Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2011, Pages

  Ryu, Youngryel ^a,b   Baldocchi, Dennis D ^a   Kobayashi, Hideki ^a   Van Ingen, Catharine ^c   Li, Jie ^d   Black, T Andy ^e   Beringer, Jason ^f   Van Gorsel, Eva ^g   Knohl, Alexander ^h   Law, Beverly E ⁱ   Roupsard, Olivier ^g,j  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^c MICROSOFT RESEARCH   (United States)

^d University of Virginia   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^f MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^g UMR ECO SOLS   (France)

^h UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

ⁱ OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j CATIE   (Costa Rica)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER; BIO-PHYSICAL VARIABLES; CANOPY RADIATIVE TRANSFER; CLIMATIC ZONE; DATA-DRIVEN; EARTH SYSTEMS; ENERGY FLUXES; FIRST SYSTEMS; GLOBAL SCALE; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; LEAF AREA INDEX; LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LINEAR RELATION; MACHINE-LEARNING; MODIS ATMOSPHERE PRODUCTS; NEAR-INFRARED RADIATIONS; PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPE; PROCESS-ORIENTED; SOLAR IRRADIANCES; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TEMPORAL RESOLUTION; TIME STEP; UPSCALING;

EARTH ATMOSPHERE; ESTIMATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GEOLOGIC MODELS; IMAGE RESOLUTION; INFRARED RADIATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; PLANTS (BOTANY); PRODUCTIVITY; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; RADIOMETERS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR RADIATION; WATER SUPPLY;

PHOTOSYNTHESIS;

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ESTIMATION METHOD; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; INTEGRATED APPROACH; LEAF AREA INDEX; LINEARITY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MODIS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOLAR RADIATION; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TRANSPIRATION; UPSCALING;

EID: 84855369136     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011GB004053     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Agarwal, D., et al. (2011), Data-intensive science: The Terapixel and MODISAzure projects, Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl., 25(3), 304-316, doi:10.1177/1094342011414746.
2. Alton, P. B., R. Ellis, S. O. Los, and P. R. North (2007), Improved global simulations of gross primary product based on a separate and explicit treatment of diffuse and direct sunlight, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07203, doi:10.1029/2006JD008022. (Pubitemid 46916216)
3. Anten, N. P. R., F. Schieving, and M. J. A. Werger (1995), Patterns Of light and nitrogen distribution in relation to whole canopy carbon gain in C-3 and C-4 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, Oecologia, 101(4), 504-513, doi:10.1007/BF00329431.
4. Asner, G. P., D. E. Knapp, A. N. Cooper, M. M. C. Bustamante, L. P. Olander, and K. B. Heidebrecht (2005), Ecosystem structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat observations and automated spectral unmixing, Earth Interact, 9(7), 1-31, doi:10.1175/EI134.1.
5. Baldocchi, D. (1994), An analytical solution for coupled leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models, Tree Physiol., 14(7-9), 1069-1079.
6. Baldocchi, D. (1997), Measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange over a temperate broad-leaved forest during the 1995 summer drought, Plant Cell Environ., 20(9), 1108-1122, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997. d01-147.x. (Pubitemid 27398745)
7. Baldocchi, D., and T. Meyers (1998), On using eco-physiological, micro-meteorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: A perspective, Agric. For. Meteorol, 90(1-2), 1-25, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00072-5. (Pubitemid 28202891)
8. Baldocchi, D. D., and K. B. Wilson (2001), Modeling CO2 and water vapor exchange of a temperate broadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scales, Ecol. Modell, 142(1-2), 155-184, doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(01) 00287-3. (Pubitemid 32818031)
9. Baldocchi, D. D., D. R. Matt, B. A. Hutchison, and R. T. McMillen (1984), Solar radiation within an oak-hickory forest: An evaluation of the extinction coefficients for several radiation components during fully leafed and leafless periods, Agric. For. Meteorol, 32, 307-322, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(84)90056-X.
10. Baldocchi, D. D., B. A. Hutchison, D. R. Matt, and R. T. McMillen (1985), Canopy radiative transfer models for spherical and known leaf inclination angle distributions-A test in an oak hickory forest, J. Appl. Ecol, 22(2), 539-555, doi:10.2307/2403184. (Pubitemid 16279790)
11. Baldocchi, D. D., C. A. Vogel, and B. Hall (1997), Seasonal variation of energy and water vapor exchange rates above and below a boreal jack pine forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D24), 28,939-28,951, doi:10.1029/96JD03325.
12. Baldocchi, D. D., B. E. Law, and P. M. Anthoni (2000), On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneous conifer forest, Agric. For. Meteorol, 102(2-3), 187-206, doi:10.1016/S0168- 1923(00)00098-8. (Pubitemid 30218133)
13. Baldocchi, D. D., K. B. Wilson, and L. H. Gu (2002), How the environment, canopy structure and canopy physiological functioning influence carbon, water and energy fluxes of a temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest-An assessment with the biophysical model CANOAK, Tree Physiol, 22(15-16), 1065-1077. (Pubitemid 35337358)
14. Baldocchi, D. D., T. Krebs, and M. Y. Leclerc (2005), "Wet/dry Daisy-world": A conceptual tool for quantifying the spatial scaling of heterogeneous landscapes and its impact on the subgrid variability of energy fluxes, Tellus, Ser. B, 57(3), 175-188, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005. 00149.x. (Pubitemid 40936013)
15. Ball, J. T. (1988), An analysis of stomatal conductance, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif.
16. Beer, C, et al. (2010), Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate, Science, 329(5993), 834-838, doi:10.1126/science.1184984.
17. Beven, K. (1979), Sensitivity analysis of the Penman-Monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates, J. Hydrol., 44(3-4), 169-190, doi:10.1016/0022- 1694(79)90130-6.
18. Chen, J. M., J. Liu, J. Cihlar, and M. L. Goulden (1999), Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications, Ecol. Modell, 124(2-3), 99-119, doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00156-8.
19. Chen, J. M., C. H. Menges, and S. G. Leblanc (2005), Global mapping of foliage clumping index using multi-angular satellite data, Remote Sens. Environ., 97(4), 447-457, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.003. (Pubitemid 41207271)
20. Choudhury, B. J., S. B. Idso, and R. J. Reginato (1987), Analysis of an empirical-model for soil heat-flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy-balance equation, Agric. For. Meteorol, 39(4), 283-297, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(87)90021-9.
21. Ciais, P., et al. (2005), Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437(7058), 529-533, doi:10.1038/nature03972. (Pubitemid 41613547)
22. Cleugh, H. A., R. Leuning, Q. Mu, and S. W. Running (2007), Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data, Remote Sens. Environ., 106(3), 285-304, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.007. (Pubitemid 46127789)
23. Collatz, G. J., J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry (1991), Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agric. For. Meteorol, 54, 107-136, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8.
24. Collatz, G. J., M. Ribas-Carbo, and J. A. Berry (1992), Coupled photosyn-thesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19(5), 519-538, doi:10.1071/PP9920519.
25. Cramer, W., et al. (2001), Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: Results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Global Change Biol., 7(4), 357-373, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x. (Pubitemid 32477866)
26. Crawford, T. M., and C. E. Duchon (1999), An improved parameterization for estimating effective atmospheric emissivity for use in calculating daytime downwelling longwave radiation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38(4), 474-480, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999)0382.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 29514989)
27. Dai, Y. J., R. E. Dickinson, and Y. P. Wang (2004), A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance, J. Clim., 17(12), 2281-2299, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)0172.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38945783)
28. Demarty, J., F. Chevallier, A. D. Friend, N. Viovy, S. Piao, and P. Ciais (2007), Assimilation of global MODIS leaf area index retrievals within a terrestrial biosphere model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15402, doi:10.1029/2007GL030014. (Pubitemid 47521281)
29. de Pury, D. G. G., and G. D. Farquhar (1997), Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models, Plant Cell Environ., 20(5), 537-557, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997. 00094.x. (Pubitemid 27206953)
30. de Wit, C. T. (1970), Dynamic concepts in biology, in Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity, edited by I. Malek, pp. 17-23, Cent. for Agric. Publ. and Doc., Wageningen, Netherlands.
31. Fang, H., S. Liang, H. Y. Kim, J. R. Townshend, C. B. Schaaf, A. H. Strahler, and R. E. Dickinson (2007), Developing a spatially continuous 1 km surface albedo data set over North America from Terra MODIS products, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20206, doi:10.1029/2006JD008377. (Pubitemid 350285716)
32. Fang, H., S. Liang, J. R. Townshend, and R. E. Dickinson (2008), Spatially and temporally continuous LAI data sets based on an integrated filtering method: Examples from North America, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 75-93, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.026. (Pubitemid 350138011)
33. Farquhar, G. D., S. V. Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry (1980), A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149(1), 78-90, doi:10.1007/BF00386231.
34. Fisher, J. B., K. P. Tu, and D. D. Baldocchi (2008), Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data, validated at 16 FLUXNET sites, Remote Sens. Environ., 112(3), 901-919, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.025. (Pubitemid 351296256)
35. Giorgi, F., and R. Avissar (1997), Representation of heterogeneity effects in earth system modeling: Experience from land surface modeling, Rev. Geophys., 35(4), 413-437, doi:10.1029/97RG01754.
36. Goudriaan, J. (1977), Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study, Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands.
37. Gu, L. H., D. Baldocchi, S. B. Verma, T. A. Black, T. Vesala, E. M. Falge, and P. R. Dowty (2002), Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D6), 4050, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001242.
38. Gutschick, V. P. (1991), Joining leaf photosynthesis models and canopy photon-transport models, in Photon-Vegetation Interaction: Applications in Optical Remote Sensing and Plant Ecology, edited by R. B. Myneni and J. Ross, pp. 501-535, Springer, Berlin.
39. Hanan, N. P., J. A. Berry, S. B. Verma, E. A. Walter-Shea, A. E. Suyker, G. G. Burba, and A. S. Denning (2005), Testing a model of CO2, water and energy exchange in Great Plains tallgrass prairie and wheat ecosystems, Agric. For. Meteorol., 131(3-4), 162-179, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet. 2005.05.009. (Pubitemid 41207090)
40. Harley, P. C., and D. D. Baldocchi (1995), Scaling carbon-dioxide and water-vapor exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. 1. Leaf model parametrization, Plant Cell Environ., 18(10), 1146-1156, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 3040.1995.tb00625.x.
41. Harley, P. C., R. B. Thomas, J. F. Reynolds, and B. R. Strain (1992), Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2, Plant Cell Environ., 15(3), 271-282, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00974.x. (Pubitemid 23400073)
42. Hasler, N., and R. Avissar (2007), What controls evapotranspiration in the Amazon Basin?, J. Hydrometeorol., 8(3), 380-395, doi:10.1175/JHM587.1. (Pubitemid 47091125)
43. Heinsch, F. A., et al. (2006), Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(7), 1908-1925, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.853936. (Pubitemid 44109511)
44. Henderson-Sellers, B. (1984), A new formula for latent heat of vaporization of water as a function of temperature, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 110(466), 1186-1190, doi:10.1002/qj.49711046626.
45. Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult (1998), Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79(5), 831-844, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)0792.0. CO;2.
46. Hikosaka, K. (2003), A model of dynamics of leaves and nitrogen in a plant canopy: An integration of canopy photosynthesis, leaf life span, and nitrogen use efficiency,Am. Nat, 162(2), 149-164, doi:10.1086/376576. (Pubitemid 37007694)
47. Hikosaka, K., E. Nabeshima, and T. Hiura (2007), Seasonal changes in the temperature response of photosynthesis in canopy leaves of Quercus crispula in a cool-temperate forest, Tree Physiol., 27(7), 1035-1041. (Pubitemid 47228208)
48. Hilker, T., A. Lyapustin, F. G. Hall, Y. Wang, N. C. Coops, G. Drolet, and T. A. Black (2009), An assessment of photosynthetic light use efficiency from space: Modeling the atmospheric and directional impacts on PRI reflectance, Remote Sens. Environ., 113(11), 2463-2475, doi:10.1016/j. rse.2009.07.012.
49. Hill, M. J., U. Senarath, A. Lee, M. Zeppel, J. M. Nightingale, R. D. J. Williams, and T. R. McVicar (2006), Assessment of the MODIS LAI product for Australian ecosystems, Remote Sens. Environ., 101(4), 495-518, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.010.
50. Hirano, T., H. Segah, T. Harada, S. Limin, T. June, R. Hirata, and M. Osaki (2007), Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, Global Change Biol, 13(2), 412-425, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2006.01301.x. (Pubitemid 46237385)
51. Hollinger, D. Y., et al. (2010), Albedo estimates for land surface models and support for a new paradigm based on foliage nitrogen concentration, Global Change Biol, 16(2), 696-710, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009. 02028.x.
52. Houborg, R., H. Soegaard, W. Emmerich, and S. Moran (2007), Inferences of all-sky solar irradiance using Terra and Aqua MODIS satellite data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28(20), 4509-4535, doi:10.1080/01431160701241902. (Pubitemid 47471111)
53. Houborg, R., M. C. Anderson, J. M. Norman, T. Wilson, and T. Meyers (2009), Intercomparison of a 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' modeling paradigm for estimating carbon and energy fluxes over a variety of vegetative regimes across the U.S., Agric. For. Meteorol, 149(11), 1875-1895, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet. 2009.06.014.
54. Hua, X. M., J. F. Pan, D. Ouzounov, A. Lyapustin, Y. J. Wang, K. Tewari, G. Leptoukh, and B. Vollmer (2007), A spatial prescreening technique for earth observation data, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 4(1), 152-156, doi:10.1109/LGRS.2006.886421. (Pubitemid 46180275)
55. Huete, A. R., N. Restrepo-Coupe, P. Ratana, K. Didan, S. R. Saleska, K. Ichii, S. Panuthai, and M. Gamo (2008), Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia, Agric. For. Meteorol, 148(5), 748-760, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2008. 01.012.
56. Iwabuchi, H. (2006), Efficient Monte Carlo methods for radiative transfer modeling, J. Atmos. Sci., 63(9), 2324-2339, doi:10.1175/JAS3755.1. (Pubitemid 44480480)
57. Jarvis, P. G. (1995), Scaling processes and problems, Plant Cell Environ., 18(10), 1079-1089, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00620.x.
58. Jones, H. G. (1992), Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
59. Jung, M., M. Reichstein, and A. Bondeau (2009), Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 6(10), 2001-2013, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009.
60. Jung, M., et al. (2010), Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467(7318), 951-954, doi:10.1038/nature09396.
61. Kahn Ribeiro, S., et al. (2007), Transport and Its Infrastructure, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
62. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 77(3), 437-471, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996) 0772.0.CO;2.
63. Kanniah, K. D., J. Beringer, N. J. Tapper, and C. N. Long (2010), Aerosols and their influence on radiation partitioning and savanna productivity in northern Australia, Theor. Appl. Climatol, 100(3-4), 423-438, doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0192-z.
64. Kattge, J., and W. Knorr (2007), Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: A reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ., 30(9), 1176-1190, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x. (Pubitemid 47174276)
65. Kattge, J., W. Knorr, T. Raddatz, and C. Wirth (2009), Quantifying photo-synthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models, Global Change Biol, 15, 976-991, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01744.x.
66. Key, J. R., and A. J. Schweiger (1998), Tools for atmospheric radiative transfer: Streamer and FluxNet, Comput Geosci., 24(5), 443-451, doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00130-1. (Pubitemid 28453948)
67. Knorr, W., and M. Heimann (2001), Uncertainties in global terrestrial biosphere modeling: 1. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis with a new photosynthesis and energy balance scheme, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(1), 207-225, doi:10.1029/1998GB001059. (Pubitemid 32424893)
68. Kobayashi, H., and H. Iwabuchi (2008), A coupled 1-D atmosphere and 3-D canopy radiative transfer model for canopy reflectance, light environment, and photosynthesis simulation in a heterogeneous landscape, Remote Sens. Environ., 112(1), 173-185, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.010. (Pubitemid 350138003)
69. Konecny, G. (1979), Methods and possibilities for digital differential rectification, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 45(6), 727-734. (Pubitemid 9461655)
70. Kosugi, Y., S. Shibata, and S. Kobashi (2003), Parameterization of the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of several temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees at the leaf scale considering seasonal changes, Plant Cell Environ., 26(2), 285-301, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00960.x. (Pubitemid 36251211)
71. Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006), World map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15(3), 259-263, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. (Pubitemid 44027664)
72. Law, B. E., A. Cescatti, and D. D. Baldocchi (2001), Leaf area distribution and radiative transfer in open-canopy forests: Implications for mass and energy exchange, Tree Physiol., 21, 777-787. (Pubitemid 32876128)
73. Lee, Y. H., and L. Mahrt (2004), Comparison of heat and moisture fluxes from a modified soil-plant-atmosphere model with observations from BOREAS, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08103, doi:10.1029/2003JD003949. (Pubitemid 38892995)
74. Lemeur, R., and B. L. Blad (1974), A critical review of light models for estimating the shortwave radiation regime of plant canopies, Agric. Meteorol., 14(1-2), 255-286, doi:10.1016/0002-1571(74)90024-7.
75. Lettenmaier, D. P., and J. S. Famiglietti (2006), Water from on high, Nature, 444(7119), 562-563, doi:10.1038/444562a. (Pubitemid 44864426)
76. Leuning, R., F. M. Kelliher, D. G. G. de Pury, and E. D. Schulze (1995), Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration-Scaling from leaves to canopies, Plant Cell Environ., 18(10), 1183-1200, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040. 1995.tb00628.x.
77. Leuning, R., H. A. Cleugh, S. J. Zegelin, and D. Hughes (2005), Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: Measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates, Agric. For. Meteorol., 129, 151-173, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12. 004. (Pubitemid 40483284)
78. Li, J., M. Humphrey, D. Agarwal, K. Jackson, C. van Ingen, and Y. Ryu (2010), eScience in the cloud: A MODIS satellite data reprojection and reduction pipeline in the Windows Azure platform, paper presented at International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, Inst. of Electr. and Electron. Eng., Atlanta, Ga., 19-23 April.
79. Liang, S. L., T. Zheng, R. G. Liu, H. L. Fang, S. C. Tsay, and S. Running (2006), Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15208, doi:10.1029/2005JD006730. (Pubitemid 46028996)
80. Limousin, J.-M., L. Misson, A.-V. Lavoir, N. K. Martin, and S. Rambal (2010), Do photosynthetic limitations of evergreen Quercus ilex leaves change with long-term increased drought severity?, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 863-875.
81. Liu, B. Y. H., and R. C. Jordan (1960), The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 4(3), 1-19, doi:10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1.
82. Martin, S. T., et al. (2010), Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2002, doi:10.1029/2008RG000280.
83. McCabe, M. F., E. F. Wood, R. Wojcik, M. Pan, J. Sheffield, H. Gao, and H. Su (2008), Hydrological consistency using multi-sensor remote sensing data for water and energy cycle studies, Remote Sens. Environ., 112(2), 430-444, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.027.
84. McCuen, R. H. (1974), A sensitivity and error analysis of procedures used for estimating evaporation, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 10(3), 486-497, doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00590.x.
85. Michalsky, J. J. (1988), The astronomical-almanacs algorithm for approximate solar position (1950-2050), Sol. Energy, 40(3), 227-235, doi:10.1016/0038-092X(88)90045-X. (Pubitemid 18575069)
86. Miralles, D. G., J. H. Gash, T. R. H. Holmes, R. A. M. de Jeu, and A. J. Dolman (2010), Global canopy interception from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16122, doi:10.1029/2009JD013530.
87. Monteith, J. L. (1965), Evaporation and the environment, Symp. Soc. Explor. Biol., 19, 205-234.
88. Mu, Q., F. A. Heinsch, M. Zhao, and S. W. Running (2007), Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data, Remote Sens. Environ., 111(4), 519-536, doi:10.1016/j. rse.2007.04.015. (Pubitemid 350016146)
89. Mueller, B., et al. (2011), Evaluation of global observations-based evapo-transpiration datasets and IPCC AR4 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06402, doi:10.1029/2010GL046230.
90. Muraoka, H., N. Saigusa, K. N. Nasahara, H. Noda, J. Yoshino, T. M. Saitoh, S. Nagai, S. Murayama, and H. Koizumi (2010), Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index on gross primary production of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Takayama, Japan, J. Plant Res., 123(4), 563-576, doi:10.1007/s10265-009-0270-4.
91. Norman, J. M. (1982), Simulation of microclimates, in Biometeorology in Integrated Pest Management, edited by J. L. Hatfield and I. J. Thomason, pp. 65-100, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
92. Norman, J. M., and P. G. Jarvis (1974), Photosynthesis in sitka spruce (Picea-sitchensis (Bong) carr) 3. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation, J. Appl. Ecol., 11(1), 375-398, doi:10.2307/2402028.
93. Norman, J. M., and P. G. Jarvis (1975), Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce (Picea-Sitchensis (Bong) Carr). 5. Radiation penetration theory and a test case, J. Appl. Ecol., 12(3), 839-878, doi:10.2307/2402094.
94. Norman, J. M., W. P. Kustas, and K. S. Humes (1995), Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agric. For. Meteorol., 77(3-4), 263-293, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(95)02265-Y. (Pubitemid 26445024)
95. Oki, T., and S. Kanae (2006), Global hydrological cycles and world water resources, Science, 313(5790), 1068-1072, doi:10.1126/science. 1128845. (Pubitemid 44846385)
96. Ollinger, S. V., et al. (2008), Canopy nitrogen, carbon assimilation, and albedo in temperate and boreal forests: Functional relations and potential climate feedbacks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105(49), 19,336-19,341, doi:10.1073/pnas.0810021105.
97. Osmond, C. B., O. Björkman, and D. J. Anderson (1980), Physiological Processes in Plant Ecology: Towards a Synthesis With Atriplex, Springer, Berlin.
98. Paw U K. T., and W. G. Gao (1988), Applications of solutions to nonlinear energy budget equations, Agric. For. Meteorol., 43(2), 121-145, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(88)90087-1.
99. Pisek, J., J. M. Chen, R. Lacaze, O. Sonnentag, and K. Alikas (2010), Expanding global mapping of the foliage clumping index with multi-angular POLDER three measurements: Evaluation and topographic compensation, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 65(4), 341-346, doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.03.002.
100. Prata, A. J. (1996), A new long-wave formula for estimating downward clear-sky radiation at the surface, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122(533), 1127-1151, doi:10.1002/qj.49712253306.
101. Priestley, C. H. B., and R. J. Taylor (1972), On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100(2), 81-92, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100 2.3.CO;2.
102. Rambal, S., J. M. Ourcival, R. Joffre, F. Mouillot, Y. Nouvellon, M. Reichstein, and A. Rocheteau (2003), Drought controls over conductance and assimilation of a Mediterranean evergreen ecosystem: Scaling from leaf to canopy, Global Change Biol., 9(12), 1813-1824, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003. 00687.x. (Pubitemid 38098212)
103. Reich, P. B., M. B. Walters, and D. S. Ellsworth (1997), From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94(25), 13,730-13,734, doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730. (Pubitemid 28009651)
104. Reichstein, M., J. Tenhunen, O. Roupsard, J. M. Ourcival, S. Rambal, F. Miglietta, A. Peressotti, M. Pecchiari, G. Tirone, and R. Valentini (2003), Inverse modeling of seasonal drought effects on canopy CO2/H2O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4726, doi:10.1029/2003JD003430.
105. Reichstein, M., et al. (2005), On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biol., 11(9), 1424-1439, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005. 001002.x. (Pubitemid 43898766)
106. Rodell, M., J. S. Famiglietti, J. Chen, S. I. Seneviratne, P. Viterbo, S. Holl, and C. R. Wilson (2004), Basin scale estimates of evapotranspiration using GRACE and other observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20504, doi:10.1029/2004GL020873. (Pubitemid 40098588)
107. Ruimy, A., G. Dedieu, and B. Saugier (1996), TURC: A diagnostic model of continental gross primary productivity and net primary productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10(2), 269-285, doi:10.1029/96GB00349. (Pubitemid 126570815)
108. Running, S. W., R. R. Nemani, F. A. Heinsch, M. S. Zhao, M. Reeves, and H. Hashimoto (2004), A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production, Bioscience, 54(6), 547-560, doi:10.1641/0006- 3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38751840)
109. Ryu, Y., S. Kang, S. K. Moon, and J. Kim (2008a), Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148(10), 1538-1552, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.05.008.
110. Ryu, Y., D. D. Baldocchi, S. Ma, and T. Hehn (2008b), Interannual variability of evapotranspiration and energy exchanges over an annual grassland in California, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09104, doi:10.1029/2007JD009263.
111. Ryu, Y., T. Nilson, H. Kobayashi, O. Sonnentag, B. E. Law, and D. D. Baldocchi (2010a), On the correct estimation of effective leaf area index: Does it reveal information on clumping effects?, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150(3), 463-472, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.009.
112. Ryu, Y., O. Sonnentag, T. Nilson, R. Vargas, H. Kobayashi, R. Wenk, and D. D. Baldocchi (2010b), How to quantify tree leaf area index in a heterogeneous savanna ecosystem: A multi-instrument and multi-model approach, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150(1), 63-76, doi:10.1016/j. agrformet.2009.08.007.
113. Ryu, Y., D. D. Baldocchi, J. Verfaillie, S. Ma, M. Falk, I. Ruiz-Mercado, T. Hehn, and O. Sonnentag (2010c), Testing the performance of a novel spectral reflectance sensor, built with light emitting diodes (LEDs), to monitor ecosystem metabolism, structure and function, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150(12), 1597-1606, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.08.009.
114. Ryu, Y., et al. (2012), On the temporal upscaling of evapotranspiration from instantaneous remote sensing measurements to 8-day mean daily sums, Agric. For. Meteorol., 152, 212-222, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.010.
115. Schulze, E. D., F. M. Kelliher, C. Korner, J. Lloyd, and R. Leuning (1994), Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition-A global ecology scaling exercise, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 25, 629-662, doi:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.003213.
116. Scott, R. L., E. P. Hamerlynck, G. D. Jenerette, M. S. Moran, and G. A. Barron-Gafford (2010), Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03026, doi:10.1029/2010JG001348.
117. Sims, D. A., et al. (2008), A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 1633-1646, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.004. (Pubitemid 351375242)
118. Sinclair, T. R., C. E. Murphy, and K. R. Knoerr (1976), Development and evaluation of simplified models for simulating canopy photosynthesis and transpiration, J. Appl. Ecol., 13(3), 813-829, doi:10.2307/2402257.
119. Still, C. J., J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, and R. S. DeFries (2003), Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(1), 1006, doi:10.1029/2001GB001807.
120. Strahler, A. H., et al. (2008), Retrieval of forest structural parameters using a ground-based lidar instrument (Echidna (R)), Can. J. Rem. Sens., 34, S426-S440, doi:10.5589/m08-046.
121. Su, Z. (2002), The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6(1), 85-100, doi:10.5194/hess-6-85-2002.
122. Thomas, C. K., B. E. Law, J. Irvine, J. G. Martin, J. C. Pettijohn, and K. J. Davis (2009), Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G04006, doi:10.1029/ 2009JG001010.
123. van der Werf, G. R., D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla, R. B. Jackson, G. J. Collatz, and J. T. Randerson (2009), CO2 emissions from forest loss, Nat. Geosci., 2(11), 737-738, doi:10.1038/ngeo671.
124. Van Laake, P. E., and G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa (2004), Simplified atmospheric radiative transfer modelling for estimating incident PAR using MODIS atmosphere products, Remote Sens. Environ., 91(1), 98-113, doi:10.1016/j.rse. 2004.03.002. (Pubitemid 38583645)
125. Vermote, E. F., D. Tanre, J. L. Deuze, M. Herman, and J. J. Morcrette (1997), Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: An overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35(3), 675-686, doi:10.1109/36. 581987. (Pubitemid 127771105)
126. Wang, Q., A. Iio, J. Tenhunen, and Y. Kakubari (2008), Annual and seasonal variations in photosynthetic capacity of Fagus crenata along an elevation gradient in the Naeba Mountains, Japan, Tree Physiol., 28(2), 277-285. (Pubitemid 351373788)
127. Wang, Y.-P., and R. Leuning (1998), A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: Model description and comparison with a multi-layered model, Agric. For. Meteorol., 91, 89-111, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6. (Pubitemid 28309696)
128. Wang, Y. P., D. Baldocchi, R. Leuning, E. Falge, and T. Vesala (2007), Estimating parameters in a land-surface model by applying nonlinear inversion to eddy covariance flux measurements from eight FLUXNET sites, Global Change Biol., 13(3), 652-670, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486. 2006.01225.x. (Pubitemid 46444498)
129. Wentz, F. J., L. Ricciardulli, K. Hilburn, and C. Mears (2007), How much more rain will global warming bring?, Science, 317(5835), 233-235, doi:10.1126/science.1140746. (Pubitemid 47076196)
130. Wilson, K. B., P. J. Hanson, and D. D. Baldocchi (2000), Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle, Agric. For. Meteorol., 102(2-3), 83-103, doi:10.1016/S0168- 1923(00)00124-6. (Pubitemid 30218126)
131. Wilson, K. B., D. D. Baldocchi, and P. J. Hanson (2001), Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest, Plant Cell Environ., 24(6), 571-583, doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00706.x. (Pubitemid 32526131)
132. Wolfe, R. E., D. P. Roy, and E. Vermote (1998), MODIS land data storage, gridding, and compositing methodology: Level 2 grid, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36(4), 1324-1338, doi:10.1109/36.701082. (Pubitemid 128748538)
133. Wong, S. C., I. R. Cowan, and G. D. Farquhar (1979), Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity, Nature, 282(5737), 424-426, doi:10.1038/282424a0. (Pubitemid 10206429)
134. Wright, I. J., et al. (2004), The worldwide leaf economics spectrum, Nature, 428(6985), 821-827, doi:10.1038/nature02403. (Pubitemid 38529491)
135. Wullschleger, S. D. (1993), Biochemical limitations to carbon assimilation in C3 plants-A retrospective analysis of the A/Ci curves from 109 species, J. Exp. Bot., 44(5), 907-920, doi:10.1093/jxb/44.5.907.
136. Xiao, J., et al. (2010), A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 576-591, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013.
137. Xu, L. K., and D. D. Baldocchi (2003), Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature, Tree Physiol., 23(13), 865-877. (Pubitemid 37292475)
138. Xu, L., and D. D. Baldocchi (2004), Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean annual grassland in California, Agric. For. Meteorol., 123(1-2), 79-96, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.10.004. (Pubitemid 38498094)
139. Yuan, W. P., et al. (2010), Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114(7), 1416-1431, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.022.
140. Zhang, K., J. S. Kimball, R. R. Nemani, and S. W. Running (2010), A continuous satellite-derived global record of land surface evapotranspiration from 1983 to 2006, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09522, doi:10.1029/2009WR008800.
141. Zhao, M. S., F. A. Heinsch, R. R. Nemani, and S. W. Running (2005), Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set, Remote Sens. Environ., 95(2), 164-176, doi:10.1016/j. rse.2004.12.011. (Pubitemid 40328611)
142. Zhao, M., S. W. Running, and R. R. Nemani (2006), Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G01002, doi:10.1029/2004JG000004. (Pubitemid 47489890)