메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 184, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1333-1341

Anthrax infection

Author keywords

Bacillus anthracis; Diagnosis; Pathogenesis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTHRAX TOXIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DIAMORPHINE; DOXYCYCLINE; EUROPIUM; MEROPENEM; PENICILLIN G; PROTEINASE; RIFAMPICIN;

EID: 84455207436     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: 15354970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201102-0209CI     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (145)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 2942676458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax
    • DOI 10.1016/j.det.2004.03.001, PII S0733863504000105
    • Wenner KA, Kenner JR. Anthrax. Dermatol Clin 2004;22:247-256. (Pubitemid 38781721)
    • (2004) Dermatologic Clinics , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-256
    • Wenner, K.A.1    Kenner, J.R.2
  • 2
    • 74349119961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of bacillus anthracis germinant receptors in germination and virulence
    • Carr KA, Lybarger SR, Anderson EC, Janes BK, Hanna PC. The role of bacillus anthracis germinant receptors in germination and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2010;75:365-375.
    • (2010) Mol Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 365-375
    • Carr, K.A.1    Lybarger, S.R.2    Anderson, E.C.3    Janes, B.K.4    Hanna, P.C.5
  • 5
    • 0035829555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling anthrax
    • Friedlander AM. Tackling anthrax. Nature 2001;414:160-161.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 160-161
    • Friedlander, A.M.1
  • 6
    • 0024595710 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis
    • Makino S, Uchida I, Terakado N, Sasakawa C, Yoshikawa M. Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 1989;171:722-730. (Pubitemid 19053478)
    • (1989) Journal of Bacteriology , vol.171 , Issue.2 , pp. 722-730
    • Makino, S.-I.1    Uchida, I.2    Terakado, N.3    Sasakawa, C.4    Yoshikawa, M.5
  • 7
    • 33947256514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins
    • DOI 10.1042/BJ20061891
    • Turk BE. Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins. Biochem J 2007;402:405-417. (Pubitemid 46423878)
    • (2007) Biochemical Journal , vol.402 , Issue.3 , pp. 405-417
    • Turk, B.E.1
  • 8
    • 0000947082 scopus 로고
    • Anthrax toxin edema factor: A bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations in eukaryotic cells
    • DOI 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3162
    • Leppla SH. Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic amp concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:3162-3166. (Pubitemid 12008374)
    • (1982) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.79 , Issue.10 I , pp. 3162-3166
    • Leppla, S.H.1
  • 9
    • 70350482699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and systemic effects of anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin
    • Moayeri M, Leppla SH. Cellular and systemic effects of anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin. Mol Aspects Med 2009;30:439-455.
    • (2009) Mol Aspects Med , vol.30 , pp. 439-455
    • Moayeri, M.1    Leppla, S.H.2
  • 10
    • 33846842333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis septic shock: Implications for therapy
    • DOI 10.1164/rccm.200608-1239CP
    • Sherer K, Li Y, Cui X, Eichacker PQ. Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of bacillus anthracis septic shock: implications for therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:211-221. (Pubitemid 46203123)
    • (2007) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.175 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-221
    • Sherer, K.1    Li, Y.2    Cui, X.3    Eichacker, P.Q.4
  • 11
    • 0032718090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalational anthrax: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.116.5.1369
    • Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, Weinacker A, Raffin TA. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Chest 1999;116:1369-1376. (Pubitemid 29535995)
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , Issue.5 , pp. 1369-1376
    • Shafazand, S.1    Doyle, R.2    Ruoss, S.3    Weinacker, A.4    Raffin, T.A.5
  • 12
    • 0141956451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous Anthrax in Adults: A Review of 25 Cases in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey
    • Demirdag K, Ozden M, Saral Y, Kalkan A, Kilic SS, Ozdarendeli A. Cutaneous anthrax in adults: a review of 25 cases in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Infection 2003;31:327-330. (Pubitemid 37260368)
    • (2003) Infection , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 327-330
    • Demirdag, K.1    Ozden, M.2    Saral, Y.3    Kalkan, A.4    Kilic, S.S.5    Ozdarendeli, A.6
  • 14
    • 77049229238 scopus 로고
    • Anthrax: A report of one hundred seventeen cases
    • Gold H. Anthrax: a report of one hundred seventeen cases. AMA Arch Intern Med 1955;96:387-396.
    • (1955) AMA Arch Intern Med , vol.96 , pp. 387-396
    • Gold, H.1
  • 15
    • 77957019293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of cutaneous anthrax and its outcome
    • Doganay M, Metan G, Alp E. A review of cutaneous anthrax and its outcome. J Infect Public Health 2010;3:98-105.
    • (2010) J Infect Public Health , vol.3 , pp. 98-105
    • Doganay, M.1    Metan, G.2    Alp, E.3
  • 17
    • 0037739797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: Clinical manifestations and surgical findings
    • Kanafani ZA, Ghossain A, Sharara AI, Hatem JM, Kanj SS. Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:520-525. (Pubitemid 36529508)
    • (2003) Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 520-525
    • Kanafani, Z.A.1    Ghossain, A.2    Sharara, A.I.3    Hatem, J.M.4    Kanj, S.S.5
  • 18
    • 77955077182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event: New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event: New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:872-877.
    • (2010) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.59 , pp. 872-877
  • 19
    • 77955872460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 25-2010: A 24-year-old woman with abdominal pain and shock
    • Klempner MS, Talbot EA, Lee SI, Zaki S, Ferraro MJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 25-2010: a 24-year-old woman with abdominal pain and shock. N Engl J Med 2010;363:766-777.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 766-777
    • Klempner, M.S.1    Talbot, E.A.2    Lee, S.I.3    Zaki, S.4    Ferraro, M.J.5
  • 22
    • 0001627622 scopus 로고
    • An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. I. Clinical features
    • Plotkin SA, Brachman PS, Utell M, Bumford FH, Atchison MM. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. I. Clinical features. Am J Med 1960;29:992-1001.
    • (1960) Am J Med , vol.29 , pp. 992-1001
    • Plotkin, S.A.1    Brachman, P.S.2    Utell, M.3    Bumford, F.H.4    Atchison, M.M.5
  • 24
  • 29
    • 0001663333 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route
    • Ross J. The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Pathol Bacteriol 1957;73:485-494.
    • (1957) J Pathol Bacteriol , vol.73 , pp. 485-494
    • Ross, J.1
  • 31
    • 84855719703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December 23, 2010: [accessed September 29, 2011]. Available from
    • Final tally of anthrax cases announced. December 23, 2010: Health Protection Scotland; 2010 [accessed September 29, 2011]. Available from: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/news/spdetail.aspex?id=370.
    • (2010) Final Tally of Anthrax Cases Announced
  • 32
    • 84855729476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 3, 2010: [accessed September 29, 2011]. Available from
    • Anthrax confirmed in an injecting drug user in Kent. November 3, 2010: The Health Protection Agency; 2010 [accessed September 29, 2011]. Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/ProductsServices/LocalServices/SouhtEast/SouhtEast.
    • (2010) Anthrax Confirmed in An Injecting Drug User in Kent
  • 33
    • 84855724548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friday 24 September [accessed March 15, 2011]. Available from
    • UK investigators puzzled by anthrax outbreak. Friday 24 September 2010 [accessed March 15, 2011]. Available from: http://www.eht-forum.org/news.html? targetPage=news/fulltext/news100924022146.html&from=search.
    • (2010) UK Investigators Puzzled by Anthrax Outbreak
  • 35
    • 1242275319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous complications of intravenous drug abuse
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05607.x
    • Del Giudice P. Cutaneous complications of intravenous drug abuse. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:1-10. (Pubitemid 38234002)
    • (2004) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.150 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Del, G.P.1
  • 36
    • 84967544700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed 2011 June 13]. Available from
    • United States Central Intelligence Agency. The world factbook: field listing: Illicit drugs [accessed 2011 June 13]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html.
    • The World Factbook: Field Listing: Illicit Drugs
  • 37
    • 0020541493 scopus 로고
    • Contaminated street heroin. Relationship to clinical infections
    • Moustoukas NM, Nichols RL, Smith JW, Garey RE, Egan RR. Contaminated street heroin: relationship to clinical infections. Arch Surg 1983;118:746-749. (Pubitemid 13093322)
    • (1983) Archives of Surgery , vol.118 , Issue.6 , pp. 746-749
    • Moustoukas, N.M.1    Nichols, R.L.2    Smith, J.W.3
  • 38
    • 84455203990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network obot HPSAC. Anthrax infection in drug users
    • Booth MG, Hood J, Brooks TJ, Hart A. Network obot HPSAC. Anthrax infection in drug users. Lancet 2011;375:1345-1346.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 1345-1346
    • Booth, M.G.1    Hood, J.2    Brooks, T.J.3    Hart, A.4
  • 43
    • 78649962080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive mek1 activation rescues anthrax lethal toxin-induced vascular effects in vivo
    • Bolcome RE III, Chan J. Constitutive mek1 activation rescues anthrax lethal toxin-induced vascular effects in vivo. Infect Immun 2010;78:5043-5053.
    • (2010) Infect Immun , vol.78 , pp. 5043-5053
    • Bolcome III, R.E.1    Chan, J.2
  • 44
    • 31844441582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax lethal toxin induces ketotifen-sensitive intradermal vascular leakage in certain inbred mice
    • DOI 10.1128/IAI.74.2.1266-1272.2006
    • Gozes Y, Moayeri M, Wiggins JF, Leppla SH. Anthrax lethal toxin induces ketotifen-sensitive intradermal vascular leakage in certain inbred mice. Infect Immun 2006;74:1266-1272. (Pubitemid 43185566)
    • (2006) Infection and Immunity , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 1266-1272
    • Gozes, Y.1    Moayeri, M.2    Wiggins, J.F.3    Leppla, S.H.4
  • 47
    • 78149420567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax lethal toxin suppresses murine cardiomyocyte contractile function and intracellular Ca2+ handling via a nadph oxidase-dependent mechanism
    • Kandadi MR, Hua Y, Ma H, Li Q, Kuo SR, Frankel AE, Ren J. Anthrax lethal toxin suppresses murine cardiomyocyte contractile function and intracellular Ca2+ handling via a nadph oxidase-dependent mechanism. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e13335.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Kandadi, M.R.1    Hua, Y.2    Ma, H.3    Li, Q.4    Kuo, S.R.5    Frankel, A.E.6    Ren, J.7
  • 50
    • 33747172010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 and 5 as therapeutic agents in heart failure
    • Stehlik J, Movsesian MA. Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 and 5 as therapeutic agents in heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006;15:733-742.
    • (2006) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.15 , pp. 733-742
    • Stehlik, J.1    Movsesian, M.A.2
  • 51
    • 20444457018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • f inhibitors as specific heart-rate-reducing agents
    • DOI 10.1038/ncpcardio0052
    • Borer JS. Drug insight: if inhibitors as specific heart-rate-reducing agents. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2004;1:103-109. (Pubitemid 40823707)
    • (2004) Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-109
    • Borer, J.S.1
  • 56
    • 35948979647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax toxin evades Toll-like receptor recognition, whereas its cell wall components trigger activation via TLR2/6 heterodimers
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01003.x
    • Triantafilou M, Uddin A, Maher S, Charalambous N, Hamm TS, Alsumaiti A, Triantafilou K. Anthrax toxin evades toll-like receptor recognition, whereas its cell wall components trigger activation via tlr2/6 heterodimers. Cell Microbiol 2007;9:2880-2892. (Pubitemid 350066572)
    • (2007) Cellular Microbiology , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. 2880-2892
    • Triantafilou, M.1    Uddin, A.2    Maher, S.3    Charalambous, N.4    Hamm, T.S.C.5    Alsumaiti, A.6    Triantafilou, K.7
  • 59
    • 76549089581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacillus anthracis cell wall produces injurious inflammation but paradoxically decreases the lethality of anthrax lethal toxin in a rat model
    • Cui X, Su J, Li Y, Shiloach J, Solomon S, Kaufman JB, Mani H, Fitz Y, Weng J, Altaweel L, et al. Bacillus anthracis cell wall produces injurious inflammation but paradoxically decreases the lethality of anthrax lethal toxin in a rat model. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:148-156.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 148-156
    • Cui, X.1    Su, J.2    Li, Y.3    Shiloach, J.4    Solomon, S.5    Kaufman, J.B.6    Mani, H.7    Fitz, Y.8    Weng, J.9    Altaweel, L.10
  • 61
    • 66449098781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor implicates protease inha in the acute-phase response to bacillus anthracis infection
    • Chung MC, Jorgensen SC, Popova TG, Tonry JH, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor implicates protease inha in the acute-phase response to bacillus anthracis infection. J Med Microbiol 2009;58:737-744.
    • (2009) J Med Microbiol , vol.58 , pp. 737-744
    • Chung, M.C.1    Jorgensen, S.C.2    Popova, T.G.3    Tonry, J.H.4    Bailey, C.L.5    Popov, S.G.6
  • 62
    • 0035914370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update: Investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:889-893.
    • (2001) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.50 , pp. 889-893
  • 63
    • 0035955707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update: Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:909-919.
    • (2001) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.50 , pp. 909-919
  • 64
    • 0344526684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting biothreat agents: The laboratory response network
    • Morse S, Kellogg R, Perry S. Detecting biothreat agents: the laboratory response network. ASM News 2003;69:433.
    • (2003) ASM News , vol.69 , pp. 433
    • Morse, S.1    Kellogg, R.2    Perry, S.3
  • 66
    • 0035969533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition and management of anthrax: An update
    • Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthrax: an update. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1621-1626.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1621-1626
    • Swartz, M.N.1
  • 67
    • 0023098810 scopus 로고
    • Effect of antibiotics on toxin production and viability of Clostridium perfringens
    • Stevens DL, Maier KA, Mitten JE. Effect of antibiotics on toxin production and viability of clostridium perfringens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:213-218. (Pubitemid 17011240)
    • (1987) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 213-218
    • Stevens, D.L.1    Maier, K.A.2    Mitten, J.E.3
  • 69
    • 26444561272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed 2011 July 7]. Available from
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC emergency preparedness and response site [accessed 2011 July 7]. Available from: www.bt.cdc.gov/.
    • CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response Site
  • 73
    • 0014300117 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid in treatment of malignant edema of chest wall and neck (anthrax)
    • Doust JY, Sarkarzadeh A, Kavoossi K. Corticosteroid in treatment of malignant edema of chest wall and neck (anthrax). Dis Chest 1968;53:773-774.
    • (1968) Dis Chest , vol.53 , pp. 773-774
    • Doust, J.Y.1    Sarkarzadeh, A.2    Kavoossi, K.3
  • 75
    • 0037072269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax meningoencephalitis
    • Lanska DJ. Anthrax meningoencephalitis. Neurology 2002;59:327-334. (Pubitemid 34857923)
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-334
    • Lanska, D.J.1
  • 77
    • 42149131530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conference report on public health and clinical guidelines for anthrax
    • Stern EJ, Uhde KB, Shadomy SV, Messonnier N. Conference report on public health and clinical guidelines for anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:07-0969.
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 07-0969
    • Stern, E.J.1    Uhde, K.B.2    Shadomy, S.V.3    Messonnier, N.4
  • 78
    • 0037110839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism: Supplemental recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism: supplemental recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:1024-1026.
    • (2002) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.51 , pp. 1024-1026
  • 79
    • 0032496381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax vaccine
    • Anthrax vaccine. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1998;40:52-53.
    • (1998) Med Lett Drugs Ther , vol.40 , pp. 52-53
  • 80
    • 0034785965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of new vaccines against Bacillus anthracis
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01498.x
    • Baillie L. The development of new vaccines against bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol 2001;91:609-613. (Pubitemid 32948383)
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Microbiology , vol.91 , Issue.4 , pp. 609-613
    • Baillie, L.1
  • 83
    • 77955084872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), 2009
    • Wright JG, Quinn CP, Shadomy S, Messonnier N. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59:1-30.
    • (2010) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.59 , pp. 1-30
    • Wright, J.G.1    Quinn, C.P.2    Shadomy, S.3    Messonnier, N.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.