, McLean CA, et al. Aqueous dissolution of Alzheimer's disease Abeta amyloid deposits by biometal depletion. J Biol Chem 1999;274:23223-23228.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 23223-23228
    • Cherny, R.A.1    Legg, J.T.2    McLean, C.A.3
  • 35
    • 39749093667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of metals in modulating metalloprotease activity in the AD brain
    • Studies of animals and cell cultures suggesting that increasing intracellular Cu levels can improve AD-like disease
    • Filitz G, Price KA, Caragounis A, Du T, Crouch PJ, White AR. The role of metals in modulating metalloprotease activity in the AD brain. Eur Biophys J 2008;37:315-321. Studies of animals and cell cultures suggesting that increasing intracellular Cu levels can improve AD-like disease.
    • (2008) Eur Biophys J , vol.37 , pp. 315-321
    • Filitz, G.1    Price, K.A.2    Caragounis, A.3    Du, T.4    Crouch, P.J.5    White, A.R.6
  • 36
    • 34547147090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide
    • Smith DG, Cappai R, Barnham KJ. The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide. Biochim Biophys 2007;1768:1976-1980.
    • (2007) Biochim Biophys , vol.1768 , pp. 1976-1980
    • Smith, D.G.1    Cappai, R.2    Barnham, K.J.3
  • 37
    • 10644280708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clioquinol mediates copper uptake and counteract Cu efflux activities of the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease
    • Teiber C, Simons A, Strauss M, et al. Clioquinol mediates copper uptake and counteract Cu efflux activities of the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2004;279:51958-51964.
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 51958-51964
    • Teiber, C.1    Simons, A.2    Strauss, M.3
  • 38
    • 3342880690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for heme in Alzheimer's disease: Heme binding amyloid β and has altered metabolism
    • Atamna H, Frey WH. A role for heme in Alzheimer's disease: Heme binding amyloid β and has altered metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:11153-11158.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 11153-11158
    • Atamna, H.1    Frey, W.H.2
  • 39
    • 3042666730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminium, iron, zinc and copper influence the in vitro formation of amyloid fibrils of Abeta42 in a manner which may have consequences for metal chelation therapy in Alzheimer's disease
    • House E, Collingwood J, Kan A, Kochazkina O, Berthon G, Exley C. Aluminium, iron, zinc and copper influence the in vitro formation of amyloid fibrils of Abeta42 in a manner which may have consequences for metal chelation therapy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheim Dis 2004;6:291-301.
    • (2004) J Alzheim Dis , vol.6 , pp. 291-301
    • House, E.1    Collingwood, J.2    Kan, A.3    Kochazkina, O.4    Berthon, G.5    Exley, C.6
  • 40
    • 59449097577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay between inorganic phosphate and aminoacids determines zinc solubility in rat brain slices
    • Study showing that inorganic phosphate limits extracellular Zn concentration by inducing metal precipitation
    • Rumschik SM, Nydegger I, Zhao J, Kay AR. The interplay between inorganic phosphate and aminoacids determines zinc solubility in rat brain slices. J Neurochem 2009;108:1300-1308. Study showing that inorganic phosphate limits extracellular Zn concentration by inducing metal precipitation.
    • (2009) J Neurochem , vol.108 , pp. 1300-1308
    • Rumschik, S.M.1    Nydegger, I.2    Zhao, J.3    Kay, A.R.4
  • 41
    • 0035943640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights on how metals disrupt amyloid beta-aggregation and their effects on amyloid-beta cytotoxicity
    • Yoshiike Y, Tanemura K, Murayama O, et al. New insights on how metals disrupt amyloid beta-aggregation and their effects on amyloid-beta cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2001;276:32293-32299.
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 32293-32299
    • Yoshiike, Y.1    Tanemura, K.2    Murayama, O.3
  • 42
    • 3042694535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SMON - a model of the iatrogenic disease
    • Takasu T. SMON - a model of the iatrogenic disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2003;43:866-869.
    • (2003) Rinsho Shinkeigaku , vol.43 , pp. 866-869
    • Takasu, T.1
  • 43
    • 34249041646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal ions differentially influence the aggregation and deposition of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid on a solid template
    • Ha L, Ryu J, Park CB. Metal ions differentially influence the aggregation and deposition of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid on a solid template. Biochemistry 2007;46:6118-6125.
    • (2007) Biochemistry , vol.46 , pp. 6118-6125
    • Ha, L.1    Ryu, J.2    Park, C.B.3
  • 44
    • 33751107948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 42 in senile plaque cores in Alzheimer's disease
    • 42 in senile plaque cores in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheim Dis 2006;10:173-177.
    • (2006) J Alzheim Dis , vol.10 , pp. 173-177
    • Exley, C.1
  • 47
    • 33748432567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Clioquinol activity towards transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cellular models and cell-free systems
    • Formentin E, Puricelli M, Pollera C, Ponti W. Evaluation of Clioquinol activity towards transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cellular models and cell-free systems. Vet Res Commun 2006;30:253-255.
    • (2006) Vet Res Commun , vol.30 , pp. 253-255
    • Formentin, E.1    Puricelli, M.2    Pollera, C.3    Ponti, W.4
  • 48
    • 67649439146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of clioquinol on memory impairment and the neurochemical modifications induced by scrapie infection in golden hamsters
    • Describes the effects of clioquinol on TSE
    • Bareggi SR, Braida D, Pollera C, et al. Effects of clioquinol on memory impairment and the neurochemical modifications induced by scrapie infection in golden hamsters. Brain Res 2009;1280:195-200. Describes the effects of clioquinol on TSE.
    • (2009) Brain Res , vol.1280 , pp. 195-200
    • Bareggi, S.R.1    Braida, D.2    Pollera, C.3
  • 49
    • 30944453898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration and oxidative stress: Prion disease results from loss of antioxidant defence
    • Brown DR. Neurodegeneration and oxidative stress: Prion disease results from loss of antioxidant defence. Folia Neuropathol 2005;43:229-243.
    • (2005) Folia Neuropathol , vol.43 , pp. 229-243
    • Brown, D.R.1
  • 50
    • 27744516184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of anti-prionic activity of clioquinol in an in vivo model (Mesocricetus auratus)
    • Pollera C, Lucchini B, Formentin E, Bareggi S, Poli G, Ponti W. Evaluation of anti-prionic activity of clioquinol in an in vivo model (Mesocricetus auratus). Vet Res Commun 2005;29(Suppl 2):253-255.
    • (2005) Vet Res Commun , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 253-255
    • Pollera, C.1    Lucchini, B.2    Formentin, E.3    Bareggi, S.4    Poli, G.5    Ponti, W.6
  • 52
    • 1842504355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal-catalyzed disruption of membrane protein and lipid signaling in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders
    • Mattson MP. Metal-catalyzed disruption of membrane protein and lipid signaling in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1012:37-50.
    • (2004) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1012 , pp. 37-50
    • Mattson, M.P.1
  • 53
    • 23844482456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clioquinol down-regulates mutant huntingtin expression in vitro and mitigates pathology in a Huntington's disease mouse model
    • Nguyen, T, Hamby, A, Massa, SM. Clioquinol down-regulates mutant huntingtin expression in vitro and mitigates pathology in a Huntington's disease mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;16:11840-11845.
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.16 , pp. 11840-11845
    • Nguyen, T.1    Hamby, A.2    Massa, S.M.3
  • 54
    • 17144404213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticancer activity of the antibiotic Clioquinol
    • Describes the drug's activity as an anticancer agent
    • Ding W-Q, Liu B, Vaught JL, Yamauchi H, Lind SE. Anticancer activity of the antibiotic Clioquinol. Cancer Res 2005;65:3389-3395. Describes the drug's activity as an anticancer agent.
    • (2005) Cancer Res , vol.65 , pp. 3389-3395
    • Ding, W.-Q.1    Liu, B.2    Vaught, J.L.3    Yamauchi, H.4    Lind, S.E.5
  • 55
    • 53249153476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc-binding compounds induce cancer cell death via distinct modes of action
    • Ding WQ, Yu HJ, Lind SE. Zinc-binding compounds induce cancer cell death via distinct modes of action. Cancer Lett 2008;271:251-259.
    • (2008) Cancer Lett , vol.271 , pp. 251-259
    • Ding, W.Q.1    Yu, H.J.2    Lind, S.E.3
  • 56
    • 0031693030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmethylation reactions and autoradiographic distribution of vitamin B12: Effects of clioquinol treatment in mice
    • Interesting description of toxic mechanism
    • Yassin MS, Ekblom J, Löfberg C, Oreland L. Transmethylation reactions and autoradiographic distribution of vitamin B12: Effects of clioquinol treatment in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998;78:55-56. Interesting description of toxic mechanism.
    • (1998) Jpn J Pharmacol , vol.78 , pp. 55-56
    • Yassin, M.S.1    Ekblom, J.2    Löfberg, C.3    Oreland, L.4
  • 57
    • 18444399243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with clioquinol
    • The clinical efficacy of clioquinol in AD
    • Regland B, Lehmann W, Abedini I, et al. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with clioquinol. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001;12:408-414. The clinical efficacy of clioquinol in AD.
    • (2001) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.12 , pp. 408-414
    • Regland, B.1    Lehmann, W.2    Abedini, I.3
  • 58
    • 10744224267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal-protein attenuation with clioquinol targeting Abeta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: A pilot phase 2 clinical trial
    • The effects of clioquinol in ALZ patients with moderate AD
    • Ritchie CW, Bush AI, Mackinnon A, et al. Metal-protein attenuation with clioquinol targeting Abeta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: A pilot phase 2 clinical trial. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1685-1691. The effects of clioquinol in ALZ patients with moderate AD.
    • (2003) Arch Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 1685-1691
    • Ritchie, C.W.1    Bush, A.I.2    Mackinnon, A.3
  • 59
    • 44949217583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal protein attenuating compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • DOI: An interesting review indicating that there is a lack of evidence as to whether clioquinol has any positive clinical benefit in patients with AD
    • Sampson EL, Jenagaratnam L, McShane R. Metal protein attenuating compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3, DOI: An interesting review indicating that there is a lack of evidence as to whether clioquinol has any positive clinical benefit in patients with AD.
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Sampson, E.L.1    Jenagaratnam, L.2    McShane, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.