Chronic pain-associated depression: Antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 116-137

  Fishbain, David A ^a,b   Cutler, Robert ^a   Rosomoff, Hubert L ^a   Rosomoff, Renee Steele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

Antecedent hypothesis; Chronic pain; Consequence hypothesis; Depression; Scar hypothesis

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BRAIN CHEMISTRY; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIALS; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; PAIN;

EID: 0030965057     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199706000-00006     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (129)

1. Turk DC, Rudy TE, Stieg RL. Chronic pain and depression. Pain Manage 1987;1:17-25.
2. Roy R, Thomas M, Matas M. Chronic pain and depression: a review. Camp Psychiatry 1984;25:96-105.
3. Romano JM, Turner JA. Chronic pain and depression: does the evidence support a relationship? Psychol Bull 1985;97:18-34.
4. Pilowsky I. Affective disorders and pain. In Dubner R, Gebhart GF, Bond MR, eds. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain, Hamburg Germany, Seattle: IASP Press, 1988:263-74.
5. Dworkin RH. What do we really know about the psychological origins of chronic pain? Am Pain Soc Bull 1991;(Oct):7-11.
6. Magni G. Review article on the relationship between chronic pain and depression when there is no organic lesion. Pain 1987:31:1-11.
7. Banks SM, Kerns RD. Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: a diathesis-stress framework. Psychol Bull 1996;119:95-110.
8. Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff RS, Rosomoff HL: The problem-oriented psychiatric examination of the chronic pain patient and its application to the litigation consultation. Clin J Pain 1994;10:28-51.
9. Rajala U, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Uusimäki A. Kivelä SL. Musculoskeletal pains and depression in a middle-aged Finnish population. Pain 1995;61:451-7.
10. Smedstad LM, Vaglum P, Kvien TK, Mourn T. The relationship between self-reported pain and sociodemographic variables, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:514-20.
11. Magni G, Caldieron C, Regatti-Luchini S. Chronic musculosketal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population: an analysis of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Pain 1990;43:299-307.
12. Magni, G., Marchetti, M., Moreschi, C., Merskey, H., Luchini, S. R.: Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the National Health and Nutrition Examination. I. Epidemologic follow-up study. Pain 1993;53:163-8.
13. Magni G. Rossi MR. Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Chronic abdominal pain and depression: epidemiologic findings in the United States. Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Pain 1992;49:77-85.
14. Casten RJ, Parmelee PA, Kleban MH, Lawton MP, Katz IR: The relationships among anxiety, depression, and pain in a geriatric institutionalized sample. Pain 1995;61:271-6.
15. Williamson GM, Schulz R. Physical illness and symptoms of depression among elderly outpatients. Psychol Aging 1992;7:343-51.
16. Anke AGW, Stenehjem AE, Stanghelle JK. Pain and life quality within 2 years of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1995;33:555-9.
17. Kuch K, Cox B, Evans R, Watson PC, Bubela C. To what extent do anxiety and depression interact with chronic pain? Can J Psychiatry 1993;38:36-7.
18. Bancroft J, Rennie D. Perimenstrual depression: its relationship to pain, bleeding, and previous history of depression. Psychosomatic Med 1995;57:445-52.
19. Arena JG, Andrasik F, Blanchard EB. The role of personality in the etiology of chronic headache. Headache 1985;25:296-301.
20. Krause SJ, Wiener RL, Tait RC. Depression and pain behavior in patients with chronic pain. Clin J Pain 1994;10:122-7.
21. Gamsa A. Is emotional disturbance a precipitator or a consequence of chronic pain? Pain 1990;42:183-95.
22. Rains JC, Lohr JM. Changes in pain behaviors and dysphoria accompanying behavioral treatment of headache: a time-series analysis (Abstract). Orlando: American Pain Society, 1993; Abstract #93552:A-59.
23. Faucett JA. Depression in painful chronic disorders: the role of pain and conflict about pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9:520-6.
24. Doan B, Wadden N. Relationships between depressive symptoms and descriptions of chronic pain. Pain 1989;36:75-84.
25. Herr KA, Mobily PR, Smith C. Depression and the experience of chronic back pain: a study of related variables and age differences. Clin J Pain 1993;9:104-14.
26. Jacob MC, Kems RD, Rosenberg R, Haythomthwaite J. Chronic pain intrusion and accommodation. Behav Res Ther 1993;31:519-27.
27. Dworkin SF, Von-Korff M, LeResche L. Multiple pains and psychiatric disturbance: an epidemiologic investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:239-44.
28. Krittayaphong R, Light KC, Golden RN, Finkel JB, Sheps DS. Relationship among depression scores, β-endorphin, and angina pectoris during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin J Pain 1996;12:126-33.
29. Stenager E, Jensen K, Knudsen L. Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;84:197-200.
30. Bengtson A, Herlitz J, Karlsson T, Hjalmarson A. Distress correlates with the degree of chest pain: a description of patients awaiting revascularisation. Heart 1996;75:257-60.
31. Cairns DM, Adkins RH, Scott MD. Pain and depression in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: origins of chronic problematic pain? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:329-35.
32. Kerns RD, Haythornthwaite JA. Depression among chronic pain patients: cognitive-behavioral analysis and effect on rehabilitation outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:870-6.
33. Williamson GM, Schulz R. Activity restriction mediates the association between pain and depressed affect: a study of younger and older adult cancer patients. Psychol Aging 1995;10:369-78.
34. Holroyd KA, France JL, Nash JM, Hursey KG. Pain state as artifact in the psychological assessment of recurrent headache sufferers. Pain 1993;53:229-35.
35. Spiegel D, Sands S, Koopman C. Pain and depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 1994;74:2570-8.
36. Parmelee PA, Katz IR, Lawton MP. The relation of pain to depression among institutionalized aged. J Gerontology: Psychol Sci 1991;46:15-21.
37. Keefe FJ, Wilkins RH, Cook WA, Crisson JE, Muhlbaier LH. Depression, pain and pain behavior. J Consul Clin Psychol 1986;54:665-9.
38. Williams DA, Urban B, Keefe FJ, Shutty MS, France R. Cluster analyses of pain patients' responses to the SCL-90R. Pain 1995;61:81-91.
39. Vimpari SS, Knuuttila ML, Sakki TK, Kivela SL. Depressive symptoms associated with symptoms of the temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction syndrome. Psychosom Med 1995;57:439-44.
40. Haley WE, Turner JA, Romano JM. Depression in chronic pain patients: relation to pain, activity and sex differences. Pain 1985;23:337-43.
41. Payne D, Jacobsen P, Portenoy R. Episodes of breakthrough pain are associated with increased negative thoughts related to pain, psychological distress and disability in cancer patients (Abstract). Los Angeles: American Pain Society, 1995, Abstract #95931:A-171.
42. Heim HM, Oei TPS. Comparison of prostate cancer patients with and without pain. Pain 1993;53:159-62.
43. Gaskin ME, Greene AF, Robinson ME, Geisser ME. Negative affect and the experience of chronic pain. J Psychosom Res 1992;36:707-13.
44. Williams AC, Richardson PH. What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? Pain 1993;55:259-66.
45. Chibnall JT, Tait RC. The short form of the Beck Depression Inventory: validity issues with chronic pain patients. Clin J Pain 1994;10:261-6.
46. Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Margolis RB. Pain extent: relations with psychological state, pain severity, pain history and disability. Pain 1990;41:295-301.
47. Averill PM, Novy DM, Nelson DV, Berry LA. Correlates of depression in chronic pain patients: a comprehensive examination. Pain 1996;65:93-100.
48. Colburn KA, Gonsalves LV, Covington EC. Chronic pain and suicide: a review of seven cases, (private communication).
49. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Steele-Rosomoff R, Rosomoff H. Case report: completed suicide in chronic pain. Clin J Pain 1991;7:29-36.
50. Penttinen J. Back pain and risk of suicide among Finnish farmers. Am J Public Health 1995;85:1452-3.
51. Hitchcock LS, Ferrell BR, McCaffery M. The experience of chronic non-malignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9:312-8.
52. Hinkley BS, Jaremko ME. Effects of pain duration on psychosocial adjustment in orthopedic patients: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9:175-85.
53. Chaturvedi SK. Psychalgic depressive disorder: a descriptive and comparative study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;79:98-102.
54. Thoren H. 'Central' pain can raise suicide risk. Clinical Psychiatric News 1994;(July):11.
55. Stensman R, Sundqvist-Stensman U: Physical disease and disability among 416 suicide cases in Sweden. Scand J Soc Med 1988;16:149-53.
56. Stenager EN, Stenager E, Jensen K. Attempted suicide, depression and physical diseases: a 1-year follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom 1994;61:65-73.
57. Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P. Migraine, psychiatric disorders, and suicide attempts: an epidemiologic study of young adults. Psychiatry Res 1991;37:11-23.
58. Breitbart W. Suicide in cancer patient. Oncology 1987;1:49-53.
59. Breitbart W. Cancer pain and suicide. In: Foley K, Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, (eds): Advances in pain research and therapy: Second International Congress on Cancer Pain, vol 16. New York: Raven Press 1990;16:399-412.
60. Breitbart W, Passik SD, Eller K, Sison A. Suicidal ideation in AIDS: the roles of pain and mood (Abstract 145). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, 1992:113.
61. Feuerstein M, Carter RL, Papciak AS. A prospective analysis of stress and fatigue in recurrent low hack pain. Pain 1987;31:333-44.
62. Von-Korff MV, Resche LL, Dworkin SF. First onset of common pain symptoms: a prospective study of depression as a risk factor. Pain 1993;55:251-8.
63. Dworkin RH, Hartstein G, Rosner HL, Walther RR, Sweeney EW, Brand L. A high-risk method for studying psychosocial antecedents of chronic pain: the prospective investigation of herpes zoster. J Abnormal Psychol 1992;101:200-5.
64. Kazis LE, Meenan RF, Andersen JJ. Pain in rheumatic diseases. Arthr Rheum 1983;26:1017-22.
65. Leino P, Magni G. Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees. Pain 1993;53:89-94.
66. Pietri-Taleb F, Riihimaki H, Viikari-Juntura E. Longitudinal study on the role of personality characteristics and psychological distress in neck trouble among working men. Pain 1994;58:261-7.
67. Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Mayer TG. The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 1995;20:2702-9.
68. Spierings ELH, Sorbi M, Haimowitz BR, Tellegen B. Changes in daily hassles, mood, and sleep in the 2 days before a migraine headache. Clin J Pain 1996;12:38-42.
69. Magni G, Moreschi C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1994;56:289-97.
70. Breslau N, Davis GC, Schultz LR, Peterson EL. Migraine and major depression: a longitudinal study. Headache 1994;12:387-93.
71. Gamsa A, Vikis-Freibergs V. Psychological events are both risk factors in, and consequences of, chronic pain. Pain 1991;44:271-7.
72. Skevington SM. The relationship between pain and depression: a longitudinal study of early synovitis. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Pain, Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: IASP Press, 1994;2:201-10.
73. Brown GK. A causal analysis of chronic pain and depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1990;99:127-37.
74. Kubinski JA, Rudy T, Turk D, Zaki H. The impact of treatment on the pain-depression relationship: a multi-wave structural model (Abstract). New Orleans: American Pain Society, 1991; Abstract #91454:148.
75. Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Patterson TL, Grant I, Gaifin SR. prevalence, onset, and risk of psychiatric disorders in men with chronic low back pain: a controlled study. Pain 1991;45:111-21.
76. Lindsay PG, Wyckoff M. The depression-pain syndrome and its response to antidepressents. Psychosomatics 1981;22:571-7.
77. Von-Korff M, Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Barlow W. Back pain in primary care: outcomes at 1 year. Spine 1993;18:855-62.
78. Schaffer CB, Donlon PT, Bittee RM. Chronic pain and depression: a clinical and family history study. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:118-20.
79. Magni G, Salmi A, DeLeo D. Chronic pelvic pain and depression. Psychopathology 1984;17:132-6.
80. Lansky SB, List MA, Hermann CA, Ets-Hokm EG, DasGupta TK, Wilbanks GD, Hendrickson FR. Absence of major depressive disorder in female cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:1553-60.
81. Blumer D, Heilbronn H. Chronic pain as a variant depressive disease: the pain prone disorder. J Nerv Mental Dis 1982;170:381-95.
82. 3H]imipramine binding sites in platelets of chronic pain patients treated with mianserin. Pain 1987;30:311-20.
83. France RD, Krishnan KRR, Trainor M. Chronic pain and depression. III. Family history study of depression and alcoholism in chronic low back pain patients. Pain 1986;24:185-90.
84. Magni G. Chronic low-back pain and depression: an epidemiologicai survey. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984;70:614-7.
85. Chaturvedi SK. Depressed and non-depressed chronic pain patients. Pain 1987;29:355-61.
86. Dohrenwend BP, Marbach JJ, Raphael KG, Gallagher RM. Why is depression comorbid with chronic facial pain? A family study test of alternative hypotheses (Abstract). Los Angeles: American Pain Society, 1995; Abstract #95928:A-169.
87. Katon W, Egan K, Miller D. Chronic pain: lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and family history. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1156-60.
88. Mobily P, Herr K, Rizzo L, Large M. Chronic pain and depression: testing a cognitive-behavioral mediation model (Abstract). Orlando: American Pain Society, 1993: Abstract #93676:A-121.
89. Rudy TE, Kerns RD, Turk DC. Chronic pain and depression: toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. Pain 1988;35:129-40.
90. Geisser ME, Robinson ME, Keefe FJ, Weiner ML. Catastrophizing, depression and the sensory, affective and evaluative aspects of chronic pain. Pain 1994;59:79-83.
91. Turk DC, Okifuji A, Scharff L. Chronic pain and depression: role of perceived impact and perceived control in different age cohorts. Pain 1995;61:93-101.
92. Klerman GL. Clinical epidemiology of suicide. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(suppl):33-8.
93. Stensman R, Sundqvist-Stensman U. Physical disease and disability among 416 suicide cases in Sweden. Scand J Soc Med 1988;16:149-53.
94. Cadoret RJ, Winokur G, Langbehn D, Troughton E, Yates WR, Stewart MA. Depression spectrum disease, I: The role of gene-environment interaction. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:892-8.
95. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994.
96. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:461-71.
97. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1980.
98. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Revised. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
99. Cavanaugh SVA. Depression in the medically ill: critical issues in diagnostic assessment. Psychosomatics 1995;36:48-59.
100. Cavanaugh SVA, Clark DC, Gibbons RD. Diagnosing depression in the hospitalized medically ill. Psychosomatics 1983:24:809-15.
101. Schwab J, Bialow M, Clemmons R, Martin P, Holzer C. The Beck Depression Inventory with medical inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1967;43:225-66.
102. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Meagher BR, Rosomoff RS. Rosomoff H. Male and female chronic pain patients categorized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria. Pain 1986;26:181-97.
103. McGorry PD, Mihalopoulos C, Henry L, Dakis J, Jackson HJ, Flaum M, Harrigan S, McKenzie D, Kulkarni J, Karoly R. Spurious precision: procedural validity of diagnostic assessment in psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:220-1.
104. Zung WWK. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:63-70.
105. Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. J Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.
106. Estlander AM, Takala EP, Verkasalo M. Assessment of depression in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Clin J Pain 1995;11:194-200.
107. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Detecting depression in chronic pain patients: adequacy of self-reports. Behav Res Ther 1994;32:9-16.
108. Wesley AL, Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Kinney RK, Mayer TG. Differentiation between somatic and cognitive/affectivc components in commonly used measurements of depression in patients with chronic low-back pain: let's not mix apples and oranges. Spine 1991;16:8213-5.
109. Holm JE, Penzien DB, Holroyd KA, Brown TA. Headache and depression: confounding effects of transdiagnostic symptoms. Headache 1994;12:418-23.
110. Covington EC. Depression and chronic fatigue in the patient with chronic pain. Primary Care 1991;18:341-58.
111. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 1994;40:288-95.
112. Blier P, de Montigny C. Current advances and trends in the treatment of depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994;15:220-6.
113. Delgado PL, Charney DS, Price LH. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Reversal of antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:411-8.
114. Vetulani J, Sulser F. Action of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating systems in lumbic forebrain. Nature 1975;257:495-6.
115. Vetulani J, Stawarz RJ, Dingell JV, Sulser F. A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain. Naunvn-Schmiedeberg Arch Pharmacol 1976;293:109-14.
116. Potter WZ, Manji HK. Catecholamines in depression: an update. Clin Chemistry 1994;40:279-87.
117. Baker GB, Greenshaw AJ. Effects of long-term administration of antidepressants and neuroleptics on receptors in the central nervous system. Cell Molec Neurobiol 1989;9:1-44.
118. Westlund KM, Bowker RM, Ziegler MG. Descending noradrenergic projections and their spinal terminations. Prog Brain Res 1982;57:219-38.
119. Aktl H, Liebeskind JC. Monoaminergic mechanisms of stimulation produced analgesia. Brain Res 1975;94:279-96.
120. Berge OG, Hole K, Ogren JO. Attenuation of morphine induced analgesia by p-chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine: test dependent effects and evidence for brainstem 5-hydroxytryptamine involvement. Brain Res 1983;271:51-64.
121. Post C, Minor BG, Davies M. Analgesia induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists is blocked or reversed by noradrenaline depletion in rats. Brain Res 1986;363:18-27.
122. Von Knorring AL: Affect and pain: neurochemical mediators and therapeutic approaches. Pain (suppl 4) 1987;S215.
123. Onghena C, VanHaudenhove B. Antidepressant induced analgesic in chronic non-malignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled studies. Pain 1992;49:205-9.
124. Cooper HM. Scientific guidelines for conducting integrative reviews. Rev Educational Res 1982;52:291-302.
125. Jackson GB. Methods for integrative reviews. Rev Educational Res 1980;50:438-60.
126. Bangert-Drowns RL. Review of developments in meta-analylic method. Psychological Bull 1986;99:388-99.
127. Pollick VE. Meta-analysis in literature reviews. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:345-7.
128. Holzberg AD, Robinson ME, Geisser ME. The relationship of cognitive distortion to depression in chronic pain: the role of ambiguity and desirability in self-ratings. Clin J Pain 1993;9:202-6.
129. Weickgenant AL, Slater MA, Patterson TL, Atkinson JH, Grant I, Garfin SR. Coping activities in chronic low back pain: relationship with depression. Pain 1993;53:95-103.