메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1759-1770

Postprandial inflammatory response in adipose tissue of patients with metabolic syndrome after the intake of different dietary models

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Diet; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome; Postprandial state

Indexed keywords

CCL2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; I KAPPA B; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; NF KAPPAB INHIBITOR ALPHA; NF-KAPPAB INHIBITOR ALPHA; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID;

EID: 82955161734     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100200     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (43)
  • 1
    • 27444443876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement
    • Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A. et al., Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112, 2735-2752.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 2735-2752
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Cleeman, J.I.2    Daniels, S.R.3    Donato, K.A.4
  • 3
    • 34548419344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adipocyte stress: the endoplasmic reticulum and metabolic disease
    • Gregor, M. G., Hotamisligil, G. S., Adipocyte stress: the endoplasmic reticulum and metabolic disease. J. Lipid Res. 2007, 48, 1905-1914.
    • (2007) J. Lipid Res. , vol.48 , pp. 1905-1914
    • Gregor, M.G.1    Hotamisligil, G.S.2
  • 4
    • 39149104320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role for endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus
    • Eizirik, D. L., Cardozo, A. K., Cnop, M., The role for endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Rev. 2008, 29, 42-61.
    • (2008) Endocr. Rev. , vol.29 , pp. 42-61
    • Eizirik, D.L.1    Cardozo, A.K.2    Cnop, M.3
  • 5
    • 47949099916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response
    • Zhang, K., Kaufman, R. J., From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response. Nature 2008, 454, 455-462.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.454 , pp. 455-462
    • Zhang, K.1    Kaufman, R.J.2
  • 6
    • 58849088084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of dietary cholesterol on macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue: implications for systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis
    • Subramanian, S., Chait, A., The effect of dietary cholesterol on macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue: implications for systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2009, 20, 39-44.
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Lipidol. , vol.20 , pp. 39-44
    • Subramanian, S.1    Chait, A.2
  • 7
    • 77952879826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early postprandial low-grade inflammation after high-fat meal in healthy rats: possible involvement of visceral adipose tissue
    • Magne, J., Mariotti, F., Fischer, R., Mathe, V. et al., Early postprandial low-grade inflammation after high-fat meal in healthy rats: possible involvement of visceral adipose tissue. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2010, 21, 550-555.
    • (2010) J. Nutr. Biochem. , vol.21 , pp. 550-555
    • Magne, J.1    Mariotti, F.2    Fischer, R.3    Mathe, V.4
  • 8
    • 5444256832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of leukocytes by postprandial lipemia in healthy volunteers
    • van Oostrom, A. J., Rabelink, T. J., Verseyden, C., Sijmonsma, T. P. et al., Activation of leukocytes by postprandial lipemia in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 2004, 177, 175-182.
    • (2004) Atherosclerosis , vol.177 , pp. 175-182
    • van Oostrom, A.J.1    Rabelink, T.J.2    Verseyden, C.3    Sijmonsma, T.P.4
  • 9
    • 2142827887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and decrease in inhibitor kappaB in mononuclear cells after a mixed meal: evidence for a proinflammatory effect
    • Aljada, A., Mohanty, P., Ghanim, H., Abdo, T. et al., Increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and decrease in inhibitor kappaB in mononuclear cells after a mixed meal: evidence for a proinflammatory effect. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 682-690.
    • (2004) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.79 , pp. 682-690
    • Aljada, A.1    Mohanty, P.2    Ghanim, H.3    Abdo, T.4
  • 10
    • 43549087382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation markers are modulated by responses to diets differing in postprandial insulin responses in individuals with the metabolic syndrome
    • Kallio, P., Kolehmainen, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Pulkkinen, L. et al., Inflammation markers are modulated by responses to diets differing in postprandial insulin responses in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1497-1503.
    • (2008) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.87 , pp. 1497-1503
    • Kallio, P.1    Kolehmainen, M.2    Laaksonen, D.E.3    Pulkkinen, L.4
  • 11
    • 0036200250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both lipid and protein intakes stimulate increased generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells
    • Mohanty, P., Ghanim, H., Hamouda, W., Aljada, A. et al., Both lipid and protein intakes stimulate increased generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 767-772.
    • (2002) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.75 , pp. 767-772
    • Mohanty, P.1    Ghanim, H.2    Hamouda, W.3    Aljada, A.4
  • 12
    • 77952422545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses of obese dyslipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome to test meals, rich in carbohydrate, fat or protein
    • Khoury, D. E., Hwalla, N., Frochot, V., Lacorte, J. M. et al., Postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses of obese dyslipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome to test meals, rich in carbohydrate, fat or protein. Atherosclerosis 2010, 210, 307-313.
    • (2010) Atherosclerosis , vol.210 , pp. 307-313
    • Khoury, D.E.1    Hwalla, N.2    Frochot, V.3    Lacorte, J.M.4
  • 13
    • 0036831967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome
    • Ruotolo, G., Howard, B. V., Dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2002, 4, 494-500.
    • (2002) Curr. Cardiol. Rep. , vol.4 , pp. 494-500
    • Ruotolo, G.1    Howard, B.V.2
  • 14
    • 50649125777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postprandial cytokine concentrations and meal composition in obese and lean women
    • Manning, P. J., Sutherland, W. H., McGrath, M. M., de Jong, S. A. et al., Postprandial cytokine concentrations and meal composition in obese and lean women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16, 2046-2052.
    • (2008) Obesity (Silver Spring) , vol.16 , pp. 2046-2052
    • Manning, P.J.1    Sutherland, W.H.2    McGrath, M.M.3    de Jong, S.A.4
  • 15
    • 58649096801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications
    • Kennedy, A., Martinez, K., Chuang, C. C., LaPoint, K., McIntosh, M., Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 1-4.
    • (2009) J. Nutr. , vol.139 , pp. 1-4
    • Kennedy, A.1    Martinez, K.2    Chuang, C.C.3    LaPoint, K.4    McIntosh, M.5
  • 16
    • 33845463273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement component 3 and postprandial lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid clinic and healthy volunteers
    • van Oostrom, A. J., Alipour, A., Plokker, T. W., Sniderman, A. D., Cabezas, M. C., The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement component 3 and postprandial lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid clinic and healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 2007, 190, 167-173.
    • (2007) Atherosclerosis , vol.190 , pp. 167-173
    • van Oostrom, A.J.1    Alipour, A.2    Plokker, T.W.3    Sniderman, A.D.4    Cabezas, M.C.5
  • 17
    • 72749100942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A saturated fatty acid-rich diet induces an obesity-linked proinflammatory gene expression profile in adipose tissue of subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome
    • van Dijk, S. J., Feskens, E. J., Bos, M. B., Hoelen, D. W. et al., A saturated fatty acid-rich diet induces an obesity-linked proinflammatory gene expression profile in adipose tissue of subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 1656-1664.
    • (2009) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.90 , pp. 1656-1664
    • van Dijk, S.J.1    Feskens, E.J.2    Bos, M.B.3    Hoelen, D.W.4
  • 18
    • 34547965706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism
    • Lopez-Miranda, J., Williams, C., Lairon, D., Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98, 458-473.
    • (2007) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.98 , pp. 458-473
    • Lopez-Miranda, J.1    Williams, C.2    Lairon, D.3
  • 19
    • 1842842014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition
    • Grundy, S. M., Brewer, H. B., Jr., Cleeman, J. I., Smith, S. C., Jr., Lenfant, C., Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24, e13-e18.
    • (2004) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , vol.24
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Brewer Jr., H.B.2    Cleeman, J.I.3    Smith Jr., S.C.4    Lenfant, C.5
  • 20
    • 67649427422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LIPGENE food-exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free-living participants from eight European countries
    • Shaw, D. I., Tierney, A. C., McCarthy, S., Upritchard, J. et al., LIPGENE food-exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free-living participants from eight European countries. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 750-759.
    • (2009) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.101 , pp. 750-759
    • Shaw, D.I.1    Tierney, A.C.2    McCarthy, S.3    Upritchard, J.4
  • 21
    • 34948857431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism
    • Lairon, D., Lopez-Miranda, J., Williams, C., Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 61, 1145-1161.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.61 , pp. 1145-1161
    • Lairon, D.1    Lopez-Miranda, J.2    Williams, C.3
  • 23
    • 0015847114 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes
    • Bucolo, G., David, H., Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin. Chem. 1973, 19, 476-482.
    • (1973) Clin. Chem. , vol.19 , pp. 476-482
    • Bucolo, G.1    David, H.2
  • 24
    • 0020004724 scopus 로고
    • 2+precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol
    • 2+precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 1982, 28, 1379-1388.
    • (1982) Clin. Chem. , vol.28 , pp. 1379-1388
    • Warnick, G.R.1    Benderson, J.2    Albers, J.J.3
  • 25
    • 32844462163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of reference genes for studies of gene expression in human adipose tissue
    • Gabrielsson, B. G., Olofsson, L. E., Sjogren, A., Jernas, M. et al., Evaluation of reference genes for studies of gene expression in human adipose tissue. Obesity Res. 2005, 13, 649-652.
    • (2005) Obesity Res. , vol.13 , pp. 649-652
    • Gabrielsson, B.G.1    Olofsson, L.E.2    Sjogren, A.3    Jernas, M.4
  • 26
    • 0037129827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes
    • RESEARCH0034.
    • Vandesompele, J., De Preter, K., Pattyn, F., Poppe, B. et al., Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 2002, 3, RESEARCH0034.
    • (2002) Genome Biol. , vol.3
    • Vandesompele, J.1    De Preter, K.2    Pattyn, F.3    Poppe, B.4
  • 27
    • 84857921047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 induces postprandial changes in p53 in response to oxidative DNA damage in elderly subjects. Age (Dordr), in press, DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9229-1.
    • Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., Perez-Martinez, P., Delgado-Lista, J., Yubero-Serrano, E. M. et al., Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 induces postprandial changes in p53 in response to oxidative DNA damage in elderly subjects. Age (Dordr) 2011, in press, DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9229-1.
    • (2011)
    • Gutierrez-Mariscal, F.M.1    Perez-Martinez, P.2    Delgado-Lista, J.3    Yubero-Serrano, E.M.4
  • 28
    • 36049004221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflamed adipose tissue: a culprit underlying the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis
    • Gustafson, B., Hammarstedt, A., Andersson, C. X., Smith, U., Inflamed adipose tissue: a culprit underlying the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007, 27, 2276-2283.
    • (2007) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , vol.27 , pp. 2276-2283
    • Gustafson, B.1    Hammarstedt, A.2    Andersson, C.X.3    Smith, U.4
  • 29
    • 34548057795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin1beta genetic polymorphisms interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate risk of the metabolic syndrome
    • Shen, J., Arnett, D. K., Peacock, J. M., Parnell, L. D. et al., Interleukin1beta genetic polymorphisms interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate risk of the metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 1846-1851.
    • (2007) J. Nutr. , vol.137 , pp. 1846-1851
    • Shen, J.1    Arnett, D.K.2    Peacock, J.M.3    Parnell, L.D.4
  • 30
    • 0348230958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue
    • Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M. et al., Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 112, 1796-1808.
    • (2003) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.112 , pp. 1796-1808
    • Weisberg, S.P.1    McCann, D.2    Desai, M.3    Rosenbaum, M.4
  • 31
    • 16544362069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butter and walnuts, but not olive oil, elicit postprandial activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men
    • Bellido, C., Lopez-Miranda, J., Blanco-Colio, L. M., Perez-Martinez, P. et al., Butter and walnuts, but not olive oil, elicit postprandial activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 1487-1491.
    • (2004) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.80 , pp. 1487-1491
    • Bellido, C.1    Lopez-Miranda, J.2    Blanco-Colio, L.M.3    Perez-Martinez, P.4
  • 32
    • 67349271619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men
    • Jimenez-Gomez, Y., Lopez-Miranda, J., Blanco-Colio, L. M., Marin, C. et al., Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204, e70-e76.
    • (2009) Atherosclerosis , vol.204
    • Jimenez-Gomez, Y.1    Lopez-Miranda, J.2    Blanco-Colio, L.M.3    Marin, C.4
  • 33
    • 34848815303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chronic intake of a Mediterranean diet enriched in virgin olive oil, decreases nuclear transcription factor kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men
    • Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., Blanco-Colio, L., Bellido, C. et al., The chronic intake of a Mediterranean diet enriched in virgin olive oil, decreases nuclear transcription factor kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2007, 194, e141-e146.
    • (2007) Atherosclerosis , vol.194
    • Perez-Martinez, P.1    Lopez-Miranda, J.2    Blanco-Colio, L.3    Bellido, C.4
  • 34
    • 34447130131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects
    • Paniagua, J. A., Gallego de la Sacristana, A., Romero, I., Vidal-Puig, A. et al., Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes Care 2007, 30, 1717-1723.
    • (2007) Diabetes Care , vol.30 , pp. 1717-1723
    • Paniagua, J.A.1    Gallego de la Sacristana, A.2    Romero, I.3    Vidal-Puig, A.4
  • 35
    • 33846821855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postprandial variations of plasma inflammatory markers in abdominally obese men
    • Blackburn, P., Despres, J. P., Lamarche, B., Tremblay, A. et al., Postprandial variations of plasma inflammatory markers in abdominally obese men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14, 1747-1754.
    • (2006) Obesity (Silver Spring) , vol.14 , pp. 1747-1754
    • Blackburn, P.1    Despres, J.P.2    Lamarche, B.3    Tremblay, A.4
  • 36
    • 39949084669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postprandial response of adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein to a high-fat dietary load
    • Poppitt, S. D., Keogh, G. F., Lithander, F. E., Wang, Y. et al., Postprandial response of adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein to a high-fat dietary load. Nutrition 2008, 24, 322-329.
    • (2008) Nutrition , vol.24 , pp. 322-329
    • Poppitt, S.D.1    Keogh, G.F.2    Lithander, F.E.3    Wang, Y.4
  • 37
    • 68349117545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine secretion in macrophages and other cells: pathways and mediators
    • Stow, J. L., Ching Low, P., Offenhauser, C., Sangermani, D., Cytokine secretion in macrophages and other cells: pathways and mediators. Immunobiology 2009, 214, 601-612.
    • (2009) Immunobiology , vol.214 , pp. 601-612
    • Stow, J.L.1    Ching Low, P.2    Offenhauser, C.3    Sangermani, D.4
  • 38
    • 17844393870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release is higher in visceral than subcutaneous human adipose tissue (AT): implication of macrophages resident in the AT
    • Bruun, J. M., Lihn, A. S., Pedersen, S. B., Richelsen, B., Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release is higher in visceral than subcutaneous human adipose tissue (AT): implication of macrophages resident in the AT. J, Clin, Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90, 2282-2289.
    • (2005) J, Clin, Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.90 , pp. 2282-2289
    • Bruun, J.M.1    Lihn, A.S.2    Pedersen, S.B.3    Richelsen, B.4
  • 40
    • 66349086768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-delta 24 reductase in mediating antiinflammatory effects of high-density lipoproteins in endothelial cells
    • McGrath, K. C., Li, X. H., Puranik, R., Liong, E. C., Role of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-delta 24 reductase in mediating antiinflammatory effects of high-density lipoproteins in endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29, 877-882.
    • (2009) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , vol.29 , pp. 877-882
    • McGrath, K.C.1    Li, X.H.2    Puranik, R.3    Liong, E.C.4
  • 41
    • 34247857663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance
    • Shoelson, S. E., Herrero, L., Naaz, A., Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2007, 132, 2169-2180.
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.132 , pp. 2169-2180
    • Shoelson, S.E.1    Herrero, L.2    Naaz, A.3
  • 42
    • 75949114380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overactivation of NF-kappaB impairs insulin sensitivity and mediates palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.
    • Zhang, J., Wu, W., Li, D., Guo, Y., Ding, H., Overactivation of NF-kappaB impairs insulin sensitivity and mediates palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrine 2010, 37, 157-166.
    • (2010) Endocrine , vol.37 , pp. 157-166
    • Zhang, J.1    Wu, W.2    Li, D.3    Guo, Y.4    Ding, H.5
  • 43
    • 58849122764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of different methods to investigate postprandial lipaemia
    • van Oostrom, A. J., Alipour, A., Sijmonsma, T. P., Verseyden, C. et al., Comparison of different methods to investigate postprandial lipaemia. Neth. J. Med. 2009, 67, 13-20.
    • (2009) Neth. J. Med. , vol.67 , pp. 13-20
    • van Oostrom, A.J.1    Alipour, A.2    Sijmonsma, T.P.3    Verseyden, C.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.