Linking process and outcome in the study of emotion and aging

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-17

  Isaacowitz, Derek M ^a   Blanchard Fields, Fredda ^b  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

aging; cognition; development; emotion affect

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855383719     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691611424750     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Allard E. S.,Isaacowitz D. M.Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual-task paradigm.Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 2008;15:725-743.
2. Allard E. S.,Wadlinger H. A.,Isaacowitz D. M.Positive gaze preferences in older adults: Assessing the role of cognitive effort with pupil dilation.Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 2010;17:296-311.
3. BakalarN. (2010, May31). Happiness may come with age, study says. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/health/research/01happy.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=happiness%20may%20come%20with%20age&st=cse.
4. Baltes P. B.Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline.Developmental Psychology. 1987;23:611-626.
5. Birditt K. S.,Fingerman K. L.Do we get better at picking our battles? Age group differences in descriptions of behavioral reactions to interpersonal tensions.Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2005;60B:121-128.
6. Blanchard-Fields F.Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental perspective.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2007;16:26-31.
7. Brandstädter J.,Wentura D.,Greve W.Adaptive resources of the aging self: Outlines of an emergent perspective.International Journal of Behavioral Development. 1993;16:323-349.
8. A. Todorov, S. T. Fiske, & D. Prentice (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind (pp. 249-262). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
9. Carstensen L. L.Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory.Psychology and Aging. 1992;7:331-338.
10. Carstensen, L. L. (1993). Motivation for social contact across the life span: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. In J. E. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1992: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 209-254). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
11. Carstensen L. L.The influence of a sense of time on human development.Science. 2006;312:1913-1915.
12. Carstensen, L. L., Gross, J. J., & Fung, H. H. (1998). The social context of emotional experience. In K. W. Schaie & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Focus on emotion and adult development (Vol. 17, pp. 325-352). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
13. Carstensen L. L.,Isaacowitz D.,Charles S. T.Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity.American Psychologist. 1999;54:165-181.
14. Carstensen L. L.,Mikels J. A.At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14:117-121.
15. Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., & Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion. In J. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6th ed., pp. 343-362). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press.
16. Carstensen L. L.,Pasupathi M.,Mayr U.,Nesselroade J. R.Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:644-655.
17. Carstensen L. L.,Turan B.,Scheibe S.,Ram N.,Ersner-Hershfield H.,Samanez-Larkin G.R. Nesselroade J. R.Emotional experience improves with age:Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling.Psychology and Aging. 2011;26:21-33.
18. Charles S. T.Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood.Psychological Bulletin. 2010;136:1068-1091.
19. Charles, S. T., &Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307-327). New York, NY: Guilford Press
20. Charles S. T.,Carstensen L. L.Unpleasant situations elicit different emotional responses in younger and older adults.Psychology and Aging. 2008;23:495-504.
21. Charles S. T.,Mather M.,Carstensen L. L.Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2003;132:310-324.
22. Charles S. T.,Piazza J. R.Age differences in affective well-being: Context matters.Social & Personality Psychology Compass. 2009;3:1-14.
23. Charles S. T.,Reynolds C. A.,Gatz M.Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;80:136-151.
24. Consedine, N. S. (2010). Capacities, targets, and tactics: Lifespan emotion regulation viewed from developmental functionalism. In I. Nyclicek & A. Vingerhoets (Eds.), Emotion regulation and well-being (pp. 13-30). New York, NY: Springer.
25. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.,Bonanno G. A.Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda.Review of General Psychology. 2002;6:204-228.
26. Diener E.,Suh E. M.,Lucas R. E.,Smith H. L.Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.Psychological Bulletin. 1999;125:276-302.
27. DunneE.WroschC.MillerG. E. (in press). Goal disengagement, functional disability, and depressive symptoms in old age. Health Psychology.
28. Fernandes M.,Ross M.,Wiegand M.,Schryer E.Are the memories of older adults positively biased?.Psychology and Aging. 2008;23:297-306.
29. Fung H. H.,Carstensen L. L.Goals change when life's fragility is primed: Lessons learned from older adults, the September 11 attacks, and SARS.Social Cognition. 2006;24:248-278.
30. Gross J. J.The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review.Review of General Psychology. 1998;2:271-299.
31. GrossJ. J.BarrettL. F. (in press). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view. Emotion Review.
32. Grühn D.,Smith J.,Baltes P. B.No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words.Psychology and Aging. 2005;20:579-588.
33. Heckhausen J.,Schulz R.A life-span theory of control.Psychological Review. 1995;102:284-304.
34. IsaacowitzD. M.NohS. R. (in press). Does looking at the positive mean feeling good? Age and individual differences matter. Social & Personality Psychology Compass.
35. Isaacowitz D. M.,Riediger M.Introduction to the special section: When age matters. Developmental perspectives on "Cognition and Emotion.".Cognition & Emotion. 2011;25:957-967.
36. Isaacowitz D. M.,Toner K.,Goren D.,Wilson H.Looking while unhappy: Mood congruent gaze in young adults, positive gaze in older adults.Psychological Science. 2008;19:848-853.
37. Isaacowitz D. M.,Toner K.,Neupert S. D.Use of gaze for real-time mood regulation: Effects of age and attentional functioning.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:989-994.
38. Isaacowitz D. M.,Wadlinger H. A.,Goren D.,Wilson H. R.Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies.Emotion. 2006a;6:511-516.
39. Isaacowitz D. M.,Wadlinger H. A.,Goren D.,Wilson H. R.Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study.Psychology and Aging. 2006b;21:40-48.
40. Johnson D. R.Goal-directed attentional deployment to emotional faces and individual differences in emotional regulation.Journal of Research in Personality. 2009;43:8-13.
41. Keil A.,Freund A. M.Changes in the sensitivity to appetitive and aversive arousal across adulthood.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:668-680.
42. Kennedy Q.,Mather M.,Carstensen L. L.The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory.Psychological Science. 2004;15:208-214.
43. Kensinger E. A.Age differences in memory for arousing and nonarousing emotional words.Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2008;63B:13-18.
44. Kensinger E. A.,LeClerc C. M.Age-related changes in the neural mechanisms supporting emotional processing and emotional memory.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2009;21:192-215.
45. Kensinger E. A.,Piguet O.,Krendl A. C.,Corkin S.Memory for contextual details: Effects of emotion and aging.Psychology and Aging. 2005;20:241-250.
46. Kessler E.-M.,Staudinger U.Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:349-362.
47. Knight M.,Seymour T. L.,Gaunt J. T.,Baker C.,Nesmith K.,Mather M.Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases.Emotion. 2007;7:705-714.
48. Koole S. L.The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review.Cognition & Emotion. 2009;23:4-41.
49. Kryla-Lighthall, N., & Mather, M. (2009). The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional well-being. In V. L. Bengston, D.Gans, N. M. Pulney & M. Silverstein (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (p. 323-344). New York, NY: Springer.
50. Kunzmann U.,Grühn D.Age differences in emotional reactivity: The sample case of sadness.Psychology and Aging. 2005;20:47-59.
51. Kunzmann U.,Little T. D.,Smith J.Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study.Psychology and Aging. 2000;15:511-526.
52. Kuppens O.,Oravecz Z.,Tuerlinckx F.Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;99:1042-1060.
53. Kwon Y.,Scheibe S.,Samanez-Larkin G.R.,Tsai J. L.,Carstensen L. L.Replicating the positivity effect in picture memory in Koreans: Evidence for cross-cultural generalizability.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:748-754.
54. Labouvie-Vief, G., Gruhn, D., & Studer, J. (2010). Dynamic integration of emotion and cognition: Equilibrium regulation in development and aging. In R. M. Lerner, M. E. Lamb, & A. M. Freund (Eds.), The handbook of life-span development: Vol. 2. Social and emotional development (pp. 79-115). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
55. Labouvie-Vief G.,Medler M.Affect optimization and affect complexity: Modes and styles of regulation in adulthood.Psychology and Aging. 2002;17:571-587.
56. Larcom M. J.,Isaacowitz D. M.Rapid emotion regulation after mood induction: Age and individual differences.Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2009;64B:733-741.
57. Levenson R. W.,Carstensen L. L.,Friesen W. V.,Ekman P.Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age.Psychology and Aging. 1991;6:28-35.
58. Levenson R. W.,Carstensen L. L.,Gottman J. M.Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;67:56-68.
59. Levine L. J.,Bluck S.Experienced and remembered emotional intensity in older adults.Psychology and Aging. 1997;12:514-523.
60. Lockwood P.Could it happen to you? Predicting the impact of social comparisons on the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;82:343-358.
61. Mather M.Aging and cognition.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 2010;1:346-362.
62. Mather M.,Carstensen L. L.Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces.Psychological Science. 2003;14:409-415.
63. Mather M.,Knight M.Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory.Psychology and Aging. 2005;20:554-570.
64. Mather M.,Knight M. R.,McCaffrey M.The allure of the alignable: Younger and older adults' false memories of choice features.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2005;134:38-51.
65. Mikels J. A.,Larkin G.R.,Reuter-Lorenz P. A.,Carstensen L. L.Divergent trajectories in the aging mind: Changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age.Psychology and Aging. 2005;20:542-553.
66. Moors A.,de Houwer J.Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2006;132:297-326.
67. Mroczek D. K.,Kolarz C. M.The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;75:1333-1349.
68. Murphy N. A.,Isaacowitz D. M.Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks.Psychology and Aging. 2008;23:263-286.
69. Noh S. R.,Lohani M.,Isaacowitz D. M.Deliberate real-time mood regulation in adulthood: The importance of age, fixation and attentional functioning.Cognition & Emotion. 2011;25:998-1013.
70. OpitzP. C.RauchL. C.TerryD. P.UrryH. L. (in press). Prefrontal mediation of age differences in cognitive reappraisal. Neurobiology of Aging.
71. Richards J. M.,Gross J. J.Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:410-424.
72. Riediger M.,Schmiedek F.,Wagner G. G.,Lindenberger U.Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivation from adolescence to old age.Psychological Science. 2009;20:1529-1535.
73. Rothermund K.,Brandstädter J.Coping with deficits and losses in later life: From compensatory action to accommodation.Psychology and Aging. 2003;18:896-905.
74. Rozin P.,Royzman E. B.Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2001;5:296-320.
75. Ryff C. D.Psychological well-being in adult life.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 1995;4:99-104.
76. Scheibe S.,Blanchard-Fields F.Effects of regulating emotions on cognitive performance: What is costly for young adults is not so costly for older adults.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:217-223.
77. Scheibe S.,Carstensen L. L.Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends.Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2010;65B:P135-P144.
78. Schlagman S.,Schulz J.,Kvavilashvili L.A content analysis of involuntary autobiographical memories: Examining the positivity effect in old age.Memory. 2006;14:161-175.
79. Sheppes G.,Meiran N.Better late than never? On the dynamics of online regulation of sadness using distraction and cognitive reappraisal.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:1518-1532.
80. Shiota M. N.,Levenson R. W.Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:890-900.
81. Stanley J. T.,Isaacowitz D. M.Age-related differences in profiles of mood-change trajectories.Developmental Psychology. 2011;47:318-330.
82. Tamir M.What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2009;18:101-105.
83. Tamir M.,John O. P.,Srivastava S.,Gross J. J.Implicit theories of emotion: Affective and social outcomes across a major life transition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:731-744.
84. Teachman B. A.,Gordon T.Age differences in anxious responding: Older and calmer, unless the trigger is physical.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:703-714.
85. Thomas R. C.,Hasher L.The influence of emotional valence on age differences in early processing and memory.Psychology and Aging. 2006;21:821-525.
86. Urry H. L.Seeing, thinking, and feeling: Emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal.Emotion. 2010;10:125-135.
87. Urry H. L.,Gross J. J.Emotion regulation in older age.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010;19:352-357.
88. Wilson E.,MacLeod C.Contrasting two accounts of anxiety-linked attentional bias: Selective attention to varying levels of stimulus threat intensity.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003;112:212-218.
89. Wood S.,Kisley M. A.The negativity bias is eliminated in older adults: Age-related reduction in event-related brain potentials associated with evaluative categorization.Psychology and Aging. 2006;21:815-820.
90. Wrosch C.,Miller G. E.Depressive symptoms can be useful: Self-regulatory and emotional benefits of dysphoric mood in adolescence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;96:1181-1190.