Reducing fall risk by improving balance control: Development, evaluation and knowledge-translation of new approaches

Journal of Safety Research

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 473-485

  Maki, Brian E ^a,b,c,f   Sibley, Katherine M ^c   Jaglal, Susan B ^b,c   Bayley, Mark ^b,c   Brooks, Dina ^b,c   Fernie, Geoff R ^a,b,c   Flint, Alastair J ^b,c   Gage, William ^c,d   Liu, Barbara A ^a,b   McIlroy, William E ^a,c,f   Mihailidis, Alex ^b,c   Perry, Stephen D ^b,c,e   Popovic, Milos R ^b,c   Pratt, Jay ^b,c   Zettel, John L ^c,g  

^a SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c TORONTO REHABILITATION INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^d YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Balance training; Falls prevention; Footwear; Handrails; Mobility aids

Indexed keywords

ADVISORY BOARDS; ASSESSMENT TOOL; BALANCE CONTROL; BALANCE TRAINING; CONTRIBUTING FACTOR; DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS; FALL RISK; FALLS PREVENTION; FOOTWEAR; MOBILITY AIDS; NEURO-PROSTHESIS; OLDER ADULTS; SERIOUS INJURIES; WORK IN PROGRESS;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; BUILDING CODES; DESIGN;

RAILINGS;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; AGED; AGING; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; CANADA; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; FALLING; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HYPESTHESIA; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SHOE; UNITED STATES; WALKING AID;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; ACCIDENTAL FALLS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; CANADA; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; HYPESTHESIA; POSTURAL BALANCE; SHOES; UNITED STATES; WALKERS;

EID: 82955212976     PISSN: 00224375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2011.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. C.L. Arfken, H.W. Lach, S.J. Birge, and J.P. Miller The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community American Journal of Public Health 84 1994 565 570 (Pubitemid 24140526)
2. T. Bajd, A. Kralj, M. Stefancic, and N. Lavrac Use of functional electrical stimulation in the lower extremities of incomplete spinal cord injured patients Artificial Organs 23 1999 403 409 (Pubitemid 29256724)
3. K.K. Ball, B.L. Beard, D.L. Roenker, R.L. Miller, and D.S. Griggs Age and visual-search - expanding the useful field of view Journal of the Optical Society of America (A-Optics Image Science and Vision) 5 1988 2210 2219
4. K. Ball, and R. Sekuler Improving visual perception in older observers Journal of Gerontology 41 1986 176 182 (Pubitemid 16024912)
5. H. Bateni, E. Heung, J.L. Zettel, W.E. McIlroy, and B.E. Maki Can use of walking frames or canes impede lateral compensatory stepping movements? Gait and Posture 20 2004 74 83 (Pubitemid 38758032)
6. H. Bateni, and B.E. Maki Assistive devices for balance and mobility: benefits, demands, and adverse consequences Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 2005 134 145 (Pubitemid 40082123)
7. H. Bateni, A. Zecevic, W.E. McIlroy, and B.E. Maki Resolving conflicts in task demands during balance recovery: does holding an object inhibit compensatory grasping? Experimental Brain Research 157 2004 49 58 (Pubitemid 38916470)
8. Bernard Becke Medical Library Assessing the impact of research 2010 Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO http://becker.wustl.edu/ impact/assessment/index.htm May 10, 2010
9. I.D. Cameron, G.R. Murray, L.D. Gillespie, M.C. Robertson, K.D. Hill, and R.G. Cumming Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 2010 Art. #CD005465
10. A. Castel, J. Pratt, and E. Dummond The effects of action video game experience on the time course of inhibition of return and the efficiency of visual search Acta Psychologica 119 2005 217 230 (Pubitemid 40621719)
11. J.M. Chandler, P.W. Duncan, and S.A. Studenski Balance performance on the postural stress test: comparison of young adults, healthy elderly, and fallers Physical Therapy 70 1990 410 415 (Pubitemid 20196054)
12. P.M. Charron, R.L. Kirby, and D.A. MacLeod Epidemiology of walker-related injuries and deaths in the United States American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 74 1995 237 239
13. K.C. Cheng, H. Bateni, and B.E. Maki Reducing adverse effects of walkers on stability A. Mihailidis, J. Boger, H. Kautz, L. Normie, Technology and Aging 2008 IOS Press Amsterdam 197 204
14. P. Corbeil, A. Peters, W.E. McIlroy, and B.E. Maki Modulating the interplay of visual attention and balance control: can color cueing attract attention to a handrail and facilitate subsequent reach-to-grasp reactions? Gait and Posture 21 2005 S17
15. R. Davis, T. Houdayer, B. Andrews, and A. Barriskill Paraplegia: Implanted Praxis24-FES system for multi-functional restoration Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference on the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society 1999 155 158
16. J.C. Davis, M.C. Robertson, T. Comans, and P.A. Scuffham Guidelines for conducting and reporting economic evaluation of fall prevention strategies Osteoporosis International 22 2011 2449 2459
17. N. Edwards Performance-based building codes: a call for injury prevention indicators that bridge health and building sectors Injury Prevention 14 2008 329 332
18. J.D. Edwards, V.G. Wadley, R.S. Myers, D.L. Roenker, G.M. Cissell, and K.K. Ball Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions Gerontology 48 2002 329 340 (Pubitemid 34920724)
19. R.J. Feeney, and G.M.B. Webber Safety aspects of handrail design: A review (BR260) 1994 Building Research Establishment Report Garston, Watford, U.K
20. G.R. Fernie, and B.E. Maki Research & Development at the Centre for Studies in Aging Rehabilitation Engineering Journal of Japan 14 1999 30 41
21. W.H. Gage Exercise for the elderly and frail Long Term Care 2005 20 23 March/April
22. W.H. Gage, K.F. Zabjek, S.W. Hill, and W.E. McIlroy Parallels in control of voluntary and perturbation-evoked reach-to-grasp movements: EMG and kinematics Experimental Brain Research 181 2007 627 637 (Pubitemid 47106412)
23. L.D. Gillespie, M.C. Robertson, W.J. Gillespie, S.E. Lamb, R.G. Cumming, and B.H. Rowe Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 2009 Art. #CD007146
24. Gorski, S.M. (2005). Getting a grip on stairs: Investigating the ease of stair navigation with single or double handrail support. Unpublished M.H.Sc. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
25. I.D. Graham, J. Logan, M.B. Harrison, S.E. Straus, J. Tetroe, and W. Caswell Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 26 2006 13 24
26. C.S. Green, and D. Bavelier Action video game modifies visual selective attention Nature 423 2003 534 537 (Pubitemid 36648576)
27. C.S. Green, and D. Bavelier Action video game experience alters the spatial resolution of vision Psychogical Science 18 2007 88 94
28. F.B. Horak, D.M. Wrisley, and J. Frank The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits Physical Therapy 89 2009 484 498
29. T.E. Howe, L. Rochester, A. Jackson, P.M.H. Banks, and V.A. Blair Exercise for improving balance in older people Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 2007 Art. #CD004963
30. E.T. Hsiao, and S.N. Robinovitch Elderly subjects' ability to recover balance with a single backward step associates with body configuration at step contact Journals of Gerontology Series a-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56 2001 M42 M47
31. E.T. Hsiao-Wecksler Biomechanical and age-related differences in balance recovery using the tether-release method Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 18 2008 179 187 (Pubitemid 351200601)
32. K.J. Hunt, M. Munih, N. Donaldson, and F.M. Barr Optimal control of ankle joint moment: toward unsupported standing in paraplegia IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 43 1998 819 832 (Pubitemid 128741851)
33. M.E. Jenkins, Q.J. Almeida, S.J. Spaulding, R. Van Oostveen, J.D. Holmes, and A.M. Johnson Plantar cutaneous sensory stimulation improves single limb support time, and EMG activation patterns among individuals with Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 15 2009 697 702
34. M. Jöbges, G. Heuschkel, C. Pretzel, C. Illhardt, C. Renner, and H. Hummelsheim Repetitive training of compensatory steps: a therapeutic approach for postural instability in Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 75 2004 1682 1687 (Pubitemid 39611465)
35. W.R. Keatinge Winter mortality and its causes International Journal of Circumpolar Health 61 2002 292 299
36. J. Kim, J.K. Mills, A.H. Vette, and M.R. Popovic Optimal combination of minimum degrees of freedom to be actuated in the lower limbs to facilitate arm-free paraplegic standing ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129 2007 838 847 (Pubitemid 351153471)
37. J. Kim, M.R. Popovic, and J.K. Mills Dynamic modeling and torque estimation of FES-assisted, quiet standing for paraplegics IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 14 2006 46 54
38. E.C. King, T.A. Lee, S.M. McKay, C.Y. Scovil, A.L. Peters, and J. Pratt Does the "eyes lead the hand" principle apply to reach-to-grasp movements evoked by unexpected balance perturbation Human Movement Science 2010 Epub ahead of print; 2010 Oct 27
39. E.C. King, S.M. McKay, T.A. Lee, C.Y. Scovil, A.L. Peters, and B.E. Maki Gaze behavior of older adults in responding to unexpected loss of balance while walking in an unfamiliar environment: a pilot study Journal of Optometry 2 2009 119 126
40. A.R. Kralj, T. Bajd, M. Munih, and R. Turk FES gait restoration and balance control in spinal cord injured patients Progress in Brain Research 97 1993 387 396 (Pubitemid 23313464)
41. J. Lane, and J. Flagg Translating three states of knowledge-discovery, invention, and innovation Implementation Science 5 2010 9
42. J. Lomas Improving research dissemination and uptake in the health sector: beyond the sound of one hand clapping S.E. Straus, J. Tetroe, I.D. Graham, Knowledge Translation in Health Care: Moving from Evidence to Practice 2009 Wiley-Blackwell Chichester, UK xii xvi
43. B.E. Maki Influence of Handrail Shape, Size and Surface Texture on the Ability of Young and Elderly Users to Generate Stabilizing Forces and Moments (Technical Report #29401) 1985 National Research Council Ottawa, Canada
44. B.E. Maki Exercise, fitness and falls in the older adult Geriatrics & Aging 2000 July/August
45. B.E. Maki Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related impairment and implications for fall prevention Paper presented at Balance Disorders, Dizziness and Falls: Evaluation, Treatment and Evidence, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 2003
46. B.E. Maki Balance, biomechanics and falls Paper presented at the 8th National Evidence-based Fall Prevention Conference: Transforming Fall Prevention Practices, Clearwater Beach, Florida 2007
47. B.E. Maki, S.A. Bartlett, and G.R. Fernie Influence of stairway handrail height on the ability to generate stabilizing forces and moments Human Factors 26 1984 705 714 (Pubitemid 15100148)
48. B.E. Maki, S.A. Bartlett, and G.R. Fernie Effect of stairway pitch on optimal handrail height Human Factors 27 1985 355 359 (Pubitemid 15233897)
49. B.E. Maki, K.C. Cheng, P. Corbeil, G.R. Fernie, S. Gorski, and E.C. King Interventions to prevent falls by promoting more effective balance-recovery reactions M.L. Vincent, T.M. Moreau, Accidental Falls: Causes, Preventions and Interventions 2008 Nova Science Publishers Hauppage, NY 261 282
50. B.E. Maki, K.C. Cheng, A. Mansfield, C.Y. Scovil, S.D. Perry, and A.L. Peters Preventing falls in older adults: new interventions to promote more effective change-in-support balance reactions Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 18 2008 243 254 (Pubitemid 351200057)
51. B.E. Maki, M.A. Edmondstone, S.D. Perry, E. Heung, S. Quant, and W.E. McIlroy Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: do age-related changes predict falling risk J. Duysens, B.C.M. Smits-Engelsman, H. Kingma, Control of Posture and Gait 2001 International Society for Postural and Gait Research Maastricht, Netherlands 126 129
52. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Postural control in the older adult Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 12 1996 635 658 (Pubitemid 26372900)
53. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the "change-in-support" strategy Physical Therapy 77 1997 488 507 (Pubitemid 27204082)
54. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Control of compensatory stepping reactions: age-related impairment and the potential for remedial intervention Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 15 1999 69 90 (Pubitemid 29308539)
55. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Effects of aging on control of stability L. Luxon, A. Martini, J. Furman, D. Stephens, A Textbook of Audiological Medicine: Clinical Aspects of Hearing and Balance 2003 Martin Dunitz Publishers London 671 690
56. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Change-in-support balance reactions in older persons: an emerging research area of clinical importance Neurologic Clinics 23 2005 751 783 (Pubitemid 40981858)
57. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention Age and Ageing 35-S2 2006 ii12 ii18
58. B.E. Maki, W.E. McIlroy, and G.R. Fernie Change-in-support reactions for balance recovery: control mechanisms, age-related changes and implications for fall prevention IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 22 2003 20 26
59. B.E. Maki, S.D. Perry, and W.E. McIlroy Efficacy of handrails in preventing stairway falls: a new experimental approach Safety Science 28 1998 189 206 (Pubitemid 28281606)
60. B.E. Maki, S.D. Perry, R.G. Norrie, and W.E. McIlroy Effect of facilitation of sensation from plantar foot-surface boundaries on postural stabilization in young and older adults Journal of Gerontology 54A 1999 M281 M287
61. B.E. Maki, S.D. Perry, C.Y. Scovil, A. Mihailidis, and G.R. Fernie Getting a grip on stairs: research to optimize effectiveness of handrails R.N. Pikaar, E.A.P. Koningsveld, P.J.M. Settels, Proceedings IEA2006 Congress 2006 Elsevier Amsterdam 4669 4674 (article #778)
62. B.E. Maki, S.D. Perry, C.Y. Scovil, A.L. Peters, S.M. McKay, and T.A. Lee Interventions to promote more effective balance-recovery reactions in industrial settings: new perspectives on footwear and handrails Industrial Health 46 2008 40 50 (Pubitemid 351286496)
63. A.M. Mansfield, A.P. Peters, B.A. Liu, and B.E. Maki A perturbation-based balance training program for older adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial BMC Geriatrics 7 2007 12
64. A.M. Mansfield, A.L. Peters, B.A. Liu, and B.E. Maki Evaluation of a perturbation-based balance-training program for older adults: a randomized controlled trial Physical Therapy 90 2010 476 491
65. K. Masani, A.H. Vette, M. Kouzaki, H. Kanehisa, T. Fukunaga, and M.R. Popovic Larger center of pressure minus center of mass in elderly induces larger body acceleration during quiet standing Neuroscience Letters 422 2007 202 206 (Pubitemid 47082467)
66. K. Masani, A.H. Vette, and M.R. Popovic Controlling balance during quiet standing: Proportional and derivative controller generates preceding motor command to body sway position observed in experiments Gait and Posture 23 2006 164 172 (Pubitemid 43052547)
67. S.M. McKay, K. Cheng, E.C. King, T.A. Lee, A.L. Peters, and B.E. Maki Visual processing and postural reactions: development and pilot testing of a "visual training" program to improve balance control and prevent falls in older adults Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability, and Independence, St Petersburg, Florida 2008
68. S.M. McKay, J.E. Fraser, A.L. Peters, T.A. Lee, C.Y. Scovil, and B.E. Maki A handrail cueing system to prevent falls Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability, and Independence, St Petersburg, Florida 2008
69. S.M. McKay, and B.E. Maki Attitudes of older adults toward shooter video games: an initial study to select an acceptable game for training visual processing Gerontechnology 9 2010 5 17
70. J.C. Menant, S.D. Perry, J.R. Steele, H.B. Menz, B.J. Munro, and S.R. Lord How do footwear characteristics affect dynamic stability and perception of stability in young and older people? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89 2008 1970 1976
71. J.B. Mercer Cold-an underrated risk factor for health Environmental Research 92 2003 8 13 (Pubitemid 36438554)
72. J. Murphy, and B. Isaacs The post-fall syndrome: A study of 36 elderly patients Gerontology 28 1982 265 270 (Pubitemid 12095066)
73. S. Nayha Cold and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A review International Journal of Circumpolar Health 61 2002 373 380
74. C. Owsley, and G. McGwin Association between visual attention and mobility in older adults Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52 2004 1901 1906 (Pubitemid 41710276)
75. Y.C. Pai, and J. Patton Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control Journal of Biomechanics 30 1997 347 354 (Pubitemid 27117163)
76. J.L. Pauls Safety standards, requirements, and litigation in relation to building use and safety, especially from falls involving stairs Safety Science 14 1991 125 154
77. J. Pauls Stairway handrail graspability and fall mitigation: Research and its application in standards, codes, construction and litigation Paper presented at the International Conference on Fall Prevention and Protection, Morgantown, WV, USA 2010
78. J. Pauls, and A.Z. Monson Applying the regulatory powers of public health The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31 suppl 2003 68 69 (Pubitemid 39273259)
79. S.D. Perry Evaluation of age-related plantar-surface insensitivity and onset age of advanced insensitivity in older adults using vibratory and touch sensation tests Neuroscience Letters 392 2006 62 67 (Pubitemid 41757576)
80. S.D. Perry, A.E. Cunningham, and K.M. Goodwin Orthotics: Management of functional flat foot Lower Extremity Review 1 2009 57 61
81. S.D. Perry, W.E. McIlroy, and B.E. Maki The role of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the control of compensatory stepping reactions evoked by unpredictable, multi-directional perturbation Brain Research 877 2000 401 406
82. S.D. Perry, A. Radtke, and C.R. Goodwin Influence of footwear midsole material hardness on dynamic balance control during unexpected gait termination Gait & Posture 25 2007 94 98 (Pubitemid 44750663)
83. S.D. Perry, A. Radtke, W.E. McIlroy, G.R. Fernie, and B.E. Maki Efficacy and effectiveness of a balance-enhancing insole Journal of Gerontology 63A 2008 M595 M602
84. S.D. Perry, L.C. Santos, and A.E. Patla Contribution of vision and cutaneous sensation to the control of centre of mass (COM) during gait termination Brain Research 913 2001 27 34 (Pubitemid 32786928)
85. M.R. Popovic, A. Curt, T. Keller, and V. Dietz Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations Spinal Cord 39 2001 403 412 (Pubitemid 32769801)
86. M.R. Popovic, T. Keller, I.P.I. Pappas, V. Dietz, and M. Morari Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 20 2001 82 93
87. A.A. Priplata, J.B. Niemi, J.D. Harry, L.A. Lipsitz, and J.J. Collins Vibrating insoles and balance control in elderly people Lancet 362 2003 1123 1124 (Pubitemid 37222339)
88. E.J. Protas, K. Mitchell, A. Williams, H. Qureshy, K. Caroline, and E.C. Lai Gait and step training to reduce falls in Parkinson's disease Neurorehabilitation 20 2005 183 190 (Pubitemid 43086576)
89. J. Quintern Application of functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic patients NeuroRehabilitation 10 1998 205 250 (Pubitemid 28184972)
90. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario Prevention of Falls and Fall Injuries in the Older Adult 2005 www.rnao.org/bestpractices Toronto, Canada
91. R. Riener, and T. Fuhr Patient-driven control of FES-supported standing up: A simulation study IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 6 1998 113 124 (Pubitemid 28268635)
92. D.L. Roenker, G.M. Cissell, K.K. Ball, V.G. Wadley, and J.D. Edwards Speed of processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance Human Factors 45 2003 218 233 (Pubitemid 37087492)
93. M.W. Rogers, T.C. Hain, T.A. Hanke, and I. Janssen Stimulus parameters and inertial load: effects on the incidence of protective stepping responses in healthy human subjects Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 77 1996 363 368 (Pubitemid 26111752)
94. M.W. Rogers, L.D. Hedman, M.E. Johnson, T.D. Cain, and T.A. Hanke Lateral stability during forward-induced stepping for dynamic balance recovery in young and older adults Journal of Gerontology 56 2001 M589 M594
95. M.W. Rogers, M.E. Johnson, K.M. Martinez, M.L. Mille, and L.D. Hedman Step training improves the speed of voluntary step initiation in aging Journal of Gerontology 58A 2003 M46 M51
96. D.J. Rose Fall Proof! A Comprehensive Balance and Mobility Training Program 2003 Human Kinetics Champaign, IL
97. B.S. Row, G.R. Fernie, J.C. Paul, and B.E. Maki Stairs and winter weather: barriers to activity and mobility for many older adults Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37 2005 S257 S258
98. B.S. Row, J.C. Paul, and G.R. Fernie What is keeping older adults shut-in during the winter? The Gerontologist 44 2005 187
99. B.S. Row, J.C. Paul, P. McKeever, and G.R. Fernie Winter presents barriers to physical and social activity in functionally impaired older adults Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37 2005 S257
100. R.W. Sattin, D.A. Lambert Huber, C.A. DeVito, J.G. Rodriguez, A. Ros, and S. Bacchelli The incidence of fall injury events among the elderly in a defined population American Journal of Epidemiology 131 1990 1028 1037 (Pubitemid 20178624)
101. C.Y. Scovil, P. Corbeil, T.A. Lee, S.M. McKay, A.L. Peters, and B.E. Maki A handrail cueing system to prevent falls A. Mihailidis, J. Boger, H. Kautz, L. Normie, Technology and Aging 2007 IOS Press Amsterdam 181 188
102. C.Y. Scovil, P. Corbeil, T.A. Lee, S.M. McKay, A.L. Peters, and B.E. Maki A novel handrail cueing system to prevent falls in older adults Gerontechnology 6 2007 224 229
103. H. Shimada, S. Obuchi, T. Furuna, and T. Suzuki New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: the effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83 2004 493 499 (Pubitemid 38802318)
104. J. Snoek, J. Hoey, L. Stewart, R. Zemel, and A. Mihailidis Automated detection of unusual events on stairs Journal of Image and Vision Computing 27 2009 153 166
105. J.A. Stevens, K. Thomas, L. Teh, and A.I. Greenspan Unintentional fall injuries associated with walkers and canes in older adults treated in US emergency departments Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57 2009 1464 1469
106. S.E. Straus, J. Tetroe, and I.D. Graham Defining knowledge translation Canadian Medical Association Journal 181 2009 165 168
107. S.E. Straus, J. Tetroe, and I.D. Graham Knowledge to action: what it is and what it isn't S.E. Straus, J. Tetroe, I.D. Graham, Knowledge Translation in Health Care: Moving from Evidence to Practice 2009 Wiley-Blackwell Chichester, UK 3 9
108. A. Telonio, M.A. Cyr, K.E. Moglo, and C.E. Smeesters Effect of perturbation direction on the threshold of balance recovery: preliminary results Paper presented at the XXth Congress of the international Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, Ohio 2005
109. J. Templer, J. Archea, and H.H. Cohen Study of factors associated with risk of work-related stairway falls Journal of Safety Research 16 1985 183 196 (Pubitemid 16506093)
110. T.A. Thrasher, H.M. Flett, and M.R. Popovic Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation Spinal Cord 44 2006 357 361 (Pubitemid 43863346)
111. M.E. Tinetti Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34 1986 119 126 (Pubitemid 16159911)
112. M.E. Tinetti, C.F. Mendes de Leon, J.T. Doucette, and D.I. Baker Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elderly persons Journal of Gerontology 49 1994 M140 M147
113. M.E. Tinetti, and C.S. Williams Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home New England Journal of Medicine 337 1997 1279 1284 (Pubitemid 27461284)
114. X. Tortolero, K. Masani, and M.R. Popovic Step prediction during perturbed standing using center of pressure measurements Sensors 7 2007 459 472
115. J. Tung, K.F. Zabjek, W.H. Gage, and W.E. McIlroy Ambulatory monitoring approach to identify environmental barriers to rollator mobility Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89 2008 E50
116. P.H. Veltink, and N. Donaldson A perspective on the control of FES-supported standing IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 6 1998 109 112 (Pubitemid 28268634)
117. R.T. Verrillo The effects of aging on the sense of touch R.T. Verrillo, Sensory Research Multimodal Perspectives 1993 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, New Jersey 285 298
118. A.H. Vette, K. Masani, J.Y. Kim, and M.R. Popovic Closed-loop control of FES-assisted arm-free standing in individuals with spinal cord injury: a feasibility study Neuromodulation 12 2009 22 32
119. A.H. Vette, K. Masani, and M.R. Popovic Implementation of a physiologically identified PD feedback controller for regulating the active ankle torque during quiet stance IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 15 2007 235 243 (Pubitemid 46957046)
120. J.E. Visser, M.G. Carpenter, H. van der Kooij, and B.R. Bloem The clinical utility of posturography Clinical Neurophysiology 119 2008 2424 2436
121. L.I. Wolfson, R. Whipple, P. Amerman, and A. Kleinberg Stressing the postural response: a quantitative method for testing balance Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34 1986 845 850 (Pubitemid 17187332)
122. D.L. Wright, and T.L. Kemp The dual-task methodology and assessing the attentional demands of ambulation with walking devices Physical Therapy 72 1992 306 312