Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 76-99

  de Ridder, Denise T D ^a   Lensvelt Mulders, Gerty ^a   Finkenauer, Catrin ^b   Stok, F Marijn ^a   Baumeister, Roy F ^c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

adaptive behavior; impulsiveness; meta analysis; self control; self regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84055178540     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1088868311418749     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. AdriaanseM. A.de RidderD. T. D.de Wit J. B. F. (2007). [Self-control, spontaneous planning and product choice]. Unpublished raw data.
2. Ainslie G. W.Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.Psychological Bulletin. 1975;82:463-496.
3. Alberts H.,Maroofi S.,De relatie tussen verwachtingen en interpersoonlijke verschillen in zelfcontrole [The relation between expectations and interpersonal differences in self-control].Martijn C.Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2005. Holland R. W.Ouwerkerk J.van Laar C.Ruiter R.Ham J., ed. Groningen, Netherlands: Aspo Pers; 2005:13-21.
4. Alberts H.Martijn C. (2007a). [Self-control and BIS/BAS]. cc
5. Alberts H.Martijn C. (2007b). [Self-control and promotion/prevention focus]. Unpublished raw data.
6. Alberts H.,Martijn C.,Greb J.,Merkelbach H.,De Vries N.Carrying on or giving in: The role of automatic processes in overcoming ego depletion.British Journal of Social Psychology. 2007;46:383-399.
7. Anestis M. D.,Peterson C. B.,Bardone-Cone A. M.,Klein M. H.,Mitchell J. E.,Crosby R. D.,Joiner T. E.Affective lability and impulsivity in a clinical sample of women with bulimia nervosa: The role of affect in severely dysregulated behavior.International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2009;42:259-266.
8. Bailey C. A.,Ostrov J. M.Differentiating forms and functions of aggression in emerging adults: Associations with hostile attribution biases and normative beliefs.Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2008;37:713-722.
9. Bakhuys Roozeboom M. C. (2004). De relatie tussen sekse en State/Action-oriëntatie: Een onderzoek naar de discrepantie tussen de daadwerkelijke en de ideale State/Action-oriëntatie bij mannen en vrouwen[The relation between gender and state/action orientation: A study of the discrepancy between actual and ideal state/action orientation in males and females] (Unpublished master's thesis). VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
10. Balodis I. M.,Potenza M. N.,Olmstead M. C.Binge drinking in undergraduates: Relationships with sex, drinking behaviors, impulsivity, and the perceived effects of alcohol.Behavioural Pharmacology. 2009;20:518-526.
11. Bandura A.Human agency in social cognitive theory.American Psychologist. 1989;44:1175-1184.
12. Bargh J. A.Handbook of social cognition. 1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In WyerR. S.Jr.SrullT. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Wyer R. S.Srull T. K., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:1-40.
13. Baumeister R. F.,Alquist J. L.Is there a downside to good self-control?.Self and Identity. 2009;8:115-130.
14. Baumeister R. F.,Bratslavsky E.,Finkenauer C.,Vohs K. D.Bad is stronger than good.Review of General Psychology. 2001;5:323-370.
15. Baumeister R. F.,Bratslavsky E.,Muraven M.,Tice D. M.Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:1252-1265.
16. Baumeister R. F.,Catanese K. R.,Vohs K. D.Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2001;5:242-273.
17. Baumeister R. F.,Heatherton T. F.Self-regulation failure: An overview.Psychological Inquiry. 1996;7:1-15.
18. Baumeister R. F.,Heatherton T. F.,Tice D. M.Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1994:.
19. Bjork J. M.,Hommer D. W.,Grant S. J.,Danube C.Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: Relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2-like traits.Alcohol. 2004;34:133-150.
20. Brady S. S.Lifetime community violence exposure and health risk behavior among young adults in college.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;39:610-613.
21. Brandon J. E.,Oescher J.,Loftin J. M.The self-control questionnaire: An assessment.Health Values. 1990;14:3-9.
22. Carmichael S.,Piquero A. R.Sanctions, perceived anger, and criminal offending.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2004;20:371-393.
23. Carver C. S.,Scheier M. F.Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1981:.
24. Carver C. S.,Scheier M. F.Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-Social, clinical, and health psychology.Psychological Bulletin. 1982;92:111-135.
25. Carver C. S.,Scheier M. F.On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1998:.
26. Cohen J.A power primer.Psychological Bulletin. 1992;112:155-159.
27. Cooper H. M. On the social psychology of using research reviews: The case of desegregation and black achievement. The social psychology of education. Feldman R., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1986:341-365.
28. Cooper H.,Hedges L. V.The handbook of research synthesis. New York, NY: Russell Sage; 1994:.
29. Dahlen E. R.,Martin R. C.,Ragan K.,Kuhlman M. M.Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving.Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2005;37:341-348.
30. Danner U. N.,Ouwehand C.,Van Haastert N.,Hornsveld H.,De Ridder D.European Eating Disorders Review. in press:.
31. De Boer B.,Van Hooft E. A. J.,Bakker A.Stop and start control: A distinction within self-control.European Journal of Personality.
32. De HoogS. R. (2005). Don't worry be action!! De invloed van verschillen in de State/Action-oriëntatie op relatietevredenheid[Don't worry be action!! The influence of differences in the State/Action orientation on relationship satisfaction] (Unpublished master's thesis). VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
33. De Kemp R. A. T.,Vermulst A. A.,Finkenauer C.,Scholte R. H. J.,Overbeek G.,Rommes E. W. M.,Engels R. M. C. E.Self-control and early adolescent antisocial behavior: A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Early Adolescence. 2009;29:497-517.
34. Demaree H.A.,DeDonno M.A.,Burns K.J.,Everhart D. E.You bet: How personality differences affect risk-taking preferences.Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;44:1484-1494.
35. DenissenJ. J. A.PenkeL.van AkenM. A. G. (2007). [Personality and self-control in a German adult sample]. Unpublished raw data.
36. De Ridder D. T. D.,De Boer B. J.,Lugtig P.,Bakker A. B.,Van Hooft E. A. J.Not doing bad things is not equivalent to doing the right thing: Distinguishing between inhibitory and initiatory self-control.Personality and Individual Differences. 2011;50:1006-1011.
37. DeWall C. N.,Baumeister R. F.,Gailliot M.T.,Maner J. K.Depletion makes the heart grow less helpful: Helping as a function of self-regulatory energy and genetic relatedness.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008;34:1653-1662.
38. DeWall C. N.,Baumeister R. F.,Stillman T. F.,Gailliot M.T.Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2007;43:62-76.
39. De Wit J. B. F.,Adam P. C. G.Sexual risk-taking in gay men: A focus on non-intentional processes. Utrecht, Netherlands: Institute for Prevention & Social Research; 2007.
40. Ditto P. H.,Pizarro D. A.,Epstein E. B.,Jacobson J. A.,MacDonald T. K.Visceral influences on risk-taking behavior.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 2006;19:99-113.
41. Dom G.,De Wilde B.,Hulstijn W.,Sabbe B.Dimensions of impulsive behaviour in abstinent alcoholics.Personality and Individual Differences. 2007;42:465-476.
42. Dom G.,De Wilde B.,Hulstijn W.,Van den Brink W.,Sabbe B.Behavioural aspects of impulsivity in alcoholics with and without a cluster-B personality disorder.Alcohol & Alcoholism. 2006;41:412-420.
43. Doran N.,McChargue D.,Cohen L.Impulsivity and the reinforcing value of cigarette smoking.Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32:90-98.
44. Duckworth A. L.,Kern M. L.A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures.Journal of Research in Personality. 2011;45:259-268.
45. Duckworth A. L.,Seligman M. E. P.Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.Psychological Science. 2005;16:939-944.
46. Eagly A. H.Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1987:.
47. Emons W. H. M.,Sijtsma K.,Meijer R. R.On the consistency of individual classification using short scales.Psychological Methods. 2007;12:105-120.
48. Engels R. C. M. E.,Finkenauer C.,Van Kooten D. C.Lying behavior, family functioning and adjustment in early adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2006;35:949-958.
49. Enticott P. G.,Ogloff J. R. P.,Bradshaw A.Associations between laboratory measures of executive inhibitory control and self-reported impulsivity.Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;41:285-294.
50. EversC.AdriaanseM.De RidderD. T. D. (2007). [Eating styles and affect regulation]. Unpublished raw data.
51. EversC.De RidderD. T. D. (2007). [Increased food intake after resource depletion in order to replenish the self-regulatory resource?]. Unpublished raw data.
52. Fagen S. A.,Long N. J.,Stevens D. J.Teaching children self-control: Preventing emotional and learning problems in the elementary school. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill; 1975:.
53. Fennis B. M.,Janssen L.,Vohs K. D.Acts of benevolence: A limited resource account of compliance with charitable requests.Journal of Consumer Research. 2009;35:906-924.
54. Ferguson M. J.On becoming ready to pursue a goal you don't know you have: Effects of nonconscious goals on evaluative readiness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:1268-1294.
55. Fillmore M. T.,Blackburn J. S.,Harrison E. L. R.Acute disinhibiting effects of alcohol as a factor in risky driving behavior.Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2008;95:97-106.
56. Finkel E. J.,Campbell W. K.Self-control and accommodation in close relationships: An interdependence analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:263-277.
57. FinkenauerC. (2006-2008). [The Search for Inter-Personal Accuracy (SIPA) Project: A longitudinal study among newlywed couples]. Unpublished raw data.
58. Finkenauer C.,Engels R. C. M. E.,Baumeister R. F.Parenting and adolescent eternalizing and internalizing problems: The role of self-control.International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2005;29:58-69.
59. Fishbach A.,Friedman R.,Kruglanski A.Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit automatic goal activation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:296-309.
60. Fishbach A.,Labroo A. A.Be better or be merry: How mood affects self-control.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;93:158-173.
61. Fitzsimons G. M.,Bargh J. A.Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. Baumeister R. F.Vohs K. D., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2004:151-170.
62. Frederick S.,Loewenstein G.,O'Donoghue T. Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Time and decision: Economic and psychological perspectives on intertemporal choice. Loewenstein G.Read D.Baumeister R. F., ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage; 2003:13-86.
63. Friese M.,Hofmann W.Control me or I will control you: Impulses, trait self-control, and the guidance of behavior.Journal of Research in Personality. 2009;43:795-805.
64. FrijnsT.FinkenauerC. (2005). [Psychosocial correlates of keeping a secret: Longitudinal contribution to psychosocial problems]. Unpublished raw data.
65. Frijns T.,Finkenauer C.Longitudinal associations between keeping a secret and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence.International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2009;33:145-154.
66. Frijns T.,Finkenauer C.,Vermulst A.,Engels R. C. M. E.Keeping secrets from parents: Longitudinal associations of secrecy in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2005;34:137-148.
67. Gailliot M.T. (2007a). [Depletion basic study]. Unpublished raw data.
68. Gailliot M.T.(2007b).[Depletion and controlled attention]. Unpublished raw data.
69. Gailliot M.T. (2007c). [Depletion, emotion regulation and helping]. Unpublished raw data
70. Gailliot M.T. (2007d). [Depletion and helping: Katie Banks]. Unpublished raw data.
71. Gailliot M.T. (2007e). [Depletion and memory]. Unpublished raw data.
72. Gailliot M.T. (2007f). [Depletion and passivity]. Unpublished raw data.
73. Gailliot M.T. (2007g). [Depletion and persistence]. Unpublished raw data.
74. Gailliot M.T. (2007h). [Depletion and process dissociation]. Unpublished raw data.
75. Gailliot M.T. (2007j) [Depletion and public speaking]. Unpublished raw data.
76. Gailliot M.T. (2007j). [Depletion and sexual harassment]. Unpublished raw data.
77. Gailliot M.T. (2007k). [Depletion and sexual jealousy]. Unpublished raw data.
78. Gailliot M.T.,Baumeister R. F.Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failures at restraining sexual behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:173-186.
79. GerritsJ. H. (2007). [Self-control and eating behavior of adolescents]. Unpublished raw data.
80. Gerrits J. H.,O'Hara R.,Piko B.,Gibbons F.,De Ridder D.,De Wit J., Kamagh S.Self-control, diet concerns, and prototypes: Shared predictors of adolescents unhealthy eating across cultures.Health Education Research.
81. Gibson C.,Schreck C. J.,Miller J. M.Binge drinking and negative alcohol-related behaviors: A test of self-control theory.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2004;32:411-420.
82. Gibson C. L.,Ward J. T.,Wright J. P.,Beaver K. M.,Delisi M.Where does gender fit in the measurement of self-control?.Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2010;37:883-903.
83. Glicksohn J.,Leshem R.,Aharoni R.Impulsivity and time estimation: Casting a net to catch a fish.Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;40:261-271.
84. Glicksohn J.,Nahari G.Interacting personality traits? Smoking as a test case.European Journal of Personality. 2007;21:225-234.
85. Gollwitzer P. M. Action phases and mindsets. Handbook of motivation and cognition. Higgins E. T.Sorrentino R. M., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 1990:53-92.
86. Gollwitzer P. M.,Sheeran P.Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2006;38:69-119.
87. Gottfredson M. R.,Hirschi T.A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1990:.
88. Gottman J.Why marriages succeed or fail?. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1994:.
89. Goudriaan A. E.,Grekin E. R.,Sher K. J.Decision making and binge drinking: A longitudinal study.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007;31:928-938.
90. Gough H. G.California Psychological Inventory- Administrator's guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1987:.
91. Gover A. R.,Kaukinen C.,Fox K. A.The relationship between violence in the family of origin and dating violence among college students.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008;23:1667-1693.
92. Grasmick H. G.,Tittle C. R.,Bursik R. J. J.,Arneklev B. J.Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1993;30:5-29.
93. Ha R.,Namkoong K.,Kang J.,Kim Y.,Kim S. J.Interaction between serotonin transporter promoter and dopamine receptor D4 polymorphisms on decision making.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2009;33:1217-1222.
94. Heckhausen H.,Gollwitzer P. M.Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivational and volitional states of mind.Motivation and Emotion. 1987;11:101-120.
95. Heideheuvel Hospital. Self-control in obese adolescents undergoing treatment. Hilversum, Netherlands: V. T. Colland & D. T. D. De Ridder; 2005:.
96. Heyman G. M.,Gibb S. P.Delay discounting in college cigarette chippers.Behavioural Pharmacology. 2006;17:669-679.
97. Higgins G. E.Can low self-control help with the understanding of the software piracy problem?.Deviant Behavior. 2005;26:1-24.
98. Higgins G. E.Digital piracy: An examination of low self-control and motivation using short-term longitudinal data.CyberPsychology & Behavior. 2007;10:523-529.
99. Higgins G. E.,Fell B. D.,Wilson A. L.Low self-control and social learning in understanding students' intentions to pirate movies in the United States.Social Science Computer Review. 2007;25:339-357.
100. Higgins G. E.,Marcum C. D.Can the theory of planned behavior mediate the effects of low self-control on alcohol use?.College Student Journal. 2005;39:90-103.
101. Higgins G. E.,Wolfe S. E.,Marcum C. D.Digital piracy: An examination of three measurements of self-control.Deviant Behavior. 2008;29:440-460.
102. Higgins J. P.,Thompson S. G.Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis.Statistics in Medicine. 2002;21:1539-1558.
103. Higgins J. P.,Thompson S. G.,Deeks J. J.,Altman D. G.Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.British Medical Journal. 2003;327:557-560.
104. Hofmann W.,Friese M.,Strack F.Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective.Psychological Science. 2009;4:162-176.
105. Hofmann W.,Gschwendner T.,Friese M.,Wiers R. W.,Schmitt M.Working memory capacity and self-regulation: Toward an individual difference perspective on behaviour determination by automatic versus controlled processes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:962-977.
106. James L. M.,Taylor J.Impulsivity and negative emotionality associated with substance use problems and Cluster B personality in college students.Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32:714-727.
107. Jollant F.,Guillaume S.,Jaussent I.,Bellivier F.,Leboyer M.,Castelnau D.,Courtet P.Psychiatric diagnoses and personality traits associated with disadvantageous decision-making.European Psychiatry. 2007;22:455-461.
108. Jones S.,Quisenberry N.The general theory of crime: How general is it?.Deviant Behavior. 2004;25:401-426.
109. Kahneman D.,Tversky A.Choices, values and frames.American Psychologist. 1984;39:341-350.
110. Kendall P. C.,Williams C. L.Assessing the cognitive and behavioral components of children's self-management.Self-management and behavior change. Karoly P.Kanfer F. H., ed. New York, NY: Pergamon; 1982:240-284.
111. Kieras J. E.,Tobin R. M.,Graziano W. G.,Rothbart M. K.You can't always get what you want: Effortful control and children's response to undesired gifts.Psychological Science. 2005;16:391-396.
112. KuijerR. G.De RidderD. T. D. (2005). [Self-control and performance on the Iowa Gambling Task]. Unpublished raw data.
113. Kuijer R. G.,De Ridder D. T. D.,Ouwehand C.,Houx B.,Van den Bos R.Dieting as a case of behavioral decision making: Does self-control matter?.Appetite. 2008;51:506-511.
114. Langton L.,Piquero N. L.,Hollinger R. C.An empirical test of the relationship between employee theft and low self-control.Deviant Behavior. 2006;27:537-565.
115. Lejuez C. W.,Bornovalova M. A.,Reynolds E. K.,Daughters S. B.,Curtin J. J.Risk factors in the relationship between gender and crack/cocaine.Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007;15:165-175.
116. Leland D. S.,Paulus M. P.Increased risk-taking decision-making but not altered response to punishment in stimulant-using young adults.Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;78:83-90.
117. Lensvelt-Mulders G. J. L. M.,Hox J. J.,Van der Heijden P. G. M.,Maas C. J. M.Meta-analysis of randomized response research: 35 years of validation studies.Sociological Methods and Research. 2005;33:319-348.
118. Letzring T. D.,Block J.,Funder D. C.Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self.Journal of Research in Personality. 2005;39:395-422.
119. Liao P.-C.,Uher R.,Lawrence N.,Treasure J.,Schmidt U.,Campbell I. C.,Tchanturia K.An examination of decision making in bulimia nervosa.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2009;31:455-461.
120. Lipsey M. W.,Wilson D. B.Practical meta-analysis: Vol. 49. Applied social research methods series. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001:.
121. Loewenstein G.Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1996;65:272-292.
122. Logue A. W.Research on self-control: An integrating framework.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1988;11:665-709.
123. Loxton N. J.,Nguyen D.,Casey L.,Dawe S.Reward drive, rash impulsivity and punishment sensitivity in problem gamblers.Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;45:167-173.
124. Malin J.,Fowers B. J.Adolescent self-control and music and movie piracy.Computers in Human Behavior. 2009;25:718-722.
125. McCabe L. A.,Cunnington M.,Brooks-Gunn J.The development of self regulation in young children: Individual characteristics and environmental contexts.Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. Baumeister R. F.Vohs K. D., ed. New York,NY: Guilford; 2004:340-356.
126. Metcalfe J.,Mischel W.A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower.Psychological Review. 1999;106:3-19.
127. Miller B. L.,Griffin O. H.,Gibson C. L.,Khey D. N.Trippin' on Sally D: Exploring predictors of Salvia divinorum experimentation.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2009;37:396-403.
128. Miller J. D.,Campbell W. K.,Young D. L.,Lakey C. E.,Reidy D. E.,Zeichner A.,Goodie A. S.Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self-defeating behaviors.Journal of Personality. 2009;77:761-193.
129. Mischel H. N.,Mischel W.The development of children's knowledge of self-control strategies.Child Development. 1983;54:603-619.
130. Mischel W.Processes in delay of gratification.Advances in experimental social psychology. Berkowitz L., ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1974:249-292.
131. Mischel W.,Cantor N.,Feldman S.Principles of self-regulation: The nature of willpower and self-control.Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. Higgins E. T.Kruglanski A. W., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 1996:329-360.
132. Mischel W.,Shoda Y.,Peake P. K.The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;54:687-696.
133. Mischel W.,Shoda Y.,Rodriguez M. L.Delay of gratification in children.Science. 1989;244:933-938.
134. Mobini S.,Grant A.,Kass A. E.,Yeomans M. R.Relationships between functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, delay discounting and cognitive distortions.Personality and Individual Differences. 2007;43:1517-1528.
135. Morris G. D.,Wood P. B.,Dunaway R. G.Self-control, native traditionalism, and native American substance use: Testing the cultural invariance of a general theory of crime.Crime & Delinquency. 2006;52:572-598.
136. Muraven M.Autonomous self-control is less depleting.Journal of Research in Personality. 2007;42:763-770.
137. Muraven M.,Baumeister R. F.Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?.Psychological Bulletin. 2000;126:247-259.
138. Muraven M.,Tice D. M.,Baumeister R. F.Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:774-789.
139. Nordgren L.,Van der Pligt J.,Harreveld F.The restraint bias: How the illusion of self-restraint promotes impulsive behavior.Psychological Science. 2010;20:1523-1528.
140. Norman D. A.,Shallice T.Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour.Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory. Davidson R. J.Schwartz G. E.Shapiro D., ed. New York, NY: Plenum; 1986:1-18.
141. OuwehandC.De RidderD. T. D. (2007). [Liking and wanting in people with overweight]. Unpublished raw data.
142. OuwehandC.De RidderD. T. D. (2008). [Effect of tempting food cues on the motivation to eat chocolate]. Unpublished raw data.
143. Özbay Ö.Self-control, gender, and deviance among Turkish university students.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2008;36:72-80.
144. Patton J. H.,Stanford M. S.,Barratt E. S.Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1995;51:768-774.
145. Pietrzak R. H.,Sprague A.,Snyder P. J.Trait impulsiveness and executive function in healthy young adults.Journal of Research in Personality. 2008;42:1347-1351.
146. Pratt T. C.,Cullen F. T.The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: A meta-analysis.Criminology. 2000;38:931-964.
147. Rachlin H.The science of self-control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2000:.
148. Rawn C. D.,Vohs K. D.People use self-control to risk personal harm: An intra-interpersonal dilemma.Personality and Social Psychology Review. in press:.
149. Rebellon C. J.,Piquero N. L.,Piquero A. R.,Thaxton S.Do frustrated economic expectations and objective economic inequity promote crime? A randomized experiment testing Agnew's general strain theory.European Journal of Criminology. 2009;6:47-71.
150. Roberts B. W.,Walton K. E.,Bogg T.Conscientiousness and health across the life course.Review of General Psychology. 2005;9:156-168.
151. Rosenbaum M.A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: Preliminary findings.Behavior Therapy. 1980;11:109-121.
152. Rothbart M. K.,Ellis L. K.,Rueda M. R.,Posner M. I.Developing mechanisms of temperamental effortful control.Journal of Personality. 2003;71:1113-1143.
153. Rothbaum F.,Weisz J. R.,Snyder S. S.Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982;42:5-37.
154. Rusbult C. E.,Verette J.,Whitney G. A.,Slovik L. F.,Lipkus I.Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:53-78.
155. Schmeichel B. J.Attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2007;136:241-255.
156. SchmeichelB. J.Harmon-JonesC.SmithS. M. (2008). Cognitive reappraisal improves memory for emotional stimuli among individuals high in trait self-control. Unpublished manuscript, Texas A & M University, College Station.
157. Schmeichel B. J.,Vohs K. D.,Baumeister R. F.Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:33-46.
158. Schmeichel B. J.,Zell A.Trait self-control predicts performance on behavioral tests of self-control.Journal of Personality. 2007;75:1-13.
159. Schoepfer A.,Piquero A. R.Self-control, moral beliefs, and criminal activity.Deviant Behavior. 2006;27:51-71.
160. Seligman M.What you can change and what you can't. New York, NY: Knopf; 1994:.
161. Shoda Y.,Mischel W.,Peake P. K.Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions.Developmental Psychology. 1990;26:978-986.
162. Silverman I. W.Gender differences in delay of gratification: A meta-analysis.Sex Roles. 2003;49:451-463.
163. Smith T. R.Low self-control, staged opportunity, and subsequent fraudulent behavior.Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2004;31:542-563.
164. Steinberg L.,Graham S.,O'Brien L.,Woolard J.,Cauffman J.,Banich M.Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting.Child Development. 2009;80:28-44.
165. Stolk R. P.,Rosmalen J. G.,Postma D. S.,De Boer R. A.,Navis G.,Slaets J. P., Wolffenbuttel B. H. R.Universal risk for multifactorial diseases: LifeLines, a three-generation population-based study.European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;23:67-74.
166. Stoltenberg S. F.,Batien B. D.,Birgenheir D. G.Does gender moderate associations among impulsivity and health-risk behaviors?.Addictive Behaviors. 2008;33:252-265.
167. Sun I. Y.,Longazel J. G.College students' alcohol-related problems: A test of competing theories.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2008;36:554-562.
168. Tangney J.,Baumeister R. F.,Boone A. L.High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.Journal of Personality. 2004;72:271-324.
169. ThoolenB. J. (2007). [Self-control and exercise]. Unpublished raw data.
170. Tice D. M.,Baumeister R. F.Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling.Psychological Science. 1997;8:454-458.
171. Tice D. M.,Baumeister R. F.,Shmueli D.,Muraven M.Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2007;43:379-384.
172. Tittle C. R.,Ward D. A.,Grasmick H. G.Self-control and crime/deviance: Cognitive vs. behavioral measures.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2003;19:333-365.
173. Unnever J. D.,Cullen F. T.,Agnew R.Why is "bad" parenting criminogenic? Implications from rival theories.Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 2006;4:3-33.
174. Van den Noortgate W.,Onghena P.Multilevel meta-analysis: A comparison with traditional meta-analytical procedures.Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2003;63:765-790.
175. VanderVeen J.W.,Cohen L.M.,Cukrowicz K.C.,Trotter D.R.M.The role of impulsivity on smoking maintenance.Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2008;10:1397-1404.
176. VanderVeen J. W.,Cohen L. M.,Trotter D. R. M.,Collins F. L.Impulsivity and the role of smoking-related outcome expectancies among dependent college-aged cigarette smokers.Addictive Behaviors. 2008;33:1006-1011.
177. Vazsonyi A. T.,Pickering L. E.,Junger M.,Hessing D.An empirical test of a general theory of crime: A four-nation comparative study of self-control and the prediction of deviance.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2001;38:91-131.
178. Verhoeven M.,Junger M.,Van Aken C.,Dekovic M.,Van Aken M. A. G.Parenting during toddlerhood: Contributions of parental, contextual, and child characteristics.Journal of Family Issues. 2007;28:1663-1691.
179. Vohs K. D.,Baumeister R. F.Understanding selfregulation.Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. Baumeister R. F.Vohs K. D., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2004:1-9.
180. Vohs K. D.,Faber R. J.Spent resources: Self-regulatory resource availability affects impulse buying.Journal of Consumer Research. 2007;33:537-547.
181. Vohs K. D.,Finkenauer C.,Baumeister R. F.Social Psychological and Personality Science. in press:.
182. Wallace H. M.,Ready C. B.,Weitenhagen E.Narcissism and task persistence.Self and Identity. 2009;8:78-93.
183. Weller R. E.,Cook E. W.,Avsar K. B.,Cox J. E.Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women.Appetite. 2008;51:563-569.
184. Wills T. A.,Cleary S.,Filer M.,Shinar O.,Mariani J.,Spera K.Temperament related to early-onset substance use: Test of a developmental model.Prevention Science. 2001;2:145-163.
185. Wills T. A.,Isasi C. R.,Mendoza D.,Ainette M. G.Self-control constructs related to measures of dietary intake and physical activity in adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41:551-558.
186. Wills T. A.,Vaccaro D.,McNamara G.Novelty seeking and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use.Journal of Substance Abuse. 1994;6:1-20.
187. Wills T. A.,Walker C.,Mendoza D.,Ainette M. G.Behavioral and emotional self-control: Relations to substance use in samples of middle and high school students.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2006;20:265-278.
188. WilsonD. B. (2000). Meta-analysis macros for SAS, SPSS, and Stata [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://mason.gmu.edu/~dwilsonb/ma.html.
189. Wojnar M.,Ilgen M. A.,Jakubczyk A.,Wnorowska A.,Klimkiewicz A.,Brower K. J.Impulsive suicide attempts predict post-treatment relapse in alcohol-dependent patients.Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2008;97:268-275.
190. Wolfe S. E.,Higgins G. E.,Marcum C. D.Deterrence and digital piracy: A preliminary examination of the role of viruses.Social Science Computer Review. 2008;26:317-333.
191. Zabelina D. L.,Robinson M. D.,Anicha C. L.The psychological tradeoffs of self-control: A multi-method investigation.Personality and Individual Differences. 2007;43:463-473.