Fibromyalgia syndrome - A disorder of stress coping;Fibromyalgie-syndrom - Eine stressverarbeitungsstörung

Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie

Volumn 162, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 326-337

  Egle, Ulrich T ^a,b   Ecker Egle, Marie Luise ^b   Nickel, Ralf ^c  

^a Celenus Kliniken Gengenbach und Freiburg   (Germany)

^b Celenus Fachklinik Freiburg   (Germany)

^c HSK Wiesbaden   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL RESEARCH; COPING BEHAVIOR; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 84855442238     PISSN: 02587661     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4414/sanp.2011.02319     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett R, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:160-72.
2. Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia syndrome: a need for uniform classification. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:841-4. (Pubitemid 14156273)
3. Müller W, Lautenschläger J. Generalized tendomyopathy. I: Clinical aspects, follow-up and differential diagnosis. Z Rheumatol. 1990;49:11-21. (Pubitemid 20131875)
4. Labhardt F, Müller W. Psychosomatische Aspekte rheumatischer, insbesondere weichteilrheumatischer Erkrankungen. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des "Weichteilrheumatismus". Med Klein. 1979;74:802-11. (Pubitemid 9173917)
5. Clauw DJ, Crofford LJ. Chronic widewspread pain and fibromyalgia, what we know and what we need to know. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:685-701.
6. Katz RS, Wolfe F, Michaud K. Fibromyalgia diagnosis: a comparison of clinical, survey, and American College of Rheumatology criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:169-76. (Pubitemid 43122199)
7. Wolfe F. Stop using the American College of Rheumatology criteria in the clinic. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1671-2. (Pubitemid 36962441)
8. Schochat T, Raspe H. Elements of fibromyalgia in an open population. Rheumatol. 2003;42:829-35. (Pubitemid 37220930)
9. Croft P, Rigby AS, Boswell R, Schollum J, Silman A. The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:710-3. (Pubitemid 23138864)
10. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ. Aspects of fibromyalgia in the general population: sex, pain threshold, and fibromyalgia symptoms. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:151-6.
11. Andersson M, Bagby JR, Dyrehag L, Gottfries C. Effects of staphylococcus toxoid vaccine on pain and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur J Pain. 1998;2:133-42. (Pubitemid 28332902)
12. Neumann L, Buskila D. Epidemiology of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2003;7:362-8. (Pubitemid 38915086)
13. Buskila D, Press J, Gedalia A, Klein M, Neumann L, Boehm R, Sukenik S. Assessment of nonarticular tenderness and prevalence of fibromyalgia in children. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:368-70. (Pubitemid 23066054)
14. Mikkelsson M, Kaprio J, Salminen JJ, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ. Widespread pain among 11-year-old Finnish twin pairs. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:481-5.
15. Clark P, Burgos-Vargas R, Medina-Palma C, Lavielle P, Marina FF. Prevalence of fibromyalgia in children: a clinical study of Mexican children. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:2009-14. (Pubitemid 28459319)
16. Fassbender HG, Wegner K. Morphology and pathogenesis of soft-tissue rheumatism. Z Rheumaforsch. 1973;32:355-74.
17. Henriksson KG, Bäckman E, Henriksson C, de Laval JH. Chronic regional muscular pain in women with precise manipulation work. A study of pain characteristics, muscle function, and impact on daily activities. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996; 25:213-23. (Pubitemid 26273852)
18. Elert J, Dahlqvist SR, Almay B, Eisemann M. Muscle endurance, muscle tension and personality traits in patients with muscle orjoint pain - a pilot study. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:1550-6. (Pubitemid 24027330)
19. Simms RW, Roy SH, Hrovat M, Anderson JJ, Skrinar G, LePoole SR, et al. Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:794-800. (Pubitemid 24184527)
20. Buchwald D, Goldenberg DL, Sullivan JL, Komaroff AL. The "chronic, active Epstein-Barr virus infection" syndrome and primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30:1132-6. (Pubitemid 18027300)
21. Fye KH, Whiting-O'Keefe QE, Lennette ET, Jessop C. Absence of abnormal Epstein-Barr virus serologic findings in patients with fibrositis. Arthr Rheum. 1988;31:1455-6.
22. Narváez J, Nolla JM, Valverde J. No serological evidence that fibromyalgia is linked with exposure to human parvovirus B19. Joint Bone Spine. 2005;72:592-4. (Pubitemid 41821423)
23. Wittrup IH, Christensen LS, Jensen B, Danneskiold-Samsee B, Bliddal H, Wiik A. Search for Borna disease virus in Danish fibromyalgia patients. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29:387-90. (Pubitemid 32014838)
24. Buskila D, Neumann L. Fibromyalgia (FM) and nonarticular tenderness in relatives of patients with FM. J Rheumaol. 1997;24:941-4. (Pubitemid 27223632)
25. Rivera J, de Diego A, Trinchet M, García Monforte A. Fibromyalgia-associated hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol. 1997;36:981-5.
26. Goulding C, O'Connell P, Murray FE. Prevalence of fibromyalgia, anxiety, and depression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to RT-PCR status and mode of acquisition. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:507-11. (Pubitemid 32466252)
27. Kozanoǧlu E, Canataroǧlu A, Abayli B, Colakoǧlu S, Goncu K. Fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with hepatitis C infection. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23:248-51. (Pubitemid 37249137)
28. Cairns V, Godwin J. Post-Lyme borreliosis syndrome: a meta-analysis of reported symptoms. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:1340-5. (Pubitemid 41819541)
29. Hsu VM, Patella SJ, Sigal LH. "Chronic Lyme disease" as the incorrect diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:1493-500. (Pubitemid 23327747)
30. Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993;269:1812-6. (Pubitemid 23097348)
31. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), worse outcomes, comorbid illness, and sociodemographic disadvantage characterize RA patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:695-700. (Pubitemid 38451254)
32. Weir PT, Harlan GA, Nkoy FL, Jones SS, Hegmann KT, Gren LH, Lyon JL. The incidence of fibromyalgia and its associated comorbidities: a population-based retrospective cohort study based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006;12:124-8. (Pubitemid 44314970)
33. Klein R, Bänsch M, Berg PA. Clinical relevance of antibodies against serotonin and gangliosides in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 1992;17:593-8. (Pubitemid 23043121)
34. Klein R, Berg PA. High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders. Eur J Med Res. 1995;1:21-6.
35. Werle E, Fischer HP, Müller A, Fiehn W, Eich W. Antibodies against serotonin have no diagnostic relevance in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:595-600. (Pubitemid 32202666)
36. Wilson RB, Gluck OS, Tesser JR, Rice JC, Meyer A, Bridges AJ. Antipolymer antibody reactivity in a subset of patients with fibromyalgia correlates with severity. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:402-7. (Pubitemid 29066746)
37. Nishikai M, Tomomatsu S, Hankins RW, Takagi S, Miyachi K, Kosaka S, et al. Autoantibodies to a 68/48 kDa protein in chronic fatigue syndrome and primary FM: a possible marker for hypersomnia and cognitive disorders. Rheumatol. 2001;40:806-10.
38. Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. Breast implants and fibromyalgia: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;52:284-7. (Pubitemid 38316300)
39. Fryzek JP, Holmich L, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Henriksen T, et al. A nationwide study of connective tissue disease and other rheumatic conditions among Danish women with long-term cosmetic breast implantation. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:374-9. (Pubitemid 46629030)
40. Vaeroy H, Qiao ZG, Morkrid L, Forre O. Altered sympathetic nervous system response in patients with fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome). J Rheumatol. 1989;16:1460-5. (Pubitemid 20015360)
41. Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, Vipraio GA, Alboukrek D, Michalek JE. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1593-601. (Pubitemid 24345805)
42. Bradley LA, Alberts KR, Alarcon GS, Alexander MT, Mountz JM, Wiegent DA, et al. Abnormal brain regional cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients and non-patients with fibromyalgia [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;Suppl 9:212.
43. Liu Z, Welin M, Bragee B, Nyberg F. A high-recovery extraction procedure for quantitative analysis of substance P and opioid peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid. Peptides. 2000;21:853-60. (Pubitemid 30665841)
44. Evengard B, Nilsson CG, Lindh G, Lindquist L, Eneroth P, Fredrikson S, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome differs from fibromyalgia. No evidence for elevated substance P levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Pain. 1998;78:153-5. (Pubitemid 28517956)
45. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Floridi A, Gallai V. Levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache patients. Neurology. 2001;57:132-34. (Pubitemid 32634864)
46. Alpar EK, Onuoha G, Killampalli VV, Waters R. Management of chronic pain in whiplash injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84:807-11. (Pubitemid 34918884)
47. Rosenkranz MA. Substance P at the nexus of mind and body in chronic inflammation and affective disorders. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:1007-37.
48. Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Larson AA. Increased concentration of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1564-9. (Pubitemid 29317881)
49. Höcherl K, Farber L, Ladenburger S, Vosshage D, Stratz T, Muller W, et al. Effect of tropisetron on circulating catecholamines and other putative biochemical markers in serum of patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 2000;113:46-48. (Pubitemid 32016436)
50. Wallace D, Bowman RL, Wormsley SB, Peter JB. Cytokines and immune regulation in patients with fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32:1334-5.
51. Gur A, Cevik R, Sarac AJ, Colpan L, Em S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and cortisol in young women with primary fibromyalgia: the potential roles of depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance in the occurrence of hypocortisolism. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1504-6. (Pubitemid 39433960)
52. Wang H, Buchner M, Moser MT, Daniel V, Schiltenwolf M. The role of IL-8 in patients with fibromyalgia: a prospective longitudinal study of 6 months. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:1-4.
53. Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Vipraio GA, Fletcher EM, Wall K. Serum amino acids in fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1989;19:158-63. (Pubitemid 20015412)
54. Yunus MB, Dailey JW, Aldag JC, Masi AT, Jobe PC. Plasma tryptophan and other amino acids in primary fibromyalgia: a controlled study. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:90-4.
55. Larson AA, Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Michalek JE. Changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with pain in patients with fibromyalgia: implications for nitric oxide pathways. Pain. 2000;87:201-11. (Pubitemid 30621452)
56. Schwarz MJ, Offenbaecher M, Neumeister A, Ewert T, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, et al. Evidence for an altered tryptophan metabolism in fibromyalgia. Neurobiol Dis. 2002;11:434-42. (Pubitemid 36269128)
57. Moldofsky H. Rheumatic pain modulation syndrome: the interrelationships between sleep, central nervous system serotonin, and pain. Adv Neurol. 1982;33:51-7.
58. Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:550-6.
59. Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Alstergren P, Kopp S. The level of serotonin in the superficial masseter muscle in relation to local pain and allodynia. Life Sci. 1999;65:313-25. (Pubitemid 29320414)
60. Alnigenis MN, Barland P. Fibromyalgia syndrome and serotonin. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19:205-10. (Pubitemid 32372461)
61. Pellegrino MJ, Waylonis GW, Sommer A. Familial occurrence of primary fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:61-3. (Pubitemid 19053888)
62. Buskila D, Neumann L, Hazanov I, Carmi R. Familial aggregation in the fibromyalgia syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;26:605-11. (Pubitemid 27024197)
63. Offenbächer M, Bondi B, de Jonge S, Glatzeder K, Kruger M, Schoeps P, et al. Possible association of fibromyalgia with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2482-8. (Pubitemid 30333429)
64. Bondy B, Spaeth M, Offenbaecher M, Glatzeder K, Stratz T, Schwarz M, et al. The T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2Areceptorgene in fibromyalgia. Neurobiol Dis. 1999;6:433-9.
65. Gürsoy S. Absence of association of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with the mentally healthy subset of fibromyalgia patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2002;21:194-7. (Pubitemid 34785005)
66. Gürsoy S, Erdal E, Herken H, Madenci E, Alasehirli B, Erdal N. Significance of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23:104-7. (Pubitemid 36712983)
67. Vargas-Alarcón G, Fragoso JM, Cruz-Robles D, Vargas A, Vargas A, Lao-Villadóniga JI, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene haplotypes in Mexican and Spanish patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9:R110.
68. Buskila D, Cohen H, Neumann L, Ebstein RP. An association between fibromyalgia and the dopamine D4 receptor exon III repeat polymorphism and relationship to novelty seeking personality traits. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:730-1.
69. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengard B, Pedersen NL. Importance of genetic influences on chronic widespread pain. Arthr Rheu. 2006;54:1682-6.
70. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengard B, Pedersen NL. Premorbid predictors of chronic fatigue. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2006;63:1267-72. (Pubitemid 44708085)
71. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengard B, Pedersen NL. A population-based twin study of functional somatic symptomes. Psychol Med. 2009;39:497-505.
72. Lautenbacher S, Kundermann B, Krieg JC. Sleep deprivation and pain perception. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:356-69.
73. Kundermann B, Lautenbacher S. Effects of impaired sleep quality and sleep deprivation on diurnal pain perception. In: Lavigne et al. (eds) Sleep and pain, IASP Press Seattle 2007; p.137-52.
74. White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. Comparing self-reported function and work disability in 100 community cases of fibromyalgia syndrome versus controls in London, Ontario: the London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:76-83. (Pubitemid 29042573)
75. Unger ER, Nisenbaum R, Moldofsky H, Cesta A, Sammut C, Reyes M, et al. Sleep assessment in a population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2004;19:4:6.
76. Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R. Musculskeletal symptoms and nonREM sleep disturbances in patients with "fibrositis syndrome"and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med. 1975;34:341-51.
77. Branco J, Atalaia A, Paiva T. Sleep cycles and alpha-delta sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994:1113-7. (Pubitemid 24182288)
78. Roizenblatt S, Moldofsky H, Benedito-Silva AA, Tufik S. Alpha sleep characteristics in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:222-30. (Pubitemid 32113138)
79. Sloan EP, Maunder RG, Hunter JJ, Moldofsky H. Insecure attachment is associated with the α-EEG anomaly during sleep. BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2007;1:20 doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-20
80. Martinez-Lavin M, Hermosillo AG, Rosas M, Soto ME. Circadian studies of autonomic nervous balance in patients with fibromyalgia: a heart rate variability analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:1966-71. (Pubitemid 28506686)
81. Cohen H, Neumann L, Shore M, Amir M, Cassuto Y, Buskila D. Autonomic dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgia: application of power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;29:217-27. (Pubitemid 30108096)
82. Cohen H, Buskila D, Neuman L, Ebstein RP. Confirmation of an association between fibromyalgia and serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR)polymorphism, and relationship to anxiety-related personality traits. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:845-7. (Pubitemid 34214272)
83. Glass JM, Lyden A, Petzke F, Clauw D. The effect of brief exercise cessation on pain, fatigue, and mood symptom development in healthy, fit individuals. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57:391-8. (Pubitemid 39424253)
84. McBeth J, Chiu YH, Silman AJ, Ray D, Moriss R, Dickens C. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress axis function and the relationship with chronic widespread pain and its antecedents. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7:R992-1000.
85. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992;267:1244-52.
86. Arlt J, Jahn H, Kellner M, Strohle A, Yassouridis A, Wiedemann K. Modulation of sympathetic activity by corticotropinreleasing hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide. Neuropeptides. 2003;37:362-8. (Pubitemid 38091242)
87. Riedel W, Schlapp U, Leck S, Netter P, Neeck G. Blunted ACTH and cortisol responses to systemic injection of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in fibromyalgia: role of somatostatin and CRH-binding protein. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;966:483-90. (Pubitemid 34729210)
88. McLean SA, Williams DA, Stein P, Harris RE, Lyden AK, Wahlen G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor concentration is associated with pain but not fatigue symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31:2776-82. (Pubitemid 44764174)
89. Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, McDougle CJ, Malison RT, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropinreleasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29:777-84. (Pubitemid 38402485)
90. Heim C, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29:641-8. (Pubitemid 38402471)
91. Clauw DJ, Chrousos GP. Chronic pain and fatigue syndromes: overlapping clinical and neuroendocrine features and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1997;4:134-53. (Pubitemid 28093996)
92. Okifuji A, Turk DC, Sherman JJ. Evaluation of the relationship between depression and fibromyalgia syndrome: Why aren't all patients depressed? J Rheumatol. 2000;27:212-9. (Pubitemid 30058652)
93. Gupta A, Silman AJ. Psychological stress and fibromyalgia: a review of the evidence suggesting a neuroendocrine link. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6:98-106. (Pubitemid 38735664)
94. Adler GK, Geenen R. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic nervous system functioning in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005;31:187-202. (Pubitemid 40082062)
95. McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I (2005a). The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:783-90. (Pubitemid 41396027)
96. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:171-9.
97. Dadabhoy D, Crofford LJ, Spaeth M, Russell IJ, Clauw DJ. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Evidence-based biomarkers for fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10:211-29.
98. Lorenz J, Grasedyck K, Bromm B. Middle and long latency somatosensory evoked potentials after painful laser stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol.1996;100:165-8.
99. Petzke F, Clauw DJ, Ambrose K, Khine A, Gracely RH. Increased pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia: effects of stimulus type and mode of presentation. Pain. 2003;105:403-13. (Pubitemid 37186903)
100. Geisser ME, Casey KL, Brucksch CB, Ribbens CM, Appleton BB, Crofford LJ. Perception of noxious and innocuous heat stimulation among healthy women and women with fibromyalgia: association with mood, somatic focus, and catastrophizing. Pain. 2003;102:243-50. (Pubitemid 36369302)
101. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams DA, et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:613-23. (Pubitemid 38198845)
102. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Williams DA, Geisser ME, Petzke FW, Clauw D. The relationship between depression, clinical pain, and experimental pain in achronic pain cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1577-84. (Pubitemid 40663950)
103. Wood PB, Schweinhardt P, Jaeger E, Dagher A, Hakyemez H, Rabiner EA, et al. Fibromyalgia patients show an abnormal dopamine response to pain. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25:3576-82. (Pubitemid 47020461)
104. Lautenbacher S, Rollman GB. Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:89-96.
105. Kosek E, Hansson, P. Modulatory influence an somatosensory perception from vibration and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia patients and health subjects. Pain. 1997;70:41-51. (Pubitemid 27128296)
106. Staud R, Vierck CJ, Cannon RL, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2001;91:165-75. (Pubitemid 32274185)
107. Staud R, Robinson ME, Vierck CJ Jr, Cannon RC, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Ratings of experimental pain and pain-related negative affect predict clinical pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2003;105:215-22. (Pubitemid 37162491)
108. Julien N, Goffaux P, Arsenault P, Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain. 2005;114:295-302. (Pubitemid 40279112)
109. McDermid AJ, Rollman GB, McCain GA. Generalized hypervigilance in fibromyalgia: evidence of perceptual amplification. Pain. 1996;66:133-44. (Pubitemid 26283981)
110. Schweinhardt P, Sauro KM, Bushnell MC. Fibromyalgia: A disorder of the brain? Neuroscientist. 2008;14:415-21.
111. Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, Clauw DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1333-44.
112. Cook DB, Lange G, Ciccone DS, Liu WC, Steffener J, Natelson BH. Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:364-78. (Pubitemid 38160761)
113. Cook DB, Lange G, Ciccone DS, Liu WC, Steffener J, Natelson BH. Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:364-78. (Pubitemid 38160761)
114. Heinricher MM, Tavares I, Leith JL, Lumb BM. Descending control of nociception: Specificity, recruitment, and plasticity. Brain Res Rev. 2009;60:214-25.
115. Williams DA, Gracely RH. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:224-36.
116. Schmidt-Wilcke T, Luerding R, Weigand T, Jürgens T, Schuierer G, Leinisch E, et al. Striatal grey matter increase in patients suffering from fibromyalgia - a voxel-based morphometry study. Pain. 2007;132(Suppl 1):S109-16. (Pubitemid 350030865)
117. Kuchinad A, Schweinhardt P, Seminowicz DA, Wood PB, Chizh BA, Bushnell MC. Accelerated brain gray matter loss in fibromyalgia patients: premature aging of the brain? J Neurosci. 2007;27:4004-7. (Pubitemid 46597143)
118. Villarreal G, Hamilton DA, Petropoulos H, Driscoll I, Rowland LM, Griego JA, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:119-25. (Pubitemid 34756557)
119. Okada T, Tanaka M, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y, Sadato N. Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2004;4:14-20.
120. Roozendaal B, McEwen BS, Chatarij S. Stress, memory, and the amygdala. Nat Neurosci Rev. 2009;10:423-33.
121. Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. J Neurosci. 2004;24:10410-5. (Pubitemid 39552626)
122. Leavitt F, Katz RS. Distraction as a key determinant of impaired memory in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:127-32. (Pubitemid 43054292)
123. Scott DJ, Heitzeg MM, Koeppe RA, Stohler CS, Zubieta, JK. Variations in the human pain stress experience mediated by ventral and dorsal basal ganglia dopamine activity. J Neurosci. 2006;26:10789-95.
124. Baraniuk JN, Whalen G, Cunningham J, Clauw DJ. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of opioid peptides in fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:48-57.
125. Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ. Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci. 2007;27:10000-6. (Pubitemid 47404015)
126. Engel GL. Psychogenic pain and the "pain-prone" patient. Am J Med. 1959;26:899-918.
127. Roy R. Engel's pain-prone disorder patient: 25 years after. Psychother Psychosom. 1985;43:126-35. (Pubitemid 15101767)
128. Raphael KG, Widom CS, Lange G. Childhood victimization and pain in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Pain. 2002;92:283-93.
129. Thieme K, Häuser W, Batra A. Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Schmerz. 2008;22:295-302.
130. Linton SJ. A population-based study of the relationship between sexual abuse and back pain: Establishing a link. Pain. 1997;73:47-53. (Pubitemid 27470825)
131. Linton SJ. A prospective study of the effects of sexual or physical abuse on back pain. Pain. 2002;96:347-51. (Pubitemid 34327883)
132. Walsh C, Jamieson E, MacMillan H, Boyle, M. Child abuse and chronic pain in a community survey of women. J Interpers Violence. 2007;22:1536-54.
133. Lee S, Tsang A, Von Korff M, de Graaf R, Benjet C, Haro JM, Angermeyer M, et al. Association of headache with childhood adversity and mental disorder: cross-national study. Br J Psychiatr. 2009;194:111-6.
134. Hardt J, Rutter M. Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2004;45:260-73. (Pubitemid 38240273)
135. Hardt J, Sidor A, Bracko M, Egle UT. Reliability of retrospective assessments of childhood experiences in Germany. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194:676-83. (Pubitemid 44408821)
136. Brown J, Berenson K, Cohen P. Documented and self-reported child abuse and adult pain in a community sample. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:374-7. (Pubitemid 41233131)
137. Imbierowicz K, Egle UT. Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder. Eur J Pain. 2003;7:113-9. (Pubitemid 36330528)
138. Leibing E, Rüger U, Schüssler G. Biographische Risikofaktoren und psychische Erkrankungen bei Fibromyalgie. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 1999;45:142-56. (Pubitemid 29173955)
139. van Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Lysens R, Vertommen H, Onghena P, van Houdenhove L, et al. Victimization in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgiain tertiary care: A controlled study on prevalence and characteristics. Psychosomatics. 2001;42:21-8. (Pubitemid 32062212)
140. Goldberg RT, Pachas WN, Keith D. Relationship between traumatic events in childhood and chronic pain. Disabil Rehabil. 1999;21:23-30. (Pubitemid 29037667)
141. Walker EA, Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Bernstein D, Katon WJ. Psychosocial factors in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: II. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and neglect. Psychosom Med. 1997;59:572-7. (Pubitemid 27513692)
142. Boisset-Pioro MH, Esdaile JM, Fitzcharles MA. Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheu. 1995;38:235-41.
143. Alexander RW, Bradley LA, Alarcón GS, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron LA, Alberts KR, et al. Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia: association with outpatient health care utilization and pain medication usage. Arthritis Care Res. 1998;11:102-15. (Pubitemid 28209767)
144. McBeth J, Macfarlane GJ, Benjamin S, Morris S, Silman AJ. The association between tender points, psychological distress, and adverse childhood experiences. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1397-404. (Pubitemid 30265597)
145. Macfarlane GJ, Norrie G, Atherton K, Power C, Jones GT. The influence of socioeconomic status on the reporting of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain: results from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1591-5.
146. Jones GT, Power C, Macfarlane GJ. Adverse events in childhood and chronic widespread pain in adult life: Results from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Pain. 2009;143:92-6.
147. Schanberg LE, Keefe FJ, Lefebvre JC, Kredich DW, Gil KM. Social context of pain in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome: parental pain history and family environment. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:107-15. (Pubitemid 28270207)
148. Conte PM, Walco GA, Kimura Y. Temperament and stress response in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2923-30. (Pubitemid 37280622)
149. Kashikar-Zuck S, Lynch AM, Graham TB, Swain NF, Mullen SM, Noll RB. Social functioning and peer relationships of adolescents with juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:474-80. (Pubitemid 46682536)
150. Dailey PA, Bishop GD, Russell JL, Fletcher EM. Psychological stress and the fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1990;17:1380-5.
151. Anderberg UM, Marteinsdottir I, Theorell T, Von Knorring L. The impact of life events in female patients with fibromyalgia and in female healthy controls. Eur Psychiatry. 2000;15:295-301. (Pubitemid 30643933)
152. Poyhia R, Da Costa D, Fitzcharles MA. Previous experiences of women with fibromyalgia and inflammatory arthritis and nonpainful controls. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1888-91. (Pubitemid 32726940)
153. van Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Onghena P, Lysens R, Vertommen H. Daily hassles reported by chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia patients in tertiary care: A controlled qualitative and quantitative study. Psychother Psychosom. 2002;71:207-13. (Pubitemid 34827825)
154. van Houdenhove B, Egle UT, Luyten P. The role of life stress in fibromyalgia. Curr RheumatolRep. 2005;7:365-70.
155. Raphael KG, Natelson BH, Janal MN, Nayak S. A community-based survey of fibromyalgialike pain complaints following the World Trade-Center terrorist attacks. Pain. 2002;100:131-9. (Pubitemid 35305130)
156. Williams DA, Brown SC, Clauw DJ, Gendreau RM. Self-reported symptoms before and after September 11 in patients with fibromyalgia. JAMA. 2003;289:1637-8.
157. Ang DC, Peloso PM, Woolson RF, Kroenke K, Doebbeling BN. Predictors of incident chronic widespread pain among veterans following the first Gulf War. Clin J Pain. 2006;22:554-63. (Pubitemid 44350442)
158. Kivimäki M, Leino-Arias, P, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Puttonen S, et al. Work stress and incidence of newly diagnosed fibro myalgia: prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57:417-22. (Pubitemid 39577632)
159. Harkness EF, Macfarlane GJ, Nahit E, Silman AJ, McBeth J. Mechanical injury and psychosocial factors in the work-place predict the onset of widespread body pain: a 2-year prospective study amongst cohorts of newly-employed workers. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1655-64. (Pubitemid 38608089)
160. Gupta A, Silman AJ, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, Macfarlane GJ. The role of psychosocial factors in predicting the onset of chronic widespread pain: results from a prospective population based study. Rheumatology. 2006;46: 666-71. (Pubitemid 46523314)
161. Nicholl BI, Macfarlane GJ, Davies KA, Morriss R, Dickens C, McBeth J. Premorbid psychosocial factors are associated with poor healthrelated quality of life in subjects with new onset of chronic widespread pain - Results from the EPIFUND study. Pain. 2009;141:119-26.
162. Epstein SA, Kay G, Clauw D, Heaton R, Klein D, Krupp L, et al. Psychiatric disorders in patients with fibromyalgia. A multicenter investigation. Psychosomatics. 1999;40:57-63. (Pubitemid 29056581)
163. Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Chronic pain-associated depression:Antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:116-37. (Pubitemid 27251106)
164. Ahles TA, Khan SA, Yunus MB, Spiegel DA, Masi AT. Psychiatric status of patients with primary fibromyalgia, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and subjects without pain: a blind comparison of DSM-III diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1721-6.
165. Celiker R, Borman P, Oktem F, Gokce-Kutsal Y, Basgoze O. Psychological dis-turbance in fibromyalgia: Relation to pain severity. Clin Rheumatol. 1997;16:179-84. (Pubitemid 27119798)
166. Kurtze N, Gundersen KT, Svebak S. The role of anxiety and depression in fatigue and patterns of pain among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients. Br J Med Psychol. 1998;71:185-94.
167. Martin MY, Bradley LA, Alexander RW, Alarcon GS, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron LA, et al. Coping strategies predict disability in patients with primary fibromyalgia. Pain. 1996;68:45-53. (Pubitemid 126407754)
168. Hallberg LR, Carlsson S. Psychosocial vulnerability and maintaining forces related to fibromyalgia. Scand J Caring Sci. 1998;12:95-103.
169. Hassett AL, Cone JD, Patella SJ, Sigal LH. The role of catastrophizing in the pain and depression of women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:2493-500.
170. Crombez G, Eccleston C, Vandenbroeck A, Goubert L, Van Houdenhove B. Hypervigilance to pain in fibromyalgia: The mediating role of pain intensity and catastrophic thinking about pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:98-102. (Pubitemid 38252755)
171. Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain. 2004;127:835-43. (Pubitemid 38478528)
172. Ferguson RJ, Ahles TA. Private body consciousness, anxiety and pain symptom reports of chronic pain patients. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:527-35. (Pubitemid 28288650)
173. Wolfe F, Hawley DJ. Psychosocial factors and the fibromyalgia syndrome. Z Rheumatol. 1998;57(suppl 2):88-91. (Pubitemid 29011489)
174. Johnson M, Panaanen ML, Rahinantti P, Hannonen P. Depressed fibromyalgia patients are equipped with an emphatic competence-dependent self-esteem. Clin Rheumatol. 1997;16:578-84. (Pubitemid 28341463)
175. van Houdenhove B, Luyten P. Stress, depression, and fibromyalgia. Acta Neurol Belg. 2006;106:149-56.
176. Egle UT, Hoffmann SO, Joraschky P. Sexueller Missbrauch, Misshandlung, Vernachlässigung. Erkennung, Therapie und Prävention der Langzeitfolgen früher Stresserfahrungen. 3. Aufl., Schattauer: Stuttgart 2005.
177. Cierpka M, Franz M, Egle UT. Primäre Prävention und Früherkennung und Prävention. In Adler et al. (Hrsg): Uexküll Psychosomatische Medizin, Elsevier München 2010:389-98.
178. van Houdenhove B, Egle UT. Fibromyalgia: A stress disorder? Piecing the bio-psychosocial puzzle together. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73:267-75. (Pubitemid 39060995)
179. Egle UT, Ecker-Egle M-L, Nickel R, van Houdenhove B. Fibromyalgie als Störung der zentralen Schmerz- und Stressverarbeitung. Ein neues biopsychosoziales Krankheitsmodell. Psychother Psych Med. 2004;54:137-47. (Pubitemid 38469718)
180. Suarez-Almazor ME, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Belseck E, Kendall CJ, Davis P. Utilization and predictive value of laboratory tests in patients referred to rheumatologists by primary care physicians. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1980-5. (Pubitemid 28459314)
181. Al-Allaf AW, Dunbar KL, Hallum NS, Nosratzahdeh B, Templeton KD, Pullar T. A case-control study examining the role of physical trauma in the onset of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol. 2002;41:450-3. (Pubitemid 34537845)
182. Zonana-Nacach A, Alarcón GS, Reveille JD, Triana-Alexander M, Alexander RW, Bradley LA. Clinical Features of ANA-Positive and ANA-Negative Patients with Fibromyalgia. J Clin Rheumatol. 1998;4:52-6. (Pubitemid 28237577)
183. Cieza A, Stucki G, Weigl M, Kullmann L, Stoll T, Kamen L, Kostanjsek N, Walsh N. ICF Core Sets for chronic widespread pain. J Rehabil Med. 2004; Suppl 44:1-7.
184. Egle UT, Nickel R, Petrak F. Somatoforme Störung. In: Strauss B, Hohagen F, Caspar F (Hrsg) Lehrbuch Psychotherapie. Hogrefe: Göttingen 2007, 553-80.
185. van Houdenhove B, Luyten P, Egle UT. The role of childhood trauma in chronic pain and fatigue. In: Banyard VL, Edwards VJ, Kendall-Tackett KA (eds) Trauma and physical health: understanding the effects of extreme stress and psychological harm. New York: Routledge 2009; 37-64.
186. Häuser W, Eich W, Herrmann M, Nutzinger DO, Schiltenwolf M, Henningsen P. Fibromyalgia syndrome. Classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Dtsch Ärztebl Int. 2009;106:383-91.
187. Busch AJ, Barber KAR, Overend TJ, Peloso PM, Schachter CL. Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;17;(4):CD003786.
188. Brosseau L, Wells GA, Tugwell P, Egan M, Wilson KG, Dubouloz C-J, et al. Ottawa Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for aerobic fitness exercises in the management of fibromyalgia: Part 1. Phys Ther. 2008;88:857-71. (Pubitemid 351915342)
189. Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain in working age adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001984.
190. Eccleston C, Williams ACDC, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD007407. DOI:10.1002/14651858. CD007407.pub2.
191. Konermann J, Schüssler G, Weddige-Diedrichs A. Schmerzbewä ltigung bei Patienten mit Fibromyalgie-Syndrom: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Kurzzeit-Einzeltherapie. In: Schüssler G, Leibing E (Hrsg) Coping. Göttingen, Hogrefe 1995.
192. Turk DC, Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW. Differential responses by psychosocial subgroups of fibromyalgia syndrome patients to an interdisciplinary treatment. Arthritis Care Res. 1998;11:397-404. (Pubitemid 28515089)
193. Nickel R, Egle UT. Störungsspezifische Gruppenpsychotherapie bei Patienten mit somatoformen Schmerzen. Z Gruppendyn Gruppenpsychother. 2002;38:212-30.
194. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy. A practioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.
195. Grawe K. Neuropsychotherapie. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2004.
196. Bennett RM, Kamin M, Karin R, Rosenthal NR. Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2003;114:537-45. (Pubitemid 36577256)
197. Koppert W. Opioidvermittelte Analgesie und Hyperalgesie. Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde der Schmerztherapie. Schmerz. 2005;19:386-94. (Pubitemid 41380764)
198. Streltzer J, Linden M. Increased sensitivity to pain in long-term opioid treatment. Nervenarzt. 2008;79:607-11.
199. Crofford LJ, Simpson S, Young JP, Haig G, Sharma U. A sixmonth double-blind, placebo-controlled, durability of effect study of pregabalin for pain associated with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:L44.
200. Crofford LJ, Mease PJ, Simpson SL, Young JP, Martin SA, Haig GM. Fibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): a 6-months, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial with pregabalin. Pain. 2008;136:419-31.
201. Staud R, Price DD. Long-term trials of pregabalin and duloxetine for fibromyalgia symptoms: How study designs can affect placebo factors. Pain. 2008;136:232-4.
202. Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 8;(3):CD007076
203. Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, Goldstein DJ, Iyengar S. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain. 2005;119:5-15. (Pubitemid 41752960)
204. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy or chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007115.
205. Mayhew E, Ernst E. Acupuncture for fibromyalgia - a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology. 2007;46:801-4. (Pubitemid 47061711)
206. Okifuji A, Turk DC. Stress and psychophysiological dysregulation in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2002;27:129-41. (Pubitemid 34847999)
207. Tomoda A, Suzuki H, Rabi K, Sheu YS, Polcari A, Teicher M. Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment. NeuroImage. 2009;47(Suppl 2):T66-71.
208. Zubieta JK, Heitzeg MM, Smith YR, Bueller JA, Xu K, Xu Y, et al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science. 2003;21:299(5610):1240-3.