Role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in the arterial vessel wall

Hamostaseologie

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 251-257

  Chatrou, M L L ^a   Reutelingsperger, C P ^a   Schurgers, L J ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Mgp; Vascular calcification; Vitamin K; Vitamin K antagonists

Indexed keywords

ACENOCOUMAROL; ANTIVITAMIN K; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 9; DICOUMAROL; FARNOQUINONE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; GROWTH ARREST SPECIFIC PROTEIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MENAQUINONE; OSTEOCALCIN; PHYTOMENADIONE; PROLINE RICH PROTEIN; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR A; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VITAMIN K GROUP;

APOPTOSIS; ARTERY WALL; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL MIGRATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; REVIEW; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VITAMIN INTAKE;

ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; ARTERIES; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; BLOOD PROTEINS; CALCINOSIS; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; VITAMIN K;

EID: 83755206970     PISSN: 07209355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5482/ha-1157     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Shearer MJ, Gorska R, Harrington DJ et al. Vitamin K. Vitamins and Vitamin-Like Nutrients for Prevention of Human Diseases. Berlin: DeGruyter 2011: 515-559.
2. Stenflo J, Ferlund P, Egan W, Roepstorff P. Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71: 2730-2733.
3. Nelsestuen G, Zytkovicz T, Howard J. The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1974; 249: 6347-6350.
4. Wu S, Cheung W, Frazier D, Stafford D. Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Science 1991; 254: 1634-1636.
5. Li T, Chang C, Jin D et al. Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase. Nature 2004; 427: 541-544.
6. Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V et al. Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2. Nature 2004; 427: 537-541.
7. Westhofen P, Watzka M, Marinova M et al. Human vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) mediates vitamin K-dependent intracellular antioxidant function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 15085-15094.
8. Conly J, Stein K. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins in human intestinal contents. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 311-316.
9. Booth S, Martini L, Peterson J et al. Dietary phylloquinone depletion and repletion in older women. J Nutr 2003; 133: 2565-2569.
10. Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. In: Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vnandium, and zinc. Washington, DC: 2001.
11. Gijsbers B, Jie K, Vermeer C. Effect of food composition on vitamin K absorption in human volunteers. Br J Nutr 1996; 76: 223-229.
12. Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations. Haemostasis 2000; 30: 298-307.
13. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJF, Hamulyák K et al. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood 2007; 109: 3279-3283.
14. Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Differential lipoprotein transport pathways of K-vitamins in healthy subjects. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1570: 27-32.
15. Link K. The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels. Circulation 1959; 19: 97-107.
16. Campbell MA. Haemorrhagic disease in cattle. J Biol Chem 1941; 18: 21-33.
17. st century. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1762-1764.
18. Stafford D. The vitamin K cycle. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 1873-1878.
19. Fasco M, Principe L. Vitamin K1 hydroquinone formation catalyzed by DT-diaphorase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 104: 187-192.
20. Wallin R, Gebhardt O, Prydz H. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase and its role in the vitamin K (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthaquinone)-dependent carboxylation reaction. Biochem J 1978; 169: 95-101.
21. Price P, Kaneda Y. Vitamin K counteracts the effect of warfarin in liver but not in bone. Thromb Res 1987; 46: 121-131.
22. Wallin R, Cain D, Sane D. Matrix Gla protein synthesis and gamma-carboxylation in the aortic vessel wall and proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells-a cell system which resembles the system in bone cells. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 1764-1767.
23. Burstyn-Cohen T, Heeb M, Lemke G. Lack of protein S in mice causes embryonic lethal coagulopathy and vascular dysgenesis. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 2942-2953.
24. Borissoff JI, Heeneman S, Kilinç E et al. Early atherosclerosis exhibits an enhanced procoagulant state. Circulation 2010; 122: 821-830.
25. Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, Ten Cate H. The hemo-static system as a modulator of atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1746-1760.
26. Bea F, Kreuzer J, Preusch M et al. Melagatran reduces advanced atherosclerotic lesion size and may promote plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2787-2792.
27. Anderson H, Maylock C, Williams J et al. Serum-derived protein S binds to phosphatidylserine and stimulates the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nat Immunol 2003; 4: 87-91.
28. Tabas I. Macrophage death and defective inflammation resolution in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10: 36-46.
29. Liao D, Wang X, Li M et al. Human protein S inhibits the uptake of AcLDL and expression of SR-A through Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in human macrophages. Blood 2009; 113: 165-174.
30. Hurtado B, Munoz X, Recarte-Pelz P et al. Expression of the vitamin K-dependent proteins GAS6 and protein S and the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105: 873-882.
31. Saller F, Brisset AC, Tchaikovski SN et al. Generation and phenotypic analysis of protein S-deficient mice. Blood 2009; 114: 2307-2314.
32. Levi M, Dörffler-Melly J, Reitsma P et al. Aggravation of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and cytokine activation in heterozygous protein-C-deficient mice. Blood 2003; 101: 4823-4827.
33. Okajima K. Regulation of inflammatory responses by natural anticoagulants. Immunol Rev 2001; 184: 258-274.
34. Manfioletti G, Brancolini C, Avanzi G, Schneider C. The protein encoded by a growth arrest-specific gene (gas6) is a new member of the vitamin K-dependent proteins related to protein S, a negative coregulator in the blood coagulation cascade. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13: 4976-4985.
35. Son B, Kozaki K, Iijima K et al. Statins protect human aortic smooth muscle cells from inorganic phosphate-induced calcification by restoring Gas6-Axl survival pathway. Circ Res 2006; 98: 1024-1031.
36. Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Hegyi L et al. Apoptosis regulates human vascular calcification in vitro: evidence for initiation of vascular calcification by apoptotic bodies. Circ Res 2000; 87: 1055-1062.
37. Ueland T, Gullestad L, Dahl CP et al. Undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein is associated with indices of heart failure and mortality in symptomatic aortic stenosis. J Intern Med 2010; 268: 483-492.
38. Schurgers LJ, Barreto DV, Barreto FC et al. The circulating inactive form of matrix Gla protein is a surrogate marker for vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A preliminary report. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 568-575.
39. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee M et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997; 385: 78-81.
40. Murshed M, Schinke T, McKee M, Karsenty G. Extracellular matrix mineralization is regulated locally; different roles of two gla-containing proteins. J Cell Biol 2004; 165: 625-630.
41. Price P, Faus S, Williamson M. Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1400-1407.
42. Schurgers LJ, Aebert H, Vermeer C et al. Oral anticoagulant treatment: friend or foe in cardiovascular disease? Blood 2004; 104: 3231-3232.
43. Koos R, Mahnken A, Muhlenbruch G et al. Relation of oral anticoagulation to cardiac valvular and coronary calcium assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 747-749.
44. Rennenberg RJMW, van Varik BJ, Schurgers LJ et al. Chronic coumarin treatment is associated with increased extracoronary arterial calcification in humans. Blood 2010; 115: 5121-5123.
45. Rosenhek R, Binder T, Porenta G et al. Predictors of outcome in severe, asymptomatic aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 611-617.
46. Zieman S, Melenovsky V, Kass D. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 932-943.
47. Doherty TM, Asota K, Fitzpatrick LA et al. Calcification in atherosclerosis: Bone biology and chronic inflammation at the arterial crossroads. Proc Natl. Acad Sci 2003; 100: 11201-11206.
48. Raggi P, Shaw L, Berman D, Callister T. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1663-1669.
49. Rennenberg RJMW, Kessels AGH, Schurgers LJ et al. Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5: 185-197.
50. Budoff M, Shaw L, Liu S et al. Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25,253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1860-1870.
51. Raggi P, Callister T, Shaw L. Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1272-1277.
52. Alexopoulos N, Raggi P. Calcification in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009; 6: 681-688.
53. Demer L, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 2938-2948.
54. Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II. Circulation 2003; 108: 1772-1778.
55. Vengrenyuk Y, Carlier S, Xanthos S et al. A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 14678-14683.
56. Dhore C, Cleutjens J, Lutgens E et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1998-2003.
57. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL. High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2393-2402.
58. Nadra I, Mason J, Philippidis P et al. Proinflammatory activation of macrophages by basic calcium phosphate crystals via protein kinase C and MAP kinase pathways: A vicious cycle of inflammation and arterial calcification? Circ Res 2005; 96: 1248-1256.
59. Narayan S, Pazar B, Ea H-K et al. Octacalcium phosphate crystals induce inflammation in vivo through interleukin-1 but independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mice. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 422-433.
60. Pazár B, Ea H-K, Narayan S et al. Basic calcium phosphate crystals induce monocyte/macrophage IL-1β secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. J Immunol 2011; 186: 2495-2502.
61. Ewence A, Bootman M, Roderick H et al. Calcium phosphate crystals induce cell death in human vascular smooth muscle cells. A potential mechanism in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Circ Res 2008; 103: e28-e34.
62. Nasir K, Rivera J, Yoon Y et al. Variation in atherosclerotic plaque composition according to increasing coronary artery calcium scores on computed tomography angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26: 923-932.
63. Motoyama S, Kondo T, Sarai M et al. Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 319-326.
64. Keelan PC, Bielak LF, Ashai K et al. Long-term prognostic value of coronary calcification detected by electron-beam computed tomography in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Circulation 2001; 104: 412-417.
65. Huang H, Virmani R, Younis H et al. The impact of calcification on the biomechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 2001; 103: 1051-1056.
66. Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M et al. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 2004; 110: 3424-3429.
67. Vengrenyuk Y, Cardoso L, Weinbaum S. Micro-CT based analysis of a new paradigm for vulnerable plaque rupture: cellular microcalcifications in fibrous caps. Mol Cell Biomech 2008; 5: 37-47.
68. Derlin T, Wisotzki C, Richter U et al. In Vivo Imaging of Mineral Deposition in Carotid Plaque Using 18F-Sodium Fluoride PET/CT: Correlation with Atherogenic Risk Factors. J Nucl Med March 1, 2011; 52: 362-368.
69. Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Figueiredo J et al. Osteogenesis associates with inflammation in early-stage atherosclerosis evaluated by molecular imaging in vivo. Circulation 2007; 116: 2841-2850.
70. Zaheer A, Murshed M, De Grand A et al. Optical imaging of hydroxyapatite in the calcified vasculature of transgenic animals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1132-1136.
71. Roijers RB, Debernardi N, Cleutjens JP et al. Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Am J Pathol 2011; 178: 2879-2887.
72. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJF, Knapen MHJ et al. Novel conformation-specific antibodies against matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein: undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein as marker for vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1629-1633.
73. Cranenburg ECM, Koos R, Schurgers LJ et al. Characterisation and potential diagnostic value of circulating matrix Gla protein (MGP) species. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104: 811-822.
74. Schurgers LJ, Cranenburg ECM, Vermeer C. Matrix Gla-protein: the calcification inhibitor in need of vitamin K. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 593-603.
75. Cranenburg ECM, Vermeer C, Koos R et al. The circulating inactive form of matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification. J Vasc Res 2008; 45: 427-436.
76. Schlieper G, Westenfeld R, Krüger T et al. Circulating nonphosphorylated carboxylated matrix gla protein predicts survival in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 387-395.
77. Schurgers LJ, Spronk HMH, Soute BAM et al. Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats. Blood 2007; 109: 2823-2831.
78. Westenfeld R, Krüger T, Schlieper G et al. Vitamin K2 supplementation reduces the elevated inactive form of the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein in hemodialysis patients. Am Soc Nephrol 2008; TH-FC044.
79. Yin Z, Huang Z, Cui J et al. Prothrombotic phenotype of protein Z deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 6734-6738.
80. Jackson CJ, Xue M. Activated protein C -An anticoagulant that does more than stop clots. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40: 2692-2697.
81. Vasse M. Protein Z, a protein seeking a pathology. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 548-556.
82. Shearer MJ. Role of vitamin K and Gla proteins in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000; 3: 433-438.
83. Viegas C, Cavaco S, Neves P et al. Gla-rich protein is a novel vitamin K-dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications. Am J Pathol 2009; 175: 2288-2298.
84. Kulman J, Harris J, Haldeman B, Davie E. Primary structure and tissue distribution of two novel proline-rich gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9058-9062.
85. Kulman J, Harris J, Xie L, Davie E. Identification of two novel transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins expressed broadly in fetal and adult tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 1370-1375.
86. Rios H, Koushik SV, Wang H et al. Periostin null mice exhibit dwarfism, incisor enamel defects, and an early-onset periodontal disease-like phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25: 11131-11144.
87. Shimazaki M, Nakamura K, Kii I et al. Periostin is essential for cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 295-303.