Effects of L2 proficiency and gender on choice of language learning strategies by university students majoring in English

Asian EFL Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 115-163

  Radwan, Adel Abu ^a,b,c  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY   (Oman)

Author keywords

Cognitive strategies; Gender; Language learning strategies; Metacognitive strategies; Proficiency; Self efficacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856152187     PISSN: 17381460     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Al-Otaibi, G. (2004). Language learning use among Saudi EFL students and its relationship to language proficiency level, gender and motivation. Doctoral Dissertation: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA.
2. Bandura, A. & Schunk, D. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 586-598.
3. Brown, D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. NY: Longman.
4. Chamot, A. (2005). The Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA): An update. In P. Richard-Amato & M. Snow (Eds.), Academic success for English language learners: Strategies for K-12 mainstream teachers (pp. 87-101). White Plains, NY: Longman.
5. Chamot, A. (2004). Issues in language learning strategy research and teaching. Electronic Journal of Foreing Language Teaching, 1(1), 14-26.
6. Chamot, A. (2001). The role of learning strategies in second language acquisition. In M. P. Breen (Ed.), Learner contributions to language learning: New directions in research, pp. 25-43. Harlow, England: Longman.
7. Chamot, A., & Keatley, C. (2004, April). Learning strategies of students of less commonly taught languages. Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
8. Chamot, A., Barnhardt, S., El-Dinary, P., & Robbins, J. (1999). The learning strategies handbook. White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley Longman.
9. Chamot, A. & O'Malley, J. (1996). Implementing the cognitive academic language learning approach (CALLA). In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 61-74). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa.
10. Chamot, A. & Kupper, L. (1989). Learning strategies in foreign language instruction. Foreign Language Annals, 22(1), 13-24.
11. Chen, S. (1990). A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners. Language Learning, 40, 155-187.
12. Ching, L. (2002). Strategy and self-regulation instruction as contributors to improving students' cognitive model in an ESL program. English for Specific Purposes, 13, 261-289. (Pubitemid 39659858)
13. Cohen, A. D., Weaver, S., & Li, T-Y. (1998). The impact of strategies-based instruction on speaking a foreign language. In A. Cohen, Strategies in learning and using a second language (pp. 107-156). London: Longman.
14. Djigunovic, J. (2000). Langauge learning strategies and affect. CLS Occasional Papers, 59(Autumn), 1-28.
15. Dreyer, C. & Oxford, R. (1996). Learner variables related to ESL proficiency among Afrikaan speakers in South Africa. In Oxford, R. (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 61-74). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa.
16. Ehrman, M. & Oxford, R. (1989). Effects of sex differences, career choice, and psychological type on adult language learning strategies. The Modern Language Journal, 73, 1-12.
17. El-Dib, M. (2004). Language learning strategies in Kuwait: Links to gender, language level, and culture in a hybrid context. Foreign Language Annals, 37, 85-95.
18. Ellis, H., & Sinclair, B. (1989). Learning to learn English: A course in learner training. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Green, J. & Oxford, R. (1995). A closer look at learning strategies, L2 proficiency, and gender. TESOL Quarterly, 29(2), 261-297.
20. Grenfell, M. & Harris, V. (1999). Modern languages and learning strategies: In theory and practice. London: Routledge.
21. Griffiths, C. (2003). Patterns of language learning strategy use. System, 31(3), 367-383. (Pubitemid 36946096)
22. Griffiths, C., & Parr, J. (2001). Language-learning strategies: Theory and perception. ELT Journal, 53(3), 247-254.
23. Halbach, A. (2000). Finding out about students' learning strategies by looking at their diaries: a case study. System, 28, 85-96.
24. Hatch, E. & Lazaraton, A. (1991). The research manual: Design and statistics for applied linguistics. New York: Newbury House Publishers.
25. Hon-Nam, K. & Leavell, A. (2006). Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System, 34, 399-415. (Pubitemid 44309258)
26. Hsiao, T. & Oxford, R. (2000). Comparing theories of language learning strategies: a confirmatory factor analysis. The Modern Language Journal, 86(3), 368-383.
27. Kaylani, C. (1996). The influence of gender and motivation on EFL learning strategy use in Jordan. In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 75-88). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
28. Khalil, A. (2005). Assessment of language learning strategies used by Palestinian EFL learners. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), 108-119.
29. Lan, R. & Oxford, R. (2003). Language learning strategy profiles of elementary school students in Taiwan. IRAL, 41, 339-379.
30. Littlejohn, A. (2008). Digging deeper: learners' disposition and strategy use. In Cane, G. (Ed.), strategies in language learning and teaching. Singapore. RELC.
31. Magogwe, J. & Oliver, R. (2007). The relationship between language learning strategies, proficiency, age and self-efficacy beliefs: A study of language learners in Botswana. System, 35, 338-352.
32. Mahlobo, E. (2003). The relationship between standardized test performance and language learning strategies in English as a second language: a case study. Journal for Language Teaching, 37(2), 164-176.
33. Mullin, P. (1992). Successful English language learning strategies of stdents enrolled at the Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(06), 1829A. (UMI No. 9223758).
34. Nisbet, D., Tindall, E. & Arroyo, A. (2005). Language learning strategies and English proficiency of Chinese university students. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), 100-107.
35. Nunan, D. (1988). The learner-centered curriculum. Cambridge: University Press.
36. O' Malley, J. & Chamot, A. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
37. O'Mara, F., & Lett, J. (1990). Foreign language learning and retention: Interim results of the language skill change report. Advanced technology, Inc.: Reston, VA.
38. Oxford, R. (2001, March). Language learning strategies, proficiency, and autonomy: What they mean in the new millennium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Desert Language and Linguistics Society, Provo, Utah.
39. Oxford, R. (1993). Research on second language learning strategies. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 13, 175-187.
40. Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.
41. Oxford, R. & Burry-Stock, J. (1995). Assessing the use of language learning strategies worldwide with the ESL/EFL version of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). System, 23(1), 1-23.
42. Oxford, R. & Ehrman, M. (1995), Adults' language learning strategies in an intensive foreign language program in the United States. System, 23(3), 359-386.
43. Oxford, R. & Nyikos, M. (1989). Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies: A synthesis of studies with implications for strategy training. System, 17, 235-247.
44. Pajares, F. & Schunk, D. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs and school success: Selfefficacy, self-concept, and school achievement. In: Perception, pp 239-266. London: Ablex Publishing.
45. Ramirez, A. (1986).. Language learning strategies used by adolescents studying French in New York schools. Foreign Language Annals, 19(2), 131-141.
46. Park, G. (1997). Language learning strategies and English proficiency in Korean university students. Foreign Language Annals, 30(2), 211-221.
47. Rubin, J. (1987). Learner strategies: Theoretical assumptions, research history and typology. In A. Weden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in language learning, pp. 15-30. New Jersey: Prentice/Hall Intenational.
48. Rubin, J. (1975). What the "good language learner" can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9, 41-51.
49. Schmidt, R. & Watanabe, Y. (2001). Motivation, strategy use and pedagogical preferences. In Z. Dornyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition, pp. 313-352. Honolulu: Univesity of Hawaii.
50. Shmais, W. (2003). Language learning strategy use in Palestine. TESL-EJ, 7(2). Retrieved from http://tesl-ej.org/ej26/a3.html.
51. Stern, H. (1975). What can we learn from the good language learner? Canadian Modern Language Review, 31, 304-318.
52. Tyacke, M. (1991). Strategies for successes: Bringing out the best in a learner. TESL Canada Journal 8(2), 45-56.
53. Wharton, G. (2000). Language learning strategy use of bilingual foreign language learners in Singapore. Language Learning, 50(2), 203-244.
54. Wilkinson, J. (1987). The Imamate Tradition of Oman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), 90-99.
55. Woodrow, L. (2005). The challenge of measuring language learning strategies. Foreign Language Annals. Vol. 38, 1, 90-98.
56. Yang, N. (1999). The relationship between EFL learners' beliefs and learning strategy use. System, 27, 515-535.