RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region (ITS) as complementary molecular markers in addition to the 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis and identification of the species of the family Mycoplasmataceae

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 515-528

  Volokhov, Dmitriy V ^a   Simonyan, Vahan ^a   Davidson, Maureen K ^b   Chizhikov, Vladimir E ^a  

^a CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

16S rRNA; Bacteria; Mycoplasmas; Phylogeny; RpoB

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; DNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE; RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA; RNA 16S; RNA POLYMERASE BETA SUBUNIT;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BAYES THEOREM; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; GENETIC MARKER; GENETICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MYCOPLASMATACEAE; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BASE SEQUENCE; BAYES THEOREM; DNA, RIBOSOMAL SPACER; DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASES; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENES, BACTERIAL; GENETIC MARKERS; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MYCOPLASMATACEAE; PHYLOGENY; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, NUCLEIC ACID;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMATACEAE; MYCOPLASMATALES;

EID: 83655190598     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: 10959513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Adekambi T., Drancourt M., Raoult D. The rpoB gene as a tool for clinical microbiologists. Trends Microbiol. 2009, 17:37-45.
2. Ansorge W.J. Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. New Biotechnol. 2009, 25:195-203.
3. Bano N., DeRae Smith A., Bennett W., Vasquez L., Hollibaugh J.T. Dominance of Mycoplasma in the guts of the Long-Jawed Mudsucker, Gillichthys mirabilis, from five California salt marshes. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 9:2636-2641.
4. Barre A., de Daruvar A., Blanchard A. MolliGen, a database dedicated to the comparative genomics of Mollicutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32:D307-310.
5. Bennasar A., Mulet M., Lalucat J., Garcia-Valdes E. PseudoMLSA: a database for multigenic sequence analysis of Pseudomonas species. BMC Microbiol. 2010, 10:118.
6. Bercic R.L., Slavec B., Lavric M., Narat M., Zorman-Rojs O., Dovc P., Bencina D. A survey of avian Mycoplasma species for neuraminidase enzymatic activity. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 130:391-397.
7. Blackwood K.S., Turenne C.Y., Harmsen D., Kabani A.M. Reassessment of sequence-based targets for identification of Bacillus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:1626-1630.
8. Bradbury J.M. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the interim meetings. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2001, 51:2227-2230.
9. Bradbury J.M. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57:187-191.
10. Brown D.R. Tenericutes (Mollicutes). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2010, 567-723. Springer, New York. N.R. Krieg, J.T. Staley, D.R. Brown, B. Hedlund, B.J. Paster, N. Ward, W. Ludwig, W.B. Whitman (Eds.).
11. Brown D.R., McLaughlin G.S., Brown M.B. Taxonomy of the feline mycoplasmas Mycoplasma felifaucium, Mycoplasma feliminutum, Mycoplasma felis, Mycoplasma gateae, Mycoplasma leocaptivus, Mycoplasma leopharyngis, and Mycoplasma simbae by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45:560-564.
12. Brown D.R., Demcovitz D.L., Plourde D.R., Potter S.M., Hunt M.E., Jones R.D., Rotstein D.S. Mycoplasma iguanae sp. nov., from a green iguana (Iguana iguana) with vertebral disease. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2006, 56:761-764.
13. Brown D.R., Whitcomb R.F., Bradbury J.M. Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57:2703-2719.
14. Chalker V.J., Brownlie J. Taxonomy of the canine Mollicutes by 16S rRNA gene and 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region sequence comparison. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2004, 54:537-542.
15. Christensen H., Kuhnert P., Busse H.J., Frederiksen W.C., Bisgaard M. Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57:166-178.
16. Clark G.W., Tillier E.R. Loss and gain of GroEL in the Mollicutes. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2010, 88:185-194.
17. Clarridge J.E. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2004, 17:840-862.
18. Fadiel A., Eichenbaum K.D., El Semary N., Epperson B. Mycoplasma genomics: tailoring the genome for minimal life requirements through reductive evolution. Front. Biosci. 2007, 12:2020-2028.
19. Felsenstein J. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 1981, 17:368-376.
20. Firrao G., Brown D.R. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2011, 61:695-697.
21. Frank D.N., St Amand A.L., Feldman R.A., Boedeker E.C., Harpaz N., Pace N.R. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:13780-13785.
22. Fraser C.M., Gocayne J.D., White O., Adams M.D., Clayton R.A., Fleischmann R.D., Bult C.J., Kerlavage A.R., Sutton G., Kelley J.M., Fritchman R.D., Weidman J.F., Small K.V., Sandusky M., Fuhrmann J., Nguyen D., Utterback T.R., Saudek D.M., Phillips C.A., Merrick J.M., Tomb J.F., Dougherty B.A., Bott K.F., Hu P.C., Lucier T.S., Peterson S.N., Smith H.O., Hutchison C.A., Venter J.C. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 1995, 270:397-403.
23. Fraune S., Zimmer M. Host-specificity of environmentally transmitted Mycoplasma-like isopod symbionts. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 10:2497-2504.
24. Ghadersohi A., Owens L. Isolation, characterisation and DNA analysis of Mycoplasma spp. From moribound prawns Penaeus monodon cultured in Australia. Diseases Aquat. Organ. 1999, 35:53-61.
25. Guimaraes A.M., Santos A.P., SanMiguel P., Walter T., Timenetsky J., Messick J.B. Complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma suis and insights into its biology and adaption to an erythrocyte niche. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e19574.
26. Gurtler V., Stanisich V.A. New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology 1996, 142(Pt 1):3-16.
27. Hall B.G. Comparison of the accuracies of several phylogenetic methods using protein and DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22:792-802.
28. Harasawa R., Pitcher D.G., Ramirez A.S., Bradbury J.M. A putative transposase gene in the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of Mycoplasma imitans. Microbiology 2004, 150:1023-1029.
29. Heldtander M., Pettersson B., Tully J.G., Johansson K.E. Sequences of the 16S rRNA genes and phylogeny of the goat mycoplasmas Mycoplasma adleri, Mycoplasma auris, Mycoplasma cottewii and Mycoplasma yeatsii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1998, 48(Pt 1):263-268.
30. Heyward J.T., Sabry M.Z., Dowdle W.R. Characterization of Mycoplasma species of feline origin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1969, 30:615-622.
31. Hutchison C.A., Peterson S.N., Gill S.R., Cline R.T., White O., Fraser C.M., Smith H.O., Venter J.C. Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal mycoplasma genome. Science 1999, 286:2165-2169.
32. Janda J.M., Abbott S.L. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007, 45:2761-2764.
33. Johansson K.E. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2000, 50:1393-1397.
34. Johansson K.E., Bradbury J.M. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57:181-186.
35. Keane T.M., Creevey C.J., Pentony M.M., Naughton T.J., McLnerney J.O. Assessment of methods for amino acid matrix selection and their use on empirical data shows that ad hoc assumptions for choice of matrix are not justified. BMC Evol. Biol. 2006, 6:29.
36. Kim K.S., Ko K.S., Chang M.W., Hahn T.W., Hong S.K., Kook Y.H. Use of rpoB sequences for phylogenetic study of Mycoplasma species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2003, 226:299-305.
37. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 1980, 16:111-120.
38. Kong F., Gilbert G.L. Postgenomic taxonomy of human ureaplasmas - a case study based on multiple gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2004, 54:1815-1821.
39. Konigsson M.H., Pettersson B., Johansson K.E. Phylogeny of the seal mycoplasmas Mycoplasma phocae corrig., Mycoplasma phocicerebrale corrig. and Mycoplasma phocirhinis corrig. based on sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2001, 51:1389-1393.
40. Konstantinidis K.T., Ramette A., Tiedje J.M. Toward a more robust assessment of intraspecies diversity, using fewer genetic markers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72:7286-7293.
41. Kuhner S., van Noort V., Betts M.J., Leo-Macias A., Batisse C., Rode M., Yamada T., Maier T., Bader S., Beltran-Alvarez P., Castano-Diez D., Chen W.H., Devos D., Guell M., Norambuena T., Racke I., Rybin V., Schmidt A., Yus E., Aebersold R., Herrmann R., Bottcher B., Frangakis A.S., Russell R.B., Serrano L., Bork P., Gavin A.C. Proteome organization in a genome-reduced bacterium. Science 2009, 326:1235-1240.
42. Lecis R., Chessa B., Cacciotto C., Addis M.F., Coradduzza E., Berlinguer F., Muzzeddu M., Lierz M., Carcangiu L., Pittau M., Alberti A. Identification and characterization of novel Mycoplasma spp. Belonging to the hominis group from griffon vultures. Res. Vet. Sci. 2010, 89:58-64.
43. Ludwig W., Schleifer K.H. Bacterial phylogeny based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1994, 15:155-173.
44. Maiden M.C. Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2006, 60:561-588.
45. Manolukas J.T., Barile M.F., Chandler D.K., Pollack J.D. Presence of anaplerotic reactions and transamination, and the absence of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Mollicutes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1988, 134:791-800.
46. Manso-Silvan L., Perrier X., Thiaucourt F. Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster based on analysis of five conserved protein-coding sequences and possible implications for the taxonomy of the group. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57:2247-2258.
47. May M., Brown D.R. Secreted sialidase activity of canine mycoplasmas. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 137:380-383.
48. Mayor D., Jores J., Korczak B.M., Kuhnert P. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: a diverse pathogen with limited clonality. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 127:63-72.
49. Megid R., Nicholas R.A., Miles R.J. Biochemical characterization of Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Mycoplasma dispar and recent bovine isolates of Mycoplasma canis. Vet. Res. Commun. 2001, 25:1-12.
50. Mushegian A.R., Koonin E.V. A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:10268-10273.
51. Neimark H., Kocan K.M. The cell wall-less rickettsia Eperythrozoon wenyonii is a Mycoplasma. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1997, 156:287-291.
52. Neimark H., Mitchelmore D., Leach R.H. An approach to characterizing uncultivated prokaryotes: the Grey Lung agent and proposal of a Candidatus taxon for the organism, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma ravipulmonis'. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1998, 48(Pt 2):389-394.
53. Neimark H., Johansson K.E., Rikihisa Y., Tully J.G. Proposal to transfer some members of the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon to the genus Mycoplasma with descriptions of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii'. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2001, 51:891-899.
54. Neimark H., Johansson K.E., Rikihisa Y., Tully J.G. Revision of haemotrophic Mycoplasma species names. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2002, 52:683.
55. Neimark H., Hoff B., Ganter M. Mycoplasma ovis comb. nov. (formerly Eperythrozoon ovis), an epierythrocytic agent of haemolytic anaemia in sheep and goats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2004, 54:365-371.
56. Neimark H., Peters W., Robinson B.L., Stewart L.B. Phylogenetic analysis and description of Eperythrozoon coccoides, proposal to transfer to the genus Mycoplasma as Mycoplasma coccoides comb. nov. and Request for an Opinion. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:1385-1391.
57. Oaks J.L., Donahoe S.L., Rurangirwa F.R., Rideout B.A., Gilbert M., Virani M.Z. Identification of a novel Mycoplasma species from an Oriental white-backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:5909-5912.
58. O'Donnell K., Sutton D.A., Rinaldi M.G., Sarver B.A., Balajee S.A., Schroers H.J., Summerbell R.C., Robert V.A., Crous P.W., Zhang N., Aoki T., Jung K., Park J., Lee Y.H., Kang S., Park B., Geiser D.M. Internet-accessible DNA sequence database for identifying fusaria from human and animal infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48:3708-3718.
59. Oshima K., Nishida H. Phylogenetic relationships among mycoplasmas based on the whole genomic information. J. Mol. Evol. 2007, 65:249-258.
60. Peters I.R., Helps C.R., McAuliffe L., Neimark H., Lappin M.R., Gruffydd-Jones T.J., Day M.J., Hoelzle L.E., Willi B., Meli M., Hofmann-Lehmann R., Tasker S. RNase P RNA gene (rnpB) phylogeny of Hemoplasmas and other Mycoplasma species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008, 46:1873-1877.
61. Pettersson B., Tully J.G., Bolske G., Johansson K.E., et al. Updated phylogenetic description of the Mycoplasma hominis cluster (Weisburg et al., 1989) based on 16S rDNA sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2000, 50(Pt 1):291-301.
62. Pettersson B., Tully J.G., Bolske G., Johansson K.E., et al. Re-evaluation of the classical Mycoplasma lipophilum cluster (Weisburg et al., 1989) and description of two new clusters in the hominis group based on 16S rDNA sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 1989, 51:633-643.
63. Pollack J.D., Tryon V.V., Beaman K.D. The metabolic pathways of Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma: an overview. Yale J. Biol. Med. 1983, 56:709-716.
64. Pollack J.D., Williams M.V., Banzon J., Jones M.A., Harvey L., Tully J.G. Comparative metabolism of Mesoplasma, Entomoplasma, Mycoplasma, and Acholeplasma. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1996, 46:885-890.
65. Pollack J.D., Williams M.V., McElhaney R.N. The comparative metabolism of the Mollicutes (Mycoplasmas): the utility for taxonomic classification and the relationship of putative gene annotation and phylogeny to enzymatic function in the smallest free-living cells. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1997, 23:269-354.
66. Pollack J.D., Myers M.A., Dandekar T., Herrmann R. Suspected utility of enzymes with multiple activities in the small genome Mycoplasma species: the replacement of the missing "household" nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene and activity by glycolytic kinases. OMICS 2002, 6:247-258.
67. Ramirez A.S., Naylor C.J., Pitcher D.G., Bradbury J.M. High inter-species and low intra-species variation in 16S-23S rDNA spacer sequences of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas offers potential use as a diagnostic tool. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 128:279-287.
68. Razin S., Yogev D., Naot Y. Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 1998, 62:1094-1156.
69. Richter M., Rossello-Mora R. Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:19126-19131.
70. Schloss P.D., Handelsman J. Status of the microbial census. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2004, 68:686-691.
71. Schumann P., Kampfer P., Busse H.J., Evtushenko L.I. Proposed minimal standards for describing new genera and species of the suborder Micrococcineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2009, 59:1823-1849.
72. Sirand-Pugnet P., Citti C., Barre A., Blanchard A. Evolution of Mollicutes: down a bumpy road with twists and turns. Res. Microbiol. 2007, 158:754-766.
73. Stackebrandt E., Frederiksen W., Garrity G.M., Grimont P.A., Kampfer P., Maiden M.C., Nesme X., Rossello-Mora R., Swings J., Truper H.G., Vauterin L., Ward A.C., Whitman W.B. Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2002, 52:1043-1047.
74. Staley J.T. The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 2006, 361:1899-1909.
75. Stamatakis A., Ludwig T., Meier H. RAxML-III: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2005, 21:456-463.
76. Stamatakis A., Hoover P., Rougemont J. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Syst. Biol. 2008, 57:758-771.
77. Tamura K. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1992, 9:678-687.
78. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M., Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2007, 24:1596-1599.
79. Tardy F., Maigre L., Poumarat F., Citti C. Identification and distribution of genetic markers in three closely related taxa of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster: refining the relative position and boundaries of the Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 taxon (Mycoplasma leachii). Microbiology 2009, 155:3775-3787.
80. Tasker S., Peters I.R., Mumford A.D., Day M.J., Gruffydd-Jones T.J., Day S., Pretorius A.M., Birtles R.J., Helps C.R., Neimark H. Investigation of human haemotropic Mycoplasma infections using a novel generic haemoplasma qPCR assay on blood samples and blood smears. J. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 59:1285-1292.
81. Taylor T.K., Bashiruddin J.B., Gould A.R. Relationships between members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as shown by DNA probes and sequence analysis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1992, 42:593-601.
82. Toth K.F., Harrison N., Sears B.B. Phylogenetic relationships among members of the class Mollicutes deduced from rps3 gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1994, 44:119-124.
83. Turnbaugh P.J., Backhed F., Fulton L., Gordon J.I. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2008, 3:213-223.
84. Uilenberg G., Thiaucourt F., Jongejan F. Mycoplasma and Eperythrozoon (Mycoplasmataceae). Letter to the Editor. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 2006, 56:13-14.
85. Vandamme P., Pot B., Gillis M., de Vos P., Kersters K., Swings J. Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 60:407-438.
86. Volokhov D.V., George J., Liu S.X., Ikonomi P., Anderson C., Chizhikov V. Sequencing of the intergenic 16S-23S rRNA spacer (ITS) region of Mollicutes species and their identification using microarray-based assay and DNA sequencing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 71:680-698.
87. Volokhov D.V., Neverov A.A., George J., Kong H., Liu S.X., Anderson C., Davidson M.K., Chizhikov V. Genetic analysis of housekeeping genes of members of the genus Acholeplasma: phylogeny and complementary molecular markers to the 16S rRNA gene. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 2007, 44:699-710.
88. Volokhov D.V., Norris T., Rios C., Davidson M.K., Messick J.B., Gulland F.M., Chizhikov V.E. Novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet. Microbiol. 2011, 149:262-268.
89. Vranckx K., Maes D., Calus D., Villarreal I., Pasmans F., Haesebrouck F. Multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis is a suitable tool for the differentiation of M. Hyopneumoniae strains without cultivation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011, 49:2020-2023.
90. Wang Y., Stingl U., Anton-Erxleben F., Geisler S., Brune A., Zimmer M. "Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum", a new, stalk-forming lineage of Mollicutes colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70:6166-6172.
91. Weisburg W.G., Tully J.G., Rose D.L., Petzel J.P., Oyaizu H., Yang D., Mandelco L., Sechrest J., Lawrence T.G., Van Etten J., et al. A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J. Bacteriol. 1989, 171:6455-6467.
92. Whitcomb R.F., Tully J.G., Bove J.M., Bradbury J.M., Christiansen G., Kahane I., Kirkpatrick B.C., Laigret F., Leach R.H., Neimark H.C., Pollack J.D., Razin S., Sears B.B., Taylor-Robinson D. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45:605-612.
93. Whitcornb R.F., Tully J.G., Bove J.M., Bradbury J.M., Christiansen G., Kahane I., Kirkpatrick B.C., Laigret F., Leach R.H., Neimark H.C., Pollack J.D., Razin S., Sears B.B., Taylor-Robinson D. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45:605-612.
94. Woese C.R., Stackebrandt E., Ludwig W. What are mycoplasmas: the relationship of tempo and mode in bacterial evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 1984, 21:305-316.
95. Wolf M., Muller T., Dandekar T., Pollack J.D. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2004, 54:871-875.
96. Worliczek H.L., Kampfer P., Rosengarten R., Tindall B.J., Busse H.J. Polar lipid and fatty acid profiles - re-vitalizing old approaches as a modern tool for the classification of mycoplasmas?. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2007, 30:355-370.
97. Yarza P., Richter M., Peplies J., Euzeby J., Amann R., Schleifer K.H., Ludwig W., Glockner F.O., Rossello-Mora R. The All-Species Living Tree project: a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 31:241-250.
98. Yaya A., Manso-Silvan L., Blanchard A., Thiaucourt F. Genotyping of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Vet. Res. 2008, 39:14.