How to quantify tree leaf area index in an open savanna ecosystem: A multi-instrument and multi-model approach

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 150, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 63-76

  Ryu, Youngryel ^a   Sonnentag, Oliver ^a   Nilson, Tiit ^b   Vargas, Rodrigo ^a   Kobayashi, Hideki ^a   Wenk, Rebecca ^a   Baldocchi, Dennis D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b TARTU OBSERVATORY   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Clumping index; Gap fraction; Heterogeneity; Leaf area index; Leaf inclination angle; Savanna

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; DECIDUOUS TREE; DIGITAL IMAGE; LEAF AREA INDEX; LITTERFALL; PHOTOGRAPHY; RADIOMETER; SAVANNA; ZENITH ANGLE;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 70449716962     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.007     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Andrieu B., and Sinoquet H. Evaluation of structure description requirements for predicting gap fraction of vegetation canopies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 65 3-4 (1993) 207-227
2. Aston A.R. Rainfall interception by eight small trees. Journal of Hydrology 42 3-4 (1979) 383-396
3. Baldocchi D.D., Fuentes J.D., Bowling D.R., Turnipseed A.A., and Monson R.K. Scaling isoprene fluxes from leaves to canopies: test cases over a boreal aspen and a mixed species temperate forest. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38 7 (1999) 885-898
4. Baldocchi D.D., Wilson K.B., and Gu L.H. How the environment, canopy structure and canopy physiological functioning influence carbon, water and energy fluxes of a temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest-an assessment with the biophysical model CANOAK. Tree Physiology 22 15-16 (2002) 1065-1077
5. Baldocchi D.D., and Xu L.K. What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands-the supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere?. Advances in Water Resources 30 10 (2007) 2113-2122
6. Baldocchi D.D., Xu L.K., and Kiang N. How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soil physical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annual grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 123 1-2 (2004) 13-39
7. Black T.A., Chen J.M., Lee X.H., and Sagar R.M. Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiances under a Douglas-fir forest stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 21 7 (1991) 1020-1028
8. Bonhomme R., and Chartier P. Iinterpretation and automatic measurement of hemispherical photographs to obtain sunlit foliage area and gap frequency. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research 22 2 (1972) 53-61
9. Campbell G.S. Derivation of an angle density function for canopies with ellipsoidal leaf angle distributions. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 49 3 (1990) 173-176
10. Chen J.M. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 80 2-4 (1996) 135-163
11. Chen J.M., and Cihlar J. Plant canopy gap-size analysis theory for improving optical measurements of leaf-area index. Applied Optics 34 27 (1995) 6211-6222
12. Chen J.M., Govind A., Sonnentag O., Zhang Y.Q., Barr A., and Amiro B. Leaf area index measurements at Fluxnet-Canada forest sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140 1-4 (2006) 257-268
13. Chen J.M., Menges C.H., and Leblanc S.G. Global mapping of foliage clumping index using multi-angular satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 97 4 (2005) 447-457
14. Chen J.M., Rich P.M., Gower S.T., Norman J.M., and Plummer S. Leaf area index of boreal forests: theory, techniques, and measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 102 D24 (1997) 29429-29443
15. Chen Q., Baldocchi D., Gong P., and Dawson T. Modeling radiation and photosynthesis of a heterogeneous savanna woodland landscape with a hierarchy of model complexities. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 148 6-7 (2008) 1005-1020
16. Chen Q., Gong P., Baldocchi D., and Tian Y.Q. Estimating basal area and stem volume for individual trees from lidar data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73 12 (2007) 1355-1365
17. Chen Q., Gong P., Baldocchi D., and Xie G. Filtering airborne laser scanning data with morphological methods. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73 2 (2007) 175-185
18. de Wit, C.T., 1965. Photosynthesis of Leaf Canopies. Agricultural Research Report no. 663, Wageningen.
19. dePury D.G.G., and Farquhar G.D. Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant Cell and Environment 20 5 (1997) 537-557
20. Eagleson P.S., and Segarra R.I. Water-limited equilibrium of savanna vegetation systems. Water Resources Research 21 10 (1985) 1483-1493
21. Falster D.S., and Westoby M. Leaf size and angle vary widely across species: what consequences for light interception?. New Phytologist 158 3 (2003) 509-525
22. Fassnacht K.S., Gower S.T., Norman J.M., and McMurtric R.E. A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 71 1-2 (1994) 183-207
23. Fisher, R.A., 1954. Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Hafner, New York, 356 pp.
24. Frazer G.W., Fournier R.A., Trofymow J.A., and Hall R.J. A comparison of digital and film fisheye photography for analysis of forest canopy structure and gap light transmission. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 109 4 (2001) 249-263
25. Goel N.S., and Strebel D.E. Simple Beta distribution representation of leaf orientation in vegetation canopies. Agronomy Journal 76 5 (1984) 800-802
26. Gower S.T., and Norman J.M. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology 72 5 (1991) 1896-1900
27. Hall R.J., Davidson D.P., and Peddle D.R. Ground and remote estimation of leaf area index in Rocky Mountain forest stands, Kananaskis, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29 3 (2003) 411-427
28. Harmon M.E., Phillips D.L., Battles J.J., Rassweiler A., Hall Jr. R.O., and Lauenroth W.K. Quantifying uncertainty in net primary production measurements. Principles and Standards for Measuring Net Primary Production in Long-Term Ecological Studies (2007), Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York
29. Hicks B.B., Baldocchi D.D., Meyers T.P., Hosker R.P., and Matt D.R. A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities. Water Air and Soil Pollution 36 3-4 (1987) 311-330
30. Hoffmann W.A., da Silva E.R., Machado G.C., Bucci S.J., Scholz F.G., Goldstein G., and Meinzer F.C. Seasonal leaf dynamics across a tree density gradient in a Brazilian savanna. Oecologia 145 2 (2005) 307-316
31. Hosoi F., and Omasa K. Factors contributing to accuracy in the estimation of the woody canopy leaf area density profile using 3D portable lidar imaging. Journal of Experimental Botany 58 12 (2007) 3463-3473
32. Hutchison B.A., Matt D.R., McMillen R.T., Gross L.J., Tajchman S.J., and Norman J.M. The architecture of a deciduous forest canopy in eastern Tennessee, USA. Journal of Ecology 74 3 (1986) 635-646
33. Idso S.B., and de Wit C.T. Light relations in plant canopies. Applied Optics 9 1 (1970) 177-184
34. Joffre, R., Rambal, S., Damesin, C., 2007. Funtional attributes in Mediterranean-type ecysystems. In: Pugnaire, F., Valladares, F. (Eds.), Functional Plant Ecology, Second Edition. Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 285-312.
35. Jonckheere I., Muys B., and Coppin P. Allometry and evaluation of in situ optical LAI determination in Scots pine: a case study in Belgium. Tree Physiology 25 6 (2005) 723-732
36. Karlik, J.F., McKay, A.H., 2002. Leaf area index, leaf mass density, and allometric relationships derived from harvest of blue oaks in a California oak savanna. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report Number PSW-GTR-184.
37. Kelliher F.M., Leuning R., Raupach M.R., and Schulze E.-D. Maximum conductances for evaporation from global vegetation types. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 73 (1995) 1-16
38. Kim J., Guo Q., Baldocchi D.D., Leclerc M., Xu L., and Schmid H.P. Upscaling fluxes from tower to landscape: overlaying flux footprints on high-resolution (IKONOS) images of vegetation cover. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 136 3-4 (2006) 132-146
39. Kobayashi H., and Iwabuchi H. A coupled 1-D atmosphere and 3-D canopy radiative transfer model for canopy reflectance, light environment, and photosynthesis simulation in a heterogeneous landscape. Remote Sensing of Environment 112 1 (2008) 173-185
40. Kucharik, C., Norman, J.M., Gower, S.T., 1998a. Measurements of leaf orientation, light distribution and sunlit leaf area in a boreal aspen forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 91(1-2) 127-148.
41. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., and Gower S.T. Measurements of branch area and adjusting leaf area index indirect measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 91 1-2 (1998) 69-88
42. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., and Gower S.T. Characterization of radiation regimes in nonrandom forest canopies: theory, measurements, and a simplified modeling approach. Tree Physiology 19 11 (1999) 695-706
43. Lang A.R.G. Leaf orientation of a cotton plant. Agricultural Meteorology 11 1 (1973) 37-51
44. Lang A.R.G., and Xiang Y. Estimation of leaf area index from transmission of direct sunlight in discontinuous canopies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 37 3 (1986) 229-243
45. Lang A.R.G., Xiang Y.Q., and Norman J.M. Crop structure and the penetration of direct sunlight. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 35 1-4 (1985) 83-101
46. Law B.E., Van Tuyl S., Cescatti A., and Baldocchi D.D. Estimation of leaf area index in open-canopy ponderosa pine forests at different successional stages and management regimes in Oregon. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108 1 (2001) 1-14
47. Leblanc S.G. Correction to the plant canopy gap-size analysis theory used by the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies instrument. Applied Optics 41 36 (2002) 7667-7670
48. Leblanc, S.G., 2008. DHP-TRACwin Manual, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Québec, Canada.
49. Leblanc S.G., Chen J.M., Fernandes R., Deering D.W., and Conley A. Methodology comparison for canopy structure parameters extraction from digital hemispherical photography in boreal forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 129 3-4 (2005) 187-207
50. Leblanc, S.G., Chen, J.M., Kwong, M., 2002. Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies TRAC MANUAL Version 2.1.3, Ontario, Canada.
51. Leuning R., Kelliher F.M., Depury D.G.G., and Schulze E.D. Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration-scaling from leaves to canopies. Plant Cell and Environment 18 10 (1995) 1183-1200
52. Ma S., Baldocchi D.D., Xu L., and Hehn T. Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 147 3-4 (2007) 157-171
53. Macfarlane C., Grigg A., and Evangelista C. Estimating forest leaf area using cover and fullframe fisheye photography: thinking inside the circle. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 146 1-2 (2007) 1-12
54. Macfarlane C., Hoffman M., Eamus D., Kerp N., Higginson S., McMurtrie R., and Adams M. Estimation of leaf area index in eucalypt forest using digital photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 143 3-4 (2007) 176-188
55. Marshall J.D., and Waring R.H. Comparison of methods of estimating leaf-area index in old-growth douglas-fir. Ecology 67 4 (1986) 975-979
56. Miller J.B. A formula for average foliage density. Australian Journal of Botany 15 1 (1967) 141-144
57. Monsi M., and Saeki T. Über den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung für die Stoffproduktion. Japanese Journal of Botany 14 (1953) 22-52
58. Monsi M., and Saeki T. On the factor light in plant communities and its importance for matter production. Annals of Botany 95 3 (2005) 549-567
59. Myneni R.B., Ross J., and Asrar G. A review on the theory of photon transport in leaf canopies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 45 1-2 (1989) 1-153
60. Neumann H.H., and Den Hartog G. Leaf area measurements based on hemispheric photographs and leaf-litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf-fall. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 45 3-4 (1989) 325-345
61. Nilson T. Theoretical analysis of frequency of gaps in plant stands. Agricultural Meteorology 8 1 (1971) 25-38
62. Nilson T. Inversion of gap frequency data in forest stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 98-99 (1999) 437-448
63. Nilson T., and Kuusk A. Improved algorithm for estimating canopy indices from gap fraction data in forest canopies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124 3-4 (2004) 157-169
64. Norman, J.M., 1982. Simulation of microclimates. In: Hatfield, J.L., Thomason, I.J. (Eds.), Biometeorology in Integrated Pest Management. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 65-100.
65. Norman J.M., and Jarvis P.G. Photosynthesis in sitka spruce (Picea-sitchensis (Bong) carr) 3. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation. Journal of Applied Ecology 11 1 (1974) 375-398
66. Norman J.M., and Welles J.M. Radiative transfer in an array of canopies. Agronomy Journal 75 3 (1983) 481-488
67. Pitman J. Probability (2006), Spinger, New York, USA
68. Privette J.L., Tian Y., Roberts G., Scholes R.J., Wang Y., Caylor K.K., Frost P., and Mukelabai M. Vegetation structure characteristics and relationships of Kalahari woodlands and savannas. Global Change Biology 10 3 (2004) 281-291
69. Rodriguez-Iturbe I., D'Odorico P., Porporato A., and Ridolfi L. Tree-grass coexistence in savannas: the role of spatial dynamics and climate fluctuations. Geophysical Research Letters 26 2 (1999) 247-250
70. Ross J. The Radiation Regime and Architecture of Plant Stands (1981), Junk Publishers, The Hague 391 pp
71. Ryu, Y., Baldocchi, D.D., Ma, S., Hehn, T., 2008. Interannual variability of evapotranspiration and energy exchanges over an annual grassland in California. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113(D09104): doi:10.1029/2007JD009263.
72. Ryu, Y., Nilson, T., Kobayashi, H., Sonnentag, O., Baldocchi, D.D., 2009. On the correct estimation of effective leaf area index: does it reveal information on clumping effects? To be submitted to Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
73. Sankaran M., Ratnam J., and Hanan N.P. Tree-grass coexistence in savannas revisited-insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing models. Ecology Letters 7 6 (2004) 480-490
74. Scholes R.J., Frost P.G.H., and Tian Y.H. Canopy structure in savannas along a moisture gradient on Kalahari sands. Global Change Biology 10 3 (2004) 292-302
75. Schulze, E.D., Kelliher, F.M., Korner, C., Lloyd, J., Leuning, R., 1994. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition-a global ecology scaling exercise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 25, 629.
76. Sinoquet H., Pincebourde S., Adam B., Donès N., Phattaralerphong J., Combes D., Ploquin S., Sangsing K., Kasemsap P., Thanisawanyangkura S., Groussier-Bout G., and Casas J. 3-D maps of tree canopy geometries at leaf scale. Ecology 90 1 (2009) 283-1283
77. Smith J.A., and Berry J.K. Optical diffraction analysis for estimating foliage angle distribution in grassland canopies. Australian Journal of Botany 27 2 (1979) 123-133
78. Smith J.A., Oliver R.E., and Berry J.K. Comparison of 2 photographic techniques for estimating foliage angle distribution. Australian Journal of Botany 25 5 (1977) 545-553
79. Taylor J.R. An introduction to error analysis. 2nd edition (1997), University Science Books, Sausalito, CA
80. van Gardingen P.R., Jackson G.E., Hernandez-Daumas S., Russell G., and Sharp L. Leaf area index estimates obtained for clumped canopies using hemispherical photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 94 3-4 (1999) 243-257
81. Wang W.M., Li Z.L., and Su H.B. Comparison of leaf angle distribution functions: effects on extinction coefficient and fraction of sunlit foliage. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 143 1-2 (2007) 106-122
82. Warren Wilson J. Analysis of the spatial distribution of foliage by two dimensional point quadrats. New Phytologist 58 1 (1959) 92-99
83. Warren Wilson J. Inclined point quadrats. New Phytologist 59 1 (1960) 1-7
84. Warren Wilson J. Stand structure and light penetration. 3. Sunlit foliage area. Journal of Applied Ecology 4 1 (1967) 159-165
85. Watson D.J. The estimation of leaf area in field crops. Journal of Agricultural Science 27 (1937) 474-483
86. Welles J.M., and Norman J.M. Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. Agronomy Journal 83 5 (1991) 818-825
87. Zhang Y.Q., Chen J.M., and Miller J.R. Determining digital hemispherical photograph exposure for leaf area index estimation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 133 1-4 (2005) 166-181