Severity of children's ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: A multiple mediation model of self-regulation

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

Volumn 39, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1073-1083

  Graziano, Paulo A ^a   McNamara, Joseph P ^c   Geffken, Gary R ^b   Reid, Adam ^c  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; Child; Emotional reactivity; Executive functioning; Mediation; Parenting stress; Self regulation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; PARENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL CONTROL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PARENTING; PARENTS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 82755194740     PISSN: 00910627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Abidin, R. (1990). Parenting stress index test manual. Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology.
2. Abidin, R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 407-412. doi:10.1207/ s15374424jccp2104-12.
3. Abidin, R. (1995). Manual for theparenting stress index. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
4. Abidin, R. R., & Brunner, J. F. (1995). Development of a parenting alliance inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 31-40.
5. Adamakos, H., Ryan, K., Ullman, D., Pascoe, J., Diaz, R., & Chessare, J. (1986). Maternal social support as a predictor of mother-child stress and stimulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 463-470. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(86) 90050-5.
6. Anastopoulos, A., Guevremont, D., Shelton, T., & Du Paul, G. (1992). Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 503-510. doi:10.1007/BF00916812.
7. Anastopoulos, A., Smith, T., Garrett, M., Morrissey-Kane, E., Schatz, N., Sommer, J., et al. (2010). Self-regulation of emotion, functional impairment, and comorbidity among children with AD/HD. Journal of Attention Disorders. doi:10.1177/1087054710370567.
8. Anastopoulos, A., Sommer, J., & Schatz, N. (2009). ADHD and family functioning. Current Attention Disorder Reports, 1, 167-170. doi: 10.1007/s12618-009-0023-2.
9. Baker, D. (1994). Parenting stress and ADHD: A comparison of mothers and fathers. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 46-50. doi:10.1177/106342669400200106.
10. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.121.1.65. (Pubitemid 127705285)
11. Barkley, R. A. (2003). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. Mash & R. Barkley (Eds.), Childpsychopathology (pp. 75-103). New York: Guilford.
12. Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
13. Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. G., & Fletcher, K. F. (1992). Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 263-288. doi:10.1007/BF00916692.
14. Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2010). Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: The predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 157-173. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq014.
15. Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strate- gic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
16. Belsky, J., Woodworth, S., & Crnic, K. (1996). Trouble in the second year: Three questions about family interaction. Child Development, 67, 556-578. doi: 10.11 11/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01751.x. (Pubitemid 126420290)
17. Benzies, K. M., Harrison, M. J., & Magill-Evans, J. (2004). Parenting stress, marital quality, and child behavior problems at age 7 years. Public Health Nursing, 21, 111-121. doi:10.1111/ j.0737-1209.2004.021204.x. (Pubitemid 38490899)
18. Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215-1220. doi:10.1016/j. biopsych.2004.10.020. (Pubitemid 40798537)
19. Breen, M., & Barkley, R. (1988). Child psychopathology and parenting stress in girls and boys having attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 13, 265-280.
20. Brocki, K., & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26, 571-593. (Pubitemid 39314808)
21. Brocki, K., Eninger, L., Thorell, L., & Bohlin, G. (2010). Interrelations between executive function and symptoms of hyperactivity/ impulsivity and inattention in preschoolers: A 2 year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 163-171. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9354- 9.
22. Budd, K. S., Holdsworth, M. J. A., & Hogan Bruen, K. D. (2006). Antecedents and concomitants of parenting stress in adolescent mothers in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 557-574. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.006. (Pubitemid 43729811)
23. Ceballo, R., & Mc Loyd, V. C. (2002). Social support and parenting in poor, dangerous neighborhoods. Child Development, 73, 1310-1321. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00473. (Pubitemid 41692429)
24. Chang, Y., Fine, M., Ispa, J., Thornburg, K., Sharp, E., & Wolfenstein, M. (2004). Understanding parenting stress among young, low-income, African-American, first-time mothers. Early Education and Development, 15, 265-282. doi:10.1207/ s15566935eed1503-2. (Pubitemid 39007668)
25. Conners, C. K. (2008). The Conners 3rd Edition (Conners 3). North Tonawanda: Multi-Health System.
26. Crnic, K., & Greenberg, M. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628-1637. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990. tb02889.x.
27. Crnic, K., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting (2nd ed., pp. 243-367). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
28. Cummings, E., Davies, P., & Campbell, S. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research and clinical implications. New York: Guilford.
29. Danforth, J., Barkley, R., & Stokes, T. (1991). Observations of interactions between parents and their hyperactive children: An analysis ofreciprocal influence. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 703-727.
30. Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3), 314-332. doi:10.1111/j.1468- 2850.1998.tb00152.x. (Pubitemid 128543431)
31. Deater-Deckard, K., & Scarr, S. (1996). Parenting stress among dual- earner mothers and fathers: Are there gender differences? Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 45-59.
32. Deault, L. C. (2010). A systematic review of parenting in relation to the development of comorbidities and functional impairment in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 168-192. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0159-4.
33. Diamond, A. (2006). The early development ofexecutive functions. In E. Bialystock & F I. M. Craik (Eds.), The early development of executive functions. Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change (pp. 70-95). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Du Paul, G., Mc Goey, K., Eckert, T., & Van Brakle, J. (2001). Preschool children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 508-515. doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000- 00009. (Pubitemid 32374267)
35. Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 1-23. doi:10.1080/15374410701820117.
36. Fabiano, G. (2007). Father participation in behavioral parent training for ADHD: Review and recommendations for increasing inclusion and engagement. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 683-693. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.683.
37. Fagan, J., Schmitz, M. F., & Lloyd, J. J. (2007). The relationship between adolescent and young fathers' capital and marital plans ofcouples expecting a baby Family Relations, 56(3), 231-243. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007. 00510.x.
38. Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF: Behavior rating inventory ofexecutivefunction. Odessa: Psycho- logical Assessment Resources. doi:10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513.
39. Gordon, M. (2006). Symptoms versus impairment: The case for respecting DSM-IV's criterion D. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 465-475. doi:10.1177/1087054705283881. (Pubitemid 43171140)
40. Gupta, V. B. (2007). Comparison of parenting stress in different developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Phys-ical Disabilities, 19, 417-425. doi:10.1007/s10882-007-9060-x.
41. Hoza, B., Mrug, S., Gerdes, A., Bukowski, W., Kraemer, H., Wigal, T., et al. (2005). What aspects ofpeer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 73, 411-423. doi:10.1037/ 0022-006X.73.3.411. (Pubitemid 40885091)
42. Jarvis, P. A., & Creasey, G. L. (1991). Parental stress, coping, and attachment in families with an 18-month old infant. Infant Behavior & Development, 14, 383-395. doi:10.1016/0163-6383 (91)90029-R.
43. Johnson, C., & Mash, E. (2001). Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 183-207. doi:10.1023/A:1017592030434. (Pubitemid 33610771)
44. Johnson, J., & Reader, S. (2002). Assessing stress in families of children with ADHD: Preliminary development of the Disrup-tive Behavior Stress Inventory (DBSI). Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9, 51-62. doi:10.1023/ A:1014136029697. (Pubitemid 34436403)
45. Joyner, K. B., Silver, C. H., & Stavinoha, P. L. (2009). Relationships between parenting stress and ratings of executive functioning in children with ADHD. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27(6), 452-464. doi:10.1177/0734282909333945.
46. Kaplan, S., Heiligenstein, J., West, S., Busner, J., Harder, D., Dittmann, R., et al. (2004). Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comor-bid oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8(2), 45-52. doi:10.1177/ 108705470400800202. (Pubitemid 40081859)
47. Kazdin, A. (1995). Child, parent and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of antisocial children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 271-281. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00053-M.
48. Kimonis, E., Frick, P., Boris, N., Smyke, A., Cornell, A., & Farrell, J. (2006). Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(6), 741-752. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9047-8. (Pubitemid 44714354)
49. Huizinga, M., Dolan, C., & van der Molen, M. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017-2036. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006. 01.010. (Pubitemid 43993995)
50. La Forett, D. R., Murray, D. W., & Kollins, S. H. (2008). Psychosocial treatments for preschool-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 14, 300-310. doi:10.1002/ddrr.36.
51. Lamb, M. (2010). The role ofthefather in child development (5th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.
52. Mac Kinnon, D. (2000). Contrasts in multiple mediator models. In J. Rose, L. Chassin, C. Presson, & S. Sherman (Eds.), Multivariate applications in substance use research (pp. 141-160). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
53. Maedgen, J. W., & Carlson, C. L. (2000). Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 30-42. doi:10.1207/S15374424jccp2901- 4.
54. Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W., Wei, M., & Russell, D. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372-378. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.372. (Pubitemid 44167243)
55. Martel, M., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive function in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Childand Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1437-1444. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814cf953. (Pubitemid 351338964)
56. Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1983). A comparison of the mother-child interactions of physically abused and nonabused children during play and task situations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 337-346.
57. Mash, J., & Barkley, R. (2003). Child psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
58. Mc Bride, B. A., & Mills, G. (1994). A comparison of mother and father involvement with their preschool age children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 8, 457-477. doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(05)80080-8.
59. Mellins, C., Brackis-Cott, E., Dolezal, C., & Abrams, E. (2004). The role of psychosocial and family factors in adherence to antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatric Infectious Disease, 23(11), 1035-1041. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000143646.15240.ac. (Pubitemid 40824294)
60. Melnick, S., & Hinshaw, S. (2000). Emotion regulation and parenting in AD/HD and comparison boys: Linkages with social behaviors and peer preference. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 73-86. doi:10.1023/A:1005174102794. (Pubitemid 30179914)
61. Misri, S., Reebye, P., Milis, L., & Shah, S. (2006). The impact of treatment intervention of parenting stress in postpartum de-pressed mothers: A prospective study. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 115-119. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.115. (Pubitemid 43891946)
62. Morgan, J., Robinson, D., & Aldridge, J. (2002). Parenting stress and externalizing child behaviour. Child and Family Social Work, 7, 219-225. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2206.2002.00242.x.
63. Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Perri, M. G. (2006). Problem solving to promote treatment adherence. In W. O'Donohue & E. Levensky (Eds.), Promoting treatment adherence: A practical handbook for health careproviders (pp. 135-148). New York: Sage Publica-tions, Inc.
64. Nigg, J. T. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 395-422. doi:10.1111/j.1469- 7610.2006.01612.x. (Pubitemid 43356065)
65. Nigg, J. T., & Casey, B. J. (2005). An integrative theory ofattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 785-806. doi:10.1017/ S0954579405050376.
66. Ostberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(4), 615-625. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904-13.
67. Pelham, W., & Fabiano, G. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 185-214. doi:10.1080/ 15374410701818681.
68. Pelham, W., Fabiano, G., & Massetti, G. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 449-476. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403-5. (Pubitemid 41355524)
69. Podolski, C., & Nigg, J. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 503-513. doi:10.1207/ S15374424JCCP3004-07. (Pubitemid 33658639)
70. Posner, M. (2004). Progress in attention research. In M. Posner (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience of attention (pp. 3-8). New York: The Guilford.
71. Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
72. Raggi, V., & Chronis, A. (2006). Interventions to address the academic impairment of children and adolescents with ADHD. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 85-111. doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0006-0. (Pubitemid 44825038)
73. Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior assessment system for children (2nd ed.). Circle Pines: American Guidance System Publishing.
74. Richardson, R., Barbour, N., & Bubenzer, D. (1995). Peerrelationships as a source of support for adolescent mothers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 278-290. doi:10.1177/0743554895102005.
75. Roggman, L. A., Moe, S. T., Hart, A. D., & Forthun, L. F. (1994). Family leisure and social support: Relations with parenting stress and psychological well-being in head start parents. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 9, 463-480. doi:10.1016/0885-2006(94)90020-5.
76. Sheinkopf, S., Lester, B., La Gasse, L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C., Shankaran, S., et al. (2006). Interactions between maternal characteristics and neonatal behavior in the prediction of parenting stress and perception of infant temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 31, 27-40. doi:10.1093/ jpepsy/jsj026. (Pubitemid 43011858)
77. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906.
78. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: New procedures and recommenda-tions. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.7.4.422.
79. Skirrow, C., Mc Loughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2009). Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 9, 489-503. doi:10.1586/ ern.09.2.
80. Sobanski, E., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., Chen, W., Franke, B., et al. (2010). Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical correlates and familial prevalence. Journal of Child Psychologyand Psychiatry 51(8), 915-923. doi:10.1 111/j.1469-7610.2010.02217.x.
81. Spencer, T. (2006). ADHD and comorbidity in childhood. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 27-31. (Pubitemid 44385604)
82. Stavro, G. M., Ettenhofer, M. L., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive functions and adaptive functioning in young adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 324-334. doi:10.10170S1355617707070348. (Pubitemid 46487362)
83. Stevens, J., Quittner, A. L., Zuckerman, J. B., & Moore, S. (2002). Behavioral inhibition, self-regulation of motivation, and working memory in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21, 117-139. doi:10.1207/ S15326942DN2102-1. (Pubitemid 34756081)
84. Theule, J., Wiener, J., Tannock, R., & Jenkins, J. (2010). Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 19(5), 536. doi:10.1177/1063426610387433.
85. Walcott, C., & Landau, S. (2004). The relation between disinhibition and emotion regulation in boys with attention deficit hyperactiv-ity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychol-ogy, 33, 772-782. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3304-12. (Pubitemid 39603915)
86. Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1988). Maternal depression and its relationship to life stress, perceptions of child behavior problems, parenting behaviors, and child conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 299-315. doi:10.1007/BF00913802.
87. Willcutt, E., Doyle, A., Nigg, J., Faraone, S., & Pennington, B. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336-1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006. (Pubitemid 40798553)
88. Williams, J., & Mac Kinnon, D. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 23-51. doi:10.1080/ 107055107011758166.
89. Williford, A., Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2007). Predicting change in parenting stress across early childhood: Child and maternal factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35, 251-263. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9082-3. (Pubitemid 46569938)