Reviewa review of the possible impacts of climate change on forests in the humid tropics

Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 281-302

  De Costa, W A J M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Carbon dioxide; Carbon sequestration; Forest ecosystems; Net primary productivity; Photosynthesis; Temperature

Indexed keywords

EID: 84155187180     PISSN: 13914588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v39i4.3879     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. 2 in relation to the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1: 243-274.
2. 2 partial pressure. Advances in Carbon Dioxide Effects Research (eds. L.H.J. Allen, M.B. Kirkham, D.M. Olszyck & C.E. Williams) pp. 35-77. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication, No. 61, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
3. 2 on nocturnal in situ leaf respiration in nine temperate deciduous tree species is small. Tree Physiology 20: 139-144.
4. Arulmageswaran S., De Costa W.A.J.M. & Surenthran P. (2003). Response of selected forest tree species in Sri Lanka to increasing air temperature. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Forestry and Environment Symposium 2003, University of Sri Jayewardenapura, Sri Lanka, p. 27.
5. 2: an analysis of the underlying components of relative growth rate. Oecologia 120: 544-554.
6. Baker T.R., Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Almeida S., Arroyo L., Di Fiore A., Erwin T., Higuchi N., Killeen T.J., Laurance S.G., Laurance W.F., Lewis S.L., Monteagudo A., Neill D.A., Núñez P.V., Pitman N.C.A., Silva J.N.M. & Vásquez Martínez R. (2004). Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 359: 353-365.
7. 2 enrichment of mature sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]. Plant, Cell and Environment 16: 1139-1148.
8. Basso S.L. & Bazzaz F.A. (1998). How environmental conditions affect canopy leaf-level photosynthesis in four deciduous tree species. Ecology 79: 2660-2675.
9. Battaglia M., Beadle C. & Loughhead S. (1996). Photosynthetic temperature responses of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. Tree Physiology 16: 81-89.
10. 2 concentrations. Tree Physiology 16: 389-396.
11. 2 and temperature: first season results. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5: 117-127.
12. 2 and temperature. New Phytologist 162: 243-251.
13. 2 growth enhancement. Plant and Soil 187: 119-131.
14. Berry J. & Björkman O. (1980). Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 491-543.
15. 2 enrichment. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 539-546.
16. 2. Plant and Soil 170: 149-157.
17. Boisvenue C. & Running S.W. (2006). Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity - evidence since the middle of the 20th century. Global Change Biology 12: 862-882.
18. Bunce J.A. (1990). Short- and long-term inhibition of respiratory carbon dioxide efflux by elevated carbon dioxide. Annals of Botany 65: 637-642.
19. Burke E.J., Brown S.J. & Christidis N. (2006). Modelling the recent evoluation of global drought and projections for the 21st century with the Hadley Centre Climate Model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7: 1113-1125.
20. 2. Tree Physiology 16: 125-130.
21. 2 enrichment on trees and forests: lessons to be learned in view of future ecosystem studies. Annals of Botany 84: 577-590.
22. 2 levels. Annals of Botany 75: 609-617.
23. Chambers J.Q., Higuchi N. & Schimel J.P. (1998). Ancient trees in Amazonia. Nature 391: 135-136.
24. Churkina G. & Running S.W. (1998). Contrasting climatic controls on the estimated productivity of global terrestrial biomes. Ecosystems 1: 206 -215.
25. Clark D.A.(2002).Are tropical forests an important carbon sink? reanalysis of the long-term plot data. Ecological Applications 12: 3-7.
26. Clark D.A. (2004a). Tropical forests and global warming: slowing it down or speeding it up? Frontiers of Ecology and Environment 2: 73-80.
27. Clark D.A. (2004b). Sources or sinks? the responses of tropical forests to current and future climate and atmospheric composition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 369: 477-491.
28. Clark D.A. (2007). Detecting tropical forests' responses to global climatic and atmospheric change: current challenges and a way forward. Biotropica 39: 4-19.
29. Clark D.A. & Clark D.B. (1994). Climate-induced annual variation in canopy tree growth in a Costa Rican tropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology 82: 865-872.
30. Clark D.A., Piper S.C., Keeling C.D. & Clark D.B. (2003). Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variations during 1984-2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 5852-5857.
31. 2: effect of litter quality. Plant and Soil 163: 121-130.
32. 2 reduces the nitrogen concentration of plant tissues. Global Change Biology 4: 43-54.
33. 2 and litter quality: decomposition of sweet chestnut leaf litter with animal food webs of different complexities. Oikos 61: 54-64.
34. Cowling S.A., Betts R.A., Cox P.M., Ettwein V.J., Jones C.D., Maslin M.A. & Spall S.A. (2004). Contrasting simulated past and future responses of the Amazon rainforest to atmospheric change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: 539-547.
35. 2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology 7: 357-373.
36. Cunningham S.C. & Read J. (2003). Do temperate rainforest trees have a greater ability to acclimate to changing temperatures than tropical rainforest trees? New Phytologist 157: 55-64.
37. Curtis P.S. (1996). A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 19: 127-137.
38. 2 effects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia 113: 299-313.
39. 2-enriched Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil 224: 31-41.
40. De Costa W.A.J.M., Ekanayake A.T., Chinthaka K.G.R. & Surenthran P. (2003). Screening of selected forest tree species of Sri Lanka for their response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Forestry and Environment Symposium, University of Sri Jayewardenapura, Sri Lanka, pp. 2.
41. DeLucia E.H., Day T.A. & Öquist G. (1991). The potential for photoinhibition of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings exposed to high light and low soil temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany 42: 611-617.
42. Dixon R.K., Brown S., Houghton R.A., Solomon A.M., Trexler M.C. & Wisniewski J. (1994). Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263: 185-190.
43. 2 inhibit mitochondrial respiration in green plants? Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 649-657.
44. 2? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48: 609-639.
45. Dufresne J.L., Friedlingstein P., Barthelot M., Bopp L., Ciais P., Fairhead L., Le Treutt H. & Monfray P. (2002). On the magnitude of positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 29: 1405.
46. 2 enrichment. Commonwealth Forestry Review 75: 39-47.
47. 2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees and forests. Advances in Ecological Research 19: 1-55.
48. 2 enrichment. Oecologia 104: 139-146.
49. Faria T., Silvério D., Breia E., Cabral R., Abadia A., Abadia J., Pereira J.S. & Chaves M.M. (1998). Differences in the response of carbon assimilation to summer stress (water deficits, high light and temperature) in four Mediterranean tree species. Physiologia Plantarum 102: 419- 428.
50. 2 concentration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63: 1891-1903.
51. 2 concentration on the leaf gas exchange, xylem water potential and stomatal characteristics of plants of Spatiphylum cannifolium and Bauhinia multinervia. New Phytologist 138: 689-697.
52. Field C.B., Behrenfeld M.J., Randerson J.T. & Falkowski P. (1998). Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281: 237-240.
53. 2: implications from the plant to the global scale. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 1214-1225.
54. 2 enrichment. Oecologia 132: 567-578.
55. 2 and temperature on European forests(ed. P.G. Jarvis), pp. 277-296 Final Report, EU Environmental R&D EV5V-CT92-0127, CIPD-CT92-5025.
56. Fung I.Y., Doney S.C., Lindsay K. & John J. (2005). Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102: 11201-11206.
57. 2. Plant Physiology 112: 1349-1355.
58. Grace J., Lloyd J., McIntyre J., Miranda A.C., Meir P., Miranda H.S., Nobre C.R., Moncrieff J., Wright I. & Gash J.H.C. (1995). Net carbon dioxide uptake by undisturbed tropical forest in 1992/93. Science 270: 778-780.
59. 2 uptake and growth of a rainforest tree during tropical rainy seasons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 572-576.
60. 2 on whole-shoot respiration in ponderosa pine seedlings. Tree Physiology 16: 33-41.
61. 2: a broader perspective. Photosynthesis Research 39: 369-388.
62. Hansen J., Sato M., Ruedy R., Lo K., Lea D.W. & Medina-Elizade M. (2006). Global temperature change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 14288-14293.
63. 2: a model for future forest responses? Global Change Biology 2: 377-387.
64. 2on leaf gas exchange in beech and oak at two levels of nutrient supply: consequences for sensitivity to drought in beech. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 57-67.
65. Heatherington A.M. & Woodward F.I. (2003). The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 424: 901-908.
66. 2. Global Change Biology 5: 293-310.
67. 2 affect leaf litter quality and in situ decomposition rates in native plant communities? Oecologia 110: 387-392.
68. Houghton J.T. (1997). Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
69. Houghton J.T., Ding Y., Griggs D.J., Noguer M., van der Linden P.J., Dai X., Maskell K. & Johnson C.A. (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
70. Houghton R.A. (2003). Why are estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance so different? Global Change Biology 9: 500-509.
71. Houghton R.A. (2005). Above-ground forest biomass and the global carbon balance. Global Change Biology 11: 945-958.
72. Huntington T.G. (2006). Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: review and synthesis. Journal of Hydrology 319: 1-13.
73. 2 enrichment. Global Change Biology 5: 493-495.
74. 2 enrichment of sour orange trees: 2.5 years into a long-term experiment. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 703-707.
75. IPCC (2001). Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (eds. N. Nakicenovic & R. Swart). IPCC/Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
76. IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H.L. Miller). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA.
77. 2 conditions: a meta- analysis of reports on 79 crop and wild species. New Phytologist 156: 9-26.
78. Janssens I.A., Mousseau M. & Ceulemans R. (1999). Crop ecosystem responses to global climate change: tree crops. Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity (eds. K.R. Reddy & H.F. Hodges), pp. 245-270. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
79. Jarvis P.G. (1976). The interpretation of the variation in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 273: 593-610.
80. 2-fumigated and nitrogen-fertilized ponderosa pine. Plant and Soil 165: 129-138.
81. Johnson I.R. & Thornley J.H.M. (1985). Temperature dependence of plant and crop processes. Annals of Botany 55: 1-24.
82. 2 and sulphate aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1479.
83. Jones P.D. & Mann M.E. (2004). Climate over the past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics 42: 16.
84. 2: results from an O3-gradient and a FACE experiment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 116: 311-322.
85. Kobayashi H., Matsunaga T. & Hoyana A. (2005). Net primary production in Southeast Asia following a large reduction in photosynthetically active radiation owing to smoke. Geophysical Research Letters 32: L02403.
86. 2 enrichment. Ecological Applications 10: 1590-1619.
87. 2. Science 309: 1360-1362.
88. Landsberg J.J. (2003). Physiology in forest models: history and the future. Forest Biometrics, Modelling and Information Science 1: 49-63.
89. 2-enriched cotton and soils. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 70: 87-101.
90. 2 treatments during their first growing season: gas exchange of leaves and roots. New Phytologist 144: 437-454.
91. 2 and temperature. Tree Physiology 19: 243-252.
92. Lewis S.L., Phillips O.L., Baker T.R., Lloyd J., Malhi Y., Almeida S., Higuchi N., Laurance W.F., Neill D.A., Silva J.N.M., Terborgh J., Lezama A.T., Vasquez Martinez R., Brown S., Chave J., Kuebler C., Nunez P.V. & Vinceti B. (2004). Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 359: 421-436.
93. 2 and temperature lead to enhanced or suppressed rates of evapotranspiration? Weather 51: 185-186.
94. 2: productivity, phytochemistry, and insect performance. Ecology 74: 763-777.
95. 2 concentrations and their interaction with soil nutrient status. I. general principles and forest ecosystems. Functional Ecology 10: 4-32.
96. Long S.P., Ainsworth E.A., Rogers A. & Ort D.R. (2004). Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants FACE the future. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55: 591-628.
97. 2 concentrations. Crop Photosynthesis: Spatial and Temporal Determinants (eds. N.R. Baker & H. Thomas), pp. 69-103. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, New York, USA.
98. 2 in a forest clearing. Oecologia 116: 207-218.
99. 2. Global Change Biology 5: 143-156.
100. Luo Y., White L.W., Canadell J.G., DeLucia E.H., Ellsworth D.S., Finzi A., Lichter J. & Schlesinger W.H. (2003). Sustainability of terrestrial carbon sequestration: a case study in Duke Forest with inversion approach. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (1): 10.
101. Mäkelä A. (2003). Process-based modeling of tree and stand growth: towards a hierarchical treatment of multi-scale processes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 398-409.
102. Malhi Y. & Grace J. (2000). Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 332-337.
103. Malhi Y. & Wright J. (2004). Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical forest regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 359: 311-329.
104. Mansfield T.A., Hetherington A.M. & Atkinson C.J. (1990). Some current aspects of stomatal physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41: 55-75.
105. 2 in stems of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Tree Physiology 14: 481-495.
106. 2-induced growth enhancements in temperate forest tree seedlings. Ecological Applications 6: 619-627.
107. McDowell N.G., Marshall J.D., Qi J. & Mattson K. (1999). Direct inhibition of maintenance respiration in western hemlock roots exposed to ambient soil carbon dioxide concentrations. Tree Physiology 19: 599-605.
108. Mebrahtu T., Hanover J.W., Layne D.R. & Flore J.A. (1991). Leaf temperature effects on net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and photorespiration of seedlings of black locust families with contrasting growth rates. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1616-1621.
109. Meinshausen M. (2006). What does a 2oC target mean for greenhouse gas concentrations? a brief analysis based on multi-gas emission pathways and several climate sensitivity uncertainty estimates. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (eds. H.J. Schellnhuber et al.) pp. 265-280. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
110. Melillo J.M., McGuire A.D., Kicklighter D.W., Moore III B., Vorosmarty C.J. & Schloss A.L. (1993). Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363: 234-240.
111. Méthy M., Gillon D. & Houssard C. (1997). Temperature- induced changes of photosystem II activity in Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 31-38.
112. Metz B., Davidson O., Swart R. & Pan J. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
113. 2. Stomatal Function. (eds. E. Zeiger, G.D. Farquhar & I.R. Cowan) pp. 229-251. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA.
114. 2 under water-limited conditions. Vegetatio 104/105: 193-209.
115. 2 by plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 13: 731-737.
116. 2 and temperature on European forests (ed. P.G. Jarvis) pp. 79-94 Final Report, EU Environmental R&D EV5V- CT92-0127, CIPD-CT92-5025.
117. 2 on gas exchange and growth of forest tree species. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 1121-1130.
118. Murphy J.M., Sexton D.M.H., Bennett D.N., Jones G.S., Webb M.J., Collins M. & Stainforth D.A. (2004). Quantification of modeling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations. Nature 430: 768-772.
119. Naburrs G.J. & Mohren G.M.J. (1995). Modelling analysis of potential carbon sequestration in selected forest types. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 1157-1172.
120. Nakicenovic N. & Swart R. (eds.)(2001). IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
121. 2 in FACE. Oecologia 122: 163-174.
122. Nemani R.R., Keeling C.D., Hashimoto H., Jolly W.M., Piper S.C., Tucker C.J., Myneni R.B. & Running S.W. (2003). Climate driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300: 1560-1563.
123. Nepstad D., Lefebvre P., Da Silva U.L., Ella J.T., Schlesinger P., Solorzano L, Moutinho P., Ray D. and Guerreira Benito J. (2004). Amazon drought and its implications for forest flammability and tree growth: a basin-wide analysis. Global Change Biology 10: 704-717.
124. Norby R.J.(1994). Issues and perspectives for investigating root responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant and Soil 165: 9-20.
125. 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102: 18052-18056.
126. Norby R.J., Edwards N.T., Riggs J.S., Abner C.H., Wullschleger S.D. & Gunderson C.A. (1997). Temperature- controlled open-top chambers for global change research. Global Change Biology 3: 259-267.
127. 2. Nature 357: 322-324.
128. 2 enrichment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 9689-9693.
129. 2 and global warming in a multi-factor world. New Phytologist 162: 281-293.
130. 2-enriched atmosphere. New Phytologist 131: 91-97.
131. 2 - do photosynthetic and productivity data from FACE experiments support early predictions? New Phytologist 162: 253-280.
132. O'Neill E.G. (1994). Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant and Soil 165: 55-65.
133. 2 enrichment. Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds. G.W. Kock & H.A. Mooney), pp. 87-103. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
134. 2- enriched atmosphere. Nature 411: 469-472.
135. Ormrod D.P., Lesser V.M., Olszyk D.M. & Tingey D.T. (1999). Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide affect chlorophyll and carotenoids in douglas-fir seedlings. International Journal of Plant Science 160: 529-534.
136. 2 enrichment on exchange rates of beech stands in small model ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 70: 259-277.
137. Parton W.J., Woomer P.L. & Martin A. (1994). Modelling soil organic matter dynamics and plant productivity in tropical ecosystems. The Biological Management of Tropical Soil Fertility (eds. P.L. Woomer & M.J. Swift), pp.171-188. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
138. Pearce F. (1999). That sinking feeling. New Scientist 164 (2209): 20-21.
139. Penning de Vries F.W.T., Brunsting A.H.M. & van Laar H.H. (1974). Products, requirements and efficiency of biosynthesis: a quantitative approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology 45: 339-377.
140. Petit J.R., Jouzei J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Benders M., Chapellaz J., Davis M., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotiyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Y., Lorius C., Pepin L., Ritz C., Salzman E. & Stievenard M. (1999). Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 339: 429-436.
141. Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Higuchi N., Laurance W.F., Núñez P.V., Vásquez R.M., Laurance S.G., Ferreira L.V., Stern M., Brown S. & Grace J. (1998). Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots. Science 282: 439-442.
142. 2 enrichment and gas exchange measurement on branches of mature beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.). Responses of Trees and Forests to Global Change. ECOCRAFT/ICAT International Symposium, p. 41.
143. 2 concentration. Vegetatio 104/105: 77-97.
144. 2: on winners, losers and functional groups. New Phytologist 157: 175-198.
145. 2 under non-optimal environmental conditions. Oecologia 129: 1-20.
146. Post W.M. & Kwon K.C. (2000). Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biology 6: 317-327.
147. Pregitzer K.S. & Euskirchen E.S. (2004). Carbon cycling and storage in world forests: biome patterns related to forest age. Global Change Biology 10: 2052-2077.
148. 2 and soil-N availability on fine roots of Populus tremuloides. Ecological Applications 10: 18-33.
149. Prentice C.I., Farquhar G.D., Fasham M.J.R., Goulden M.L., Heimann M., Jaramillo V.J., Kheshgi H.S., Le Quéré C., Scholes R.J. & Wallace D.W.R. (2001). The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (eds. J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell & C.A. Johnson). pp. 183-237 CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK.
150. Roberts E.H., Summerfield R.J., Ellis R.H., Craufurd P.Q & Wheeler T.R. (1997). The induction of flowering. The Physiology of Vegetable Crops (ed. H.C. Wien), pp. 69-100. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
151. 2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. Environmental Pollution 83: 155-189.
152. 2 concentrations: 14C partitioning after pulse labeling. Plant and Soil 180: 101-111.
153. Running S.W., Nemani R.R., Heinsch F.A., Zhao M., Reeves M. & Hashimoto H. (2004). A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. BioScience 54: 547-560.
154. Ryan M.G., Hubbard R.M., Pongracic S., Raison R.J., Mcmurtrie R.E. (1996). Foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue and stand respiration in Pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status. Tree Physiology 16: 333-343.
155. 2. Global Change Biology 3: 217-224.
156. Sage R.F. (2001). Environmental and evolutionary preconditions for the origin and diversification of the C4 photosynthetic syndrome. Plant Biology 3: 202-213.
157. Saxe H., Cannell M.G.R., Johnsen O., Ryan M. & Vourlitis G. (2001). Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming. New Phytologist 149: 369-400.
158. 2 atmosphere. New Phytologist 139: 395-436.
159. Scherzel A.J., Rebbeck J. & Boerner R.E.J. (1998). Foliar nitrogen dynamics and decomposition of yellow-poplar and eastern white pine during four seasons of exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide. Forest Ecology and Management 109: 355-366.
160. Schimel D.S., House J.I., Hibbard K.A., Bousquet P., Ciais P., Peylin P., Braswell B.H., Apps M.J., Baker D., Bondeau A., Canadell J., Churkina G., Cramer W., Denning A.S., Field C.B., Friedlingstein P., Goodale C., Heimann M., Houghton R.A., Melillo J.M., Moore III B., Murdiyarso D., Noble I., Pacala S.W., Prentice I.C., Raupach M.R., Rayner P.J., Scholes R.J., Steffen W.L. & Wirth C. (2001). Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by tropical ecosystems. Nature 414: 169-172.
161. 2. Nature 411: 466-469.
162. Siegenthaler U., Stocker R.F., Monnin E., Lüthi D., Schwander J., Stauffer B., Raynaud D., Barnola J-M., Fischer H., Masson-Delmotte V. & Jouzel J. (2005). Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene. Science 310: 1313-1317.
163. Squire G.R. (1990) The Physiology of Tropical Crop Production. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
164. Stern N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
165. Stewart J.D. & Hoddinott J. (1993).Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and UV-radiation in Pinus banksiana. Physiologia Plantarum 88: 493-500.
166. Sun O.J. & Sweet G.B. (1996). Genotypic variation in light and temperature response of photosynthesis in Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortiodes and N. menziesii. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 23: 421-428.
167. Swift M.J., Heal O.W. & Anderson J.M. (1979). Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
168. 2-fertilized vegetation on future global climate and carbon dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L23211.
169. Tingey D.T., McCeety B.D., Waschmann R., Johnson M.G., Phillips D.L., Rygiewicz P.T. & Olszyk D.M. (1996). A versatile sun-lit controlled-environment facility for studying plant and soil processes. Journal of Environmental Quality 25: 614-625.
170. Tissue D.T., Thomas R.B. & Strain B.R. (1996). Growth and photosynthesis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings. Plant, Cell and Environment 16: 859-865.
171. 2 enrichment increases growth and photosynthesis of Pinus taeda: a four year experiment in the field. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 1123-1134.
172. Van de Water P.K., Leavitt S.W. & Betancourt J.L. (1994). Trends in stomatal density and 13C/12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle. Science 264: 239-243.
173. 2 and N fertilization on soil respiration from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in open-top chambers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 1243-1251.
174. 2. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 82: 195-217.
175. Wetherald R.T. & Manabe S. (2002). Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming. Journal of Geophysical Research 107: 4379.
176. 2 stabilization, climate change and the terrestrial carbon sink. Global Change Biology 6: 817-833.
177. Whitehead D., Hogen K.P., Rogers G.N.D., Byers J.N., Hunt J.E., McSeveny T.M., Hollinger D.Y., Dungan R.J., Earl W.B. & Bourke M.P. (1995). Performance of large open-top chambers for long-term field investigations of tree response to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Journal of Biogeography 22: 307-313.
178. Wielicki B.A., Wong T., Allan R.P., Slingo A., Kiehl J.T., Soden B.J., Gordon C.T., Miller A.J., Yang S-K., Randall D.A., Robertson F., Susskind J. & Jacobowitz H. (2002). Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget. Science 295: 841-844.
179. Wigley T.M.L. & Raper S.C.B. (2001). Interpretation of high projections for global-mean warming. Science 293: 451-454.
180. Wild M., Gilgen H., Roesch A., Atsumu Ohmura A., Long C.N., Dutton E.G., Forgan B., Kallis A., Russak V. & Tsvetkov A. (2005). From dimming to brightening: decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface. Science 308: 847-850.
181. Williamson G.B., Laurance S.G., Oliveira A.A., Delamônica P., Gascon C., Lovejoy T.E. & Pohl L. (2000). Amazonian tree mortality during the 1997 El Niño drought. Conservation Biology 14: 1538-1542.
182. 2. Flora 194: 221-227.
183. 2 from pre-industrial levels. Nature 327: 617-618.
184. 2 partial pressure. Journal of Experimental Botany 39: 1771-1781.
185. 2: ecological consequences. New Phytologist 153: 477-484.
186. 2 enrichment: a compilation of results. Advances in Carbon Dioxide Effects Research (eds. L.H.J. Allen, M.B. Kirkham, D.M. Olszyck & C.E. Williams), pp. 79-100. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication, No. 61, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
187. 2 enrichment. Physiologia Plantarum 93: 47-54.
188. 2 enrichment. Physiologia Plantarum 90: 221-229.