Imaging of the carotid artery

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 220, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 294-309

  Saba, Luca ^a   Anzidei, Michele ^b   Sanfilippo, Roberto ^a   Montisci, Roberto ^a   Lucatelli, Pierleone ^b   Catalano, Carlo ^b   Passariello, Roberto ^b   Mallarini, Giorgio ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Carotid; CTA; MRA; US ECD

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CLOPIDOGREL; GADOBENIC ACID; GADOFOSVESET; GADOLINIUM CHELATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN;

ANGIOGRAPHY; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; ARTERY WALL; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CAROTID ARTERY; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISSECTING ANEURYSM; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANGIOGRAPHY, DIGITAL SUBTRACTION; ANIMALS; CAROTID ARTERIES; CAROTID STENOSIS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR;

EID: 84855978709     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: 18791484     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.048     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Sacco R.L., Adams R., Albers Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2006, 37:577-617.
2. Naghavi M., Libby P., Falk E. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assesment strategies. Part I. Circulation 2003, 108:1664-1672.
3. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
4. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-87.
5. Kullo I.J., Edwards W.D., Schwartz R.S. Vulnerable plaque: pathobiology and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129:1050-1060.
6. Seeger M.D., Barratt B.S., Lawson G.A., Klingman N. The relationship between carotid plaque composition, morphology, and neurological symptoms. J Surg Res 1995, 58:330-336.
7. Saba L., Caddeo G., Sanfilippo R., Montisci R., Mallarini G. CT and US in the study of ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results. Advantages of multi-detector-row CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1061-1066.
8. von Ingersleben G., Schmiedl U.P., Hatsukami T.S., et al. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques at the carotid bifurcation: correlation of high-resolution MRI imaging with istologic analysis - preliminary study. RadioGraphics 1997, 17:1417-1423.
9. Saam T., Cai J., Ma L., et al. Comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaque features with in vivo MR imaging. Radiology 2006, 240:464-472.
10. Ambrose J.A., Tannenbaum M.A., Alexopoulos D. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 12:56-62.
11. Little W.C., Constantinescu M., Applegate R.J. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease?. Circulation 1988, 78:1157-1166.
12. Fuster V., Stein B., Ambrose J.A., et al. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis: evolving concepts. Circulation 1990, 82(Suppl. 3):II47-II59.
13. Libby P. The interface of atherosclerosis and thrombosis: basic mechanisms. Vasc Med 1998, 3:225-229.
14. Wasserman B.A., Wityk R.J., Trout H.H., Virmani R. Looking beyond the lumen with MRI. Stroke 2005, 36:2504-2513.
15. Lovett J.K., Gallagher P.J., Hands L.J., Walton J., Rothwell P.M. Histological correlates of carotid plaque surface morphology on lumen contrast imaging. Circulation 2004, 110:2190-2197.
16. Lovett J.K., Gallagher P.J., Rothwell P.M. Reproducibility of histological assessment of carotid plaque: implications for studies of carotid imaging. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004, 18:117-123.
17. Glagov S., Zarins C., Giddens D.P., Ku D.N. Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988, 112:1018-1031.
18. Ohara T., Toyoda K., Otsubo R., et al. Eccentric stenosis of the carotid artery associated with ipsilateral cerebrovascular events. Am J Neuroradiol 2008, 29:1200-1203.
19. Hardie A.D., Kramer C.M., Raghavan P. The impact of expansive arterial remodelling on clinical presentation in carotid artery disease: a multi-detector-row CT angiography study. Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1067-1070.
20. Barnett H.J., Taylor D.W., Eliasziw, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1415-1425.
21. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients high with grade stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:445-453. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators.
22. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998, 351:1379-1387.
23. Rothwell P.M., Eliasziw M., Gutnikov S.A. Analysis of pooled data from the randomized controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003, 361:107-116.
24. Saba L., Mallarini G. A comparison between NASCET and ECST methods in the study of carotids. Evaluation using Multi-Detector-Row CT Angiography. Eur J Radiol 2010, 76:42-47.
25. Saba L., Mallarini G. Comparison between quantification methods of carotid artery stenosis and computed tomographic angiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010, 34(May-June (3)):421-430.
26. Bartlett E.S., Walters T.D., Symons S.P., Fox A.J. Quantification of carotid stenosis on CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:13-19.
27. Bartlett E.S., Symons S.P., Fox A.J. Correlation of carotid stenosis diameter and cross-sectional areas with CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:638-642.
28. Bartlett E.S., Walters T.D., Symons S.P., Fox A.J. Carotid stenosis index revised with direct CT angiography measurement of carotid arteries to quantify carotid stenosis. Stroke 2007, 38:286-291.
29. Saba L, Mallarini G. Comparison between percentage methods and mm-method in the quatification of carotid artery stenosis, Manchester, United Kingdom. Proceedings of the UKRC, 8-10 June 2009 Manchester, United Kingdom, Br J Radiol Congress Series, p. 66.
30. Fox A.J., Eliasziw M., Rothwell P.M., et al. Identification, prognosis and management of patients with carotid artery near occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:2086-2094.
31. Rothwell P.M., Eliasziw M., Gutnikov S.A., et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomized controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003, 361:107-116.
32. Morgenstern L.B., Fox A.J., Sharpe B., et al. The risks and benefits of carotid endarterectomy in patients with near-occlusion of the carotid artery. Neurology 1997, 48:911-915.
33. Rothwell P.M., Warlow C.P. Low risk of ischemic stroke in patients with reduced internal carotid artery lumen diameter distal to severe symptomatic carotid stenosis: cerebral protection due to low poststenotic flow?. Stroke 2000, 31:622-630.
34. Jaff M.R., Goldmakher G.V., Lev M.H., Romero J.M. Imaging of the carotid arteries: the role of duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance arteriography, and computerized tomographic arteriography. Vasc Med 2008, 13:281-292.
35. Wardlaw J.M., Chappell F.M., Stevenson M., et al. Accurate, pratical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess 2006, 10:1-182.
36. Wardlaw J.M., Chappell F.M., Best J.J., Wartolowska K., Berry E. Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006, 367(9521):1503-1512.
37. Chappell F.M., Wardlaw J.M., Young G.R., et al. Carotid artery stenosis: accuracy of noninvasive tests - individual patient data meta-analysis. Radiology 2009, 251(2):493-502.
38. Mokhatari-Dizaji M., Montazeri M., Saberi H. Differentiation of mild and severe stenosis with motion estimation in ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006, 32:1493-1498.
39. Gronholdt M.L. B-Mode ultrasound and spiral CT for the assessment of carotid atherosclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2002, 12:421-435.
40. Bluth E.I., Sunshine J.H., Lyons J.B., et al. Power Doppler imaging: initial evaluation as a screening examination for carotid artery stenosis. Radiology 2000, 215:791-800.
41. Longstreth W.T., Shremanski L., Lefkowitz D., et al. Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis defined by ultrasound and the risk of subsequent stroke in elderly. The cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1998, 29:2371-2376.
42. Simon A., Gariepy J., Chironi G., Megnien J.L., Levenson J. Intima-media thickness: a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2002, 20:159-169.
43. Lorenz M.W., von Kegler S., Steinmetz H., Markus H.S., Sitzer M. Carotid Intima-Media Thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 2006, 37:87-92.
44. Kitamura A., Iso H., Imano H., et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque characteristics as a risk factor for stroke in Japanese elderly men. Stroke 2004, 35:2788-2794.
45. Wendelhag I., Wiklund O., Wikstrand J. Arterial wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia: ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:70-77.
46. Wendelhag I., Wiklund O., Wikstrand J. Atherosclerotic changes in the femoral and carotid arteries in familial hypercholesterolemia: ultrasonographic assessment of intima-media thickness and plaque occurrence. Arterioscler Thromb 1993, 13:1404-1411.
47. Veller M.G., Fisher C.M., Nicolaides A.N., et al. Measurement of the ultrasonic intima-media complex thickness in normal subjects. J Vasc Surg 1993, 17:719-725.
48. Riley W.A., Barnes R.W., Applegate W.B., et al. Reproducibility of non-invasive ultrasonic measurement of carotid atherosclerosis: the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Plaque Study. Stroke 1992, 23:1062-1068.
49. Saba L., Sanfilippo R., Montisci R., Mallarini G. Correlation between US-PSV and MDCTA in the quantification of carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Radiol 2010, 74:99-103.
50. Heijenbrok-Kal M.H., Buskens E., Naderkoorn P.J., van der Graaf Y., Hunink M.G.M. Optimal peak systolic velocity threshold at duplex US for determining the need for carotid endarterectomy: a decision analytic approach. Radiology 2005, 238-488.
51. Grant E.G., Benson C.B., Moneta G.L., et al. Carotid artery stenosis: Gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis-Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference. Radiology 2003, 229:340-346.
52. Prabhakaran S., Rundek T., Ramas R., et al. Carotid plaque surface irregularity predicts ischemic stroke: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2006, 37:2696-2701.
53. Sabetai M.M., Tegos T.J., Nicolaides A.N. Hemispheric symptoms and carotid plaque echomorphology. J Vasc Surg 2000, 31:39-49.
54. Gronholdt M.L., Wiebe B.M., Laursen H., Nielsen T.G., Schroeder T.V., Sillesen H. Lipid-rich carotid artery plaques appear echolucent on ultrasound B-mode images and may be associated with intraplaque haemorrhage. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997, 14:439-445.
55. Lai B.K., Hobson R.W., Pappas P.J. Pixel distribution analysis of B-mode ultrasound scan images predicts histologic features of atherosclerotic carotid plaques. J Vasc Surg 2002, 35:1210-1217.
56. Polak J.F., Shemanski L., O'Leary D.H. Hypoechoic plaque at US of the carotid artery: an independent risk factor for incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older. Cardiovascular Health Study. Radiology 1998, 208:649-654.
57. Mathiesen E.B., Bonaa K.H., Joakimsen O. Echolucent plaques are associated with high risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events in carotid stenosis: the Tromso Study. Circulation 2001, 103:2171-2175.
58. Halliday A., Mansfield A., Marro J., et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 363:1491-1502.
59. Geroulakos G., Ramaswani G., Nicolaides A. Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high resolution real time ultrasound. Br J Surg 1993, 80:1274-1277.
60. Bluth E.I., Kay D., Merritt C.R.B., et al. Sonographic characterization of carotid plaque. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986, 146:1061-1065.
61. Owen D.R., Shalhoub J., Miller S., et al. Inflammation within carotid atherosclerotic plaque: assessment with late-phase contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 2010, 255(2):638-644.
62. Coli S., Magnoni M., Sangiorgi G., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of intraplaque neovascularization in carotid arteries: correlation with histology and plaque echogenicity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:223-230.
63. de Weert T.T., Cretier S., Groen H.C., et al. Atherosclerotic carotid plaque surface morphology in the carotid bifurcation assessed with multi-detector computed tomography. Stroke 2009, 40:1334-1340.
64. Sitzer M., Muller W., Siebler M., et al. Plaque ulceration and lumen thrombus are the main sources of cerebral microemboli in high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1995, 26:1231-1233.
65. Saba L., Caddeo G., Sanfilippo R., Montisci R., Mallarini G. CT and US in the study of ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results. Advantages of multi-detector-row CT angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1061-1066.
66. Saba L., Caddeo G., Sanfilippo R., Montisci R., Mallarini G. Efficacy and Sensitivity of axial scans and different reconstruction methods in the study of the ulcerated carotid plaque by using multi-detector-row CT angiography. Comparison with surgical results. Am J Neuroradiol AJNR 2007, 28:716-723.
67. Lovett J.K., Gallagher P.J., Hands L.J., et al. Histological correlates of carotid plaque surface morphology on lumen contrast imaging. Circulation 2004, 110:2190-2197.
68. Executive committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-8.
69. de Weert T.T., Ouhlous M., Meijering E., et al. In vivo characterization and quantification of atherosclerotic carotid plaque components with multidetector computed tomography and histopathological correlation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26(10):2366-2372.
70. Ouhlous M., Flach H.Z., de Weert T.T. Carotid plaque composition and cerebral infarction: MR imaging study. Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:1044-1049.
71. Saba L., Sanfilippo R., Pascalis L., et al. Carotid artery wall thickness and ischemic symptoms evaluation using Multi-Detector Row CT. Angiography Eur Radiol 2008, 18:1962-1971.
72. Brennen D.J., Hall E.J. Computed tomography - an increasing source of radiation exposure. NEJM 2007, 357:2277-2284.
73. Nickoloff E., Alderson P. Radiation exposure to patients from CT: reality public perception, and policy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001, 177:285-287.
74. Ertl-Wagner B.B., Hoffmann R.T., Bruning R., et al. Multi-detector row CT angiography of the brain at various Kilovoltage settings. Radiology 2004, 231:528-535.
75. Kalra M.K., Maher M.M., Kamath R.S., et al. Comparison of z-axis automatic tube current modulation technology with fixed tube current CT scanning of abdomen and pelvis. Radiology 2004, 232:347-353.
76. Cashaman J.D., McCredie J., Henry D.A. Intravenous contrast media: use and associated mortality. Med J Aust 1991, 155:618-623.
77. Morcos S.K. Acute serious and fatal reactions to contrast media: our current understanding. Br J Radiol 2005, 78:686-693.
78. Rudnick M.R., Kesselheim A., Goldfarb S. Contrast-induced nephropathy: how it develops, how to prevent it. Cleve Clin J Med 2006, 73:75-80. 83-7.
79. McCullough P.A., Wolyn R., Rocher L.L., Levin R.N., O'Neill W.W. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med 1997, 103:368-375.
80. Fradkin J.E., Wolff J. Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis. Medicine 1983, 62(1):1-20.
81. van Guldener C., Blom D.M., Lips P., Strak van Schijndel R.J. Hyperthyroidism induced by iodinated roentgen contrast media [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998, 142(29):1641-1644.
82. Nygaard B., Nygaard T., Jensen L.I., et al. Iohexol: effects on uptake of radioactive iodine in the thyroid and on thyroid function. Acad Radiol 1998, 5(6):409-414.
83. Anzalone N., Scomazzoni F., Castellano R., et al. Carotid artery stenosis: intraindividual correlations of 3D time-of-flight MR angiography, contrast-enhanced MR angiography, conventional DSA, and rotational angiography for detection and grading. Radiology 2005, 236(1):204-213.
84. U-King-Im J.M., Trivedi R.A., Graves M.J., et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for carotid disease: diagnostic and potential clinical impact. Neurology 2004, 62(8):1282-1290.
85. Borisch I., Horn M., Butz B., et al. Preoperative evaluation of carotid artery stenosis: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and duplex sonography with digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24(6):1117-1122.
86. Nederkoorn P.J., van der Graaf Y., Hunink M.G. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke 2003, 34(5):1324-1332.
87. Lenhart M., Framme N., Völk M., et al. Time-resolved contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries: diagnostic accuracy and inter-observer variability compared with selective catheter angiography. Invest Radiol 2002, 37(10):535-541.
88. Madhuranthakam A.J., Hu H.H., Barger A.V., et al. Undersampled elliptical centric view-order for improved spatial resolution in contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 2006, 55(January (1)):50-58.
89. Anzidei M., Napoli A., Marincola B.C., et al. Gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography of carotid arteries: does steady-state imaging improve accuracy of first-pass imaging? Comparison with selective digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 2009, 251(May (2)):457-466.
90. Anzidei M., Napoli A., Marincola B.C., et al. High-resolution steady state magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries: are intravascular agents necessary?: feasibility and preliminary experience with gadobenate dimeglumine. Invest Radiol 2009, 44(December (12)):784-792.
91. Randoux B., Marro B., Koskas F., et al. Carotid artery stenosis: prospective comparison of CT, three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR, and conventional angiography. Radiology 2001, 220(1):179-185.
92. Leclerc X., Nicol L., Gauvrit J.Y., et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of supraaortic vessels: the effect of voxel size on image quality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21(June-July (6)):1021-1027.
93. Carr J.C., Ma J., Desphande V., et al. High-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the entire carotid circulation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002, 178(3):543-549.
94. Aoki S., Nakajima H., Kumagai H., Araki T. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography and MR imaging of the carotid artery: high-resolution sequences in different acquisition planes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21(2):381-385.
95. Anzidei M., Napoli A., Geiger D., et al. Preliminary experience with MRA in evaluating the degree of carotid stenosis and plaque morphology using high-resolution sequences after gadofosveset trisodium (Vasovist) administration: comparison with CTA and DSA. Radiol Med 2010, 115(4):634-647.
96. Anzidei M, Napoli A, Zaccagna F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of colour Doppler ultrasonography, CT angiography and blood-pool-enhanced MR angiography in assessing carotid stenosis: a comparative study with DSA in 170 patients. Radiol Med; in press - PMID: 21424318; doi:10.1007/s11547-011-0651-3.
97. Lin W., Abendschein D.R., Haacke E.M. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid arterial wall in pigs. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997, 7(January-February (1)):183-190.
98. Aoki S., Shirouzu I., Sasaki Y., et al. Enhancement of the intracranial arterial wall at MR imaging: relationship to cerebral atherosclerosis. Radiology 1995, 194(2):477-481.
99. Kerwin W.S., O'Brien K.D., Ferguson M.S., et al. Inflammation in carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging study. Radiology 2006, 241(2):459-468.
100. Saam T., Ferguson M.S., Yarnykh V.L., et al. Quantitative evaluation of carotid plaque composition by in vivo MRI. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25(January (1)):234-239.
101. Metz S., Beer A.J., Settles M., et al. Characterization of carotid artery plaques with USPIO-enhanced MRI: assessment of inflammation and vascularity as in vivo imaging biomarkers for plaque vulnerability. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, (October).
102. Zhang W.W., Harris L.M., Dryjski M.L. Should conventional angiography be the gold standard for carotid stenosis?. J Endovasc Ther 2006, 13(6):723-728.
103. Fanelli F., Bezzi M., Boatta E., Passariello R. Techniques in cerebral protection. Eur J Radiol 2006, 60(October (1)):26-36. Epub 2006 Jul 26. Review.
104. Randall M.S., McKevitt F.M., Kumar S., et al. Long-term results of carotid artery stents to manage symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and factors that affect outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010, 3(February (1)):50-56. Epub 2010 Jan 26.
105. Pozzi Mucelli F., Calgaro A., Bruni S., Bottaro L., Pozzi Mucelli R. Three-dimensional rotational angiography of the carotid arteries with high-flow injection from the aortic arch. Preliminary experience. Radiol Med 2005, 109(January-February (1-2)):108-117. English, Italian.
106. Elgersma O.E., Buijs P.C., Wüst A.F., et al. Maximum internal carotid arterial stenosis: assessment with rotational angiography versus conventional intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 1999, 213(December (3)):777-783.
107. Tawakol A., Migrino R.Q., Bashian G.G., et al. In vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48(9):1818-1824.
108. Rominger A., Saam T., Wolpers S., et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT identifies patients at risk for future vascular events in an otherwise asymptomatic cohort with neoplastic disease. J Nucl Med 2009, 50(10):1611-1620.
109. Ishii H., Nishio M., Takahashi H., et al. Comparison of atorvastatin 5 and 20mg/d for reducing F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in atherosclerotic plaques on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a randomized, investigator-blinded, open-label, 6-month study in Japanese adults scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Ther 2010, 32(14):2337-2347.
110. Kwee R.M., Teule G.J., van Oostenbrugge R.J., et al. Multimodality imaging of carotid artery plaques: 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 2009, 40(12):3718-3724.
111. Sanz J., Fayad Z.A. Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nature 2008, 451:953-957.
112. Demos S.M., Alkan-Onyuksel H., Kane B.J., et al. In vivo targeting of acoustically reflective liposomes for intravascular and transvascular ultrasonic enhancement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:867-875.
113. Flacke S., Fischer S., Scott M.J., et al. Novel MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin: implications for detecting vulnerable plaques. Circulation 2001, 104:1280-1285.
114. Neubauer A.M., Sim H., Winter P.M., et al. Nanoparticle pharmacokinetic profiling in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60:1353-1361.
115. Frias J.C., Williams K.J., Fisher E.A., Fayad Z.A. Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:16316-16317.
116. Li H., Gray B.D., Corbin I., et al. MR and fluorescent imaging of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Acad Radiol 2004, 11:1251-1259.
117. Hayek S.S., Sharma R., Kwon S., Sharma A., Chen C.J. Temperature and magnetic resonance characteristics of zinc, manganese, gadolinium, gold, iron magnetic nanoparticles and cytokine synergy in hyperthermia. J Biomed Sci Eng 2008, 1:147-209.
118. Morawski A.M., Winter P.M., Yu X., et al. Quantitative " magnetic resonance immunohistochemistry" with ligand-targeted (19)F nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2004, 52:1255-1262.
119. Michalet X., Pinaud F.F., Bentolila L.A., et al. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 2005, 307:538-544.
120. Allen M., Bulte J.W., Liepold L., et al. Paramagnetic viral nanoparticles as potential high-relaxivity magnetic resonance contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54:807-812.
121. Winter P.M., Cai K., Chen J., et al. Targeted PARACEST nanoparticle contrast agent for the detection of fibrin. Magn Reson Med 2006, 56:1384-1388.