Depression across mood disorders: Review and analysis in a clinical sample

Comprehensive Psychiatry

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 24-38

  Souery, Daniel ^a   Zaninotto, Leonardo ^b   Calati, Raffaella ^b   Linotte, Sylvie ^c   Mendlewicz, Julien ^a   Sentissi, Othman ^d   Serretti, Alessandro ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^c FNRS   (Belgium)

^d GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY; APPETITE DISORDER; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; DEPERSONALIZATION; DISEASE COURSE; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HAMILTON SCALE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MONTGOMERY ASBERG DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; ONSET AGE; ORGANIC PSYCHOSYNDROME; PARANOIA; PESSIMISM; PSYCHOSIS; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; WEIGHT REDUCTION; YOUND MANIA RATING SCALE;

EID: 82755161815     PISSN: 0010440X     EISSN: 15328384     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.01.010     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. E. Kraepelin 8th ed Psychiatrie 1896 Barth, J.,A. Leipzig
2. W. Weygandt Über die mischzustände des manisch-depressiven irreseins 1899 Verlag von JF Lehmann Munich
3. K. Kleist Die Gliederung der neuropsychischen Erkrankungen Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 125 1953 526 554
4. K. Leonhard The classification of endogenous psychoses 5th ed 1957 Irvington Publishers New York
5. J. Angst Zur Atiologie und Nosologie endogener depressiver Psychose 1966 Springer-Verlag Berlin
6. C. Perris A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 42 1966 1 189
7. H.S. Akiskal The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV J Clin Psychopharmacol 16 2 Suppl 1 1996 4S 14S (Pubitemid 26120571)
8. J. Angst, and G. Cassano The mood spectrum: improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder Bipolar Disord 7 Suppl 4 2005 4 12 (Pubitemid 41065244)
9. J. Angst The bipolar spectrum Br J Psychiatry 190 2007 189 191 (Pubitemid 46383999)
10. J. Angst Bipolar disorder-methodological problems and future perspectives Dialogues Clin Neurosci 10 2 2008 129 139 (Pubitemid 352028216)
11. F. Benazzi The continuum hypothesis of mood disorders J Clin Psychiatry 69 7 2008 1187 1188 [author reply 8] (Pubitemid 352036238)
12. F.K. Goodwin, and K.R. Jamison Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression 2007 Oxford University Press New York
13. H.S. Akiskal, and O. Pinto The soft bipolar spectrum: footnotes to Kraepelin on the interface of hypomania, temperament and depression 2000 Kluwer Academic Dordrecht, the Netherlands
14. D.L. Dunner, E.S. Gershon, and F.K. Goodwin Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness Sci Pro Amer Psychiatric Assn 123 1970 187 188
15. G.L. Klerman The spectrum of mania Compr Psychiatry 22 1 1981 11 20 (Pubitemid 11129187)
16. L.L. Judd, and H.S. Akiskal The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases J Affect Disord 73 1-2 2003 123 131 (Pubitemid 36044640)
17. J. Angst, R. Sellaro, H.H. Stassen, and A. Gamma Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 149 157 (Pubitemid 40222496)
18. K.R. Merikangas, H.S. Akiskal, J. Angst, P.E. Greenberg, R.M. Hirschfeld, and M. Petukhova Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 5 2007 543 552 (Pubitemid 46718287)
19. R.S. El-Mallakh, A. Karippot, and S.N. Ghaemi Antidepressants in bipolar depression. Bipolar depression 2006 American Psychiatric Publishing Washington, DC
20. V. Sharma, M. Khan, and A. Smith A closer look at treatment resistant depression: is it due to a bipolar diathesis? J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 251 257 (Pubitemid 40222507)
21. J.F. Goldberg, and C.J. Truman Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies Bipolar Disord 5 6 2003 407 420 (Pubitemid 38072243)
22. T.A. Wehr, D.A. Sack, N.E. Rosenthal, and R.W. Cowdry Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and treatment responses in 51 patients Am J Psychiatry 145 2 1988 179 184 (Pubitemid 18058361)
23. B.J. Chun, and D.L. Dunner A review of antidepressant-induced hypomania in major depression: suggestions for DSM-V Bipolar Disord 6 1 2004 32 42 (Pubitemid 38256502)
24. S.C. Dilsaver, Y.W. Chen, A.C. Swann, A.M. Shoaib, and K.J. Krajewski Suicidality in patients with pure and depressive mania Am J Psychiatry 151 9 1994 1312 1315 (Pubitemid 24281755)
25. H.S. Akiskal, F. Benazzi, G. Perugi, and Z. Rihmer Agitated "unipolar" depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy J Affect Disord 85 3 2005 245 258 (Pubitemid 40386508)
26. C.L. Bowden Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression Psychiatr Serv (Washington, DC 52 1 2001 51 55 (Pubitemid 32039805)
27. M. Bauer, G. Juckel, C.U. Correll, K. Leopold, and A. Pfennig Diagnosis and treatment in the early illness phase of bipolar disorders Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258 Suppl 5 2008 50 54
28. A.M. Nivoli, F. Colom, A. Murru, I. Pacchiarotti, P. Castro-Loli, and A. Gonzalez-Pinto New treatment guidelines for acute bipolar depression: a systematic review J Affect Disord 2010
29. K.N. Fountoulakis Pharmaceutical treatment of acute bipolar depression F1000 medicine reports 2010 2
30. H. Grunze, E. Vieta, G.M. Goodwin, C. Bowden, R.W. Licht, and H.J. Moller The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression World J Biol Psychiatry 11 2 2010 81 109
31. A. Beigel, and D.L. Murphy Unipolar and bipolar affective illness. Differences in clinical characteristics accompanying depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 24 3 1971 215 220
32. J.M. Himmelhoch, T. Detre, D.J. Kupfer, M. Swartzburg, and R. Byck Treatment of previously intractable depressions with tranylcypromine and lithium J Nerv Ment Dis 155 3 1972 216 220
33. R. Abrams, and M.A. Taylor Unipolar and bipolar depressive illness. Phenomenology and response to electroconvulsive therapy Arch Gen Psychiatry 30 3 1974 320 321
34. S.B. Guze, R.A. Woodruff Jr., and P.J. Clayton The significance of psychotic affective disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 32 9 1975 1147 1150
35. R. Abrams, and M.A. Taylor A comparison of unipolar and bipolar depressive illness Am J Psychiatry 137 9 1980 1084 1087 (Pubitemid 10048886)
36. I.F. Brockington, E. Altman, V. Hillier, H.Y. Meltzer, and S. Nand The clinical picture of bipolar affective disorder in its depressed phase. A report from London and Chicago Br J Psychiatry 141 1982 558 562 (Pubitemid 13196921)
37. H.S. Akiskal, P. Walker, V.R. Puzantian, D. King, T.L. Rosenthal, and M. Dranon Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors J Affect Disord 5 2 1983 115 128 (Pubitemid 13120405)
38. D.W. Black, and A. Nasrallah Hallucinations and delusions in 1,715 patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders Psychopathology 22 1 1989 28 34 (Pubitemid 19077474)
39. P. Mitchell, G. Parker, K. Jamieson, K. Wilhelm, I. Hickie, and H. Brodaty Are there any differences between bipolar and unipolar melancholia? J Affect Disord 25 2 1992 97 105
40. G.N. Papadimitriou, D.G. Dikeos, E.G. Daskalopoulou, and C.R. Soldatos Co-occurrence of disturbed sleep and appetite loss differentiates between unipolar and bipolar depressive episodes Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26 6 2002 1041 1045 (Pubitemid 35256095)
41. H.A. Robertson, R.W. Lam, J.N. Stewart, L.N. Yatham, E.M. Tam, and A.P. Zis Atypical depressive symptoms and clusters in unipolar and bipolar depression Acta Psychiatr Scand 94 6 1996 421 427 (Pubitemid 27028803)
42. G. Parker, K. Roy, K. Wilhelm, P. Mitchell, and D. Hadzi-Pavlovic The nature of bipolar depression: implications for the definition of melancholia J Affect Disord 59 3 2000 217 224 (Pubitemid 30347544)
43. P.B. Mitchell, K. Wilhelm, G. Parker, M.P. Austin, P. Rutgers, and G.S. Malhi The clinical features of bipolar depression: a comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients J Clin Psychiatry 62 3 2001 212 216 [quiz 7] (Pubitemid 32270103)
44. R.H. Perlis, E. Brown, R.W. Baker, and A.A. Nierenberg Clinical features of bipolar depression versus major depressive disorder in large multicenter trials Am J Psychiatry 163 2 2006 225 231 (Pubitemid 44480841)
45. F. Benazzi Bipolar family history of the hypomanic symptoms and dimensions of mixed depression Compr Psychiatry 46 6 2005 399 404 (Pubitemid 41571858)
46. F. Benazzi Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder: continuity or discontinuity? World J Biol Psychiatry 4 4 2003 166 171
47. F. Benazzi Challenging the unipolar-bipolar division: does mixed depression bridge the gap? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31 1 2007 97 103 (Pubitemid 44959259)
48. A. Serretti, L. Mandelli, E. Lattuada, C. Cusin, and E. Smeraldi Clinical and demographic features of mood disorder subtypes Psychiatry Res 112 3 2002 195 210 (Pubitemid 35351721)
49. J. Angst, A. Gamma, R. Sellaro, H. Zhang, and K. Merikangas Toward validation of atypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich cohort study J Affect Disord 72 2 2002 125 138 (Pubitemid 35007357)
50. E.G. Hantouche, and H.S. Akiskal Bipolar II vs. unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 127 132 (Pubitemid 40222493)
51. H.S. Akiskal, and F. Benazzi Atypical depression: a variant of bipolar II or a bridge between unipolar and bipolar II? J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 209 217 (Pubitemid 40222502)
52. H.S. Akiskal, and F. Benazzi Continuous distribution of atypical depressive symptoms between major depressive and bipolar II disorders: dose-response relationship with bipolar family history Psychopathology 41 1 2008 39 42 (Pubitemid 350146912)
53. D.J. Kupfer, B.L. Weiss, G. Foster, T.P. Detre, and R. McPartland Psychomotor activity in affective states Arch Gen Psychiatry 30 6 1974 765 768
54. D.L. Dunner, T. Dwyer, and R.R. Fieve Depressive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder Compr Psychiatry 17 3 1976 447 451
55. M.M. Katz, E. Robins, J. Croughan, S. Secunda, and A. Swann Behavioural measurement and drug response characteristics of unipolar and bipolar depression Psychol Med 12 1 1982 25 36 (Pubitemid 12126793)
56. H.S. Akiskal, J.D. Maser, P.J. Zeller, J. Endicott, W. Coryell, and M. Keller Switching from "unipolar" to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 2 1995 114 123
57. R.T. Joffe, L.T. Young, and G.M. MacQueen A two-illness model of bipolar disorder Bipolar Disord 1 1 1999 25 30
58. P. Mitchell, and A. Sengoz Phenotypical expression of melancholia contrasted for those with bipolar and unipolar illness courses 1996 Cambridge University Press New York
59. J. Endicott, J. Nee, N. Andreasen, P. Clayton, M. Keller, and W. Coryell Bipolar II. Combine or keep separate? J Affect Disord 8 1 1985 17 28 (Pubitemid 15138505)
60. W. Coryell, J. Endicott, J.D. Maser, M.B. Keller, A.C. Leon, and H.S. Akiskal Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders Am J Psychiatry 152 3 1995 385 390
61. M. Hamilton A rating scale for depression J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23 1960 56 62
62. S.A. Montgomery, and M. Asberg A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change Br J Psychiatry 134 1979 382 389 (Pubitemid 9136500)
63. R.C. Young, J.T. Biggs, V.E. Ziegler, and D.A. Meyer A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity Br J Psychiatry 133 1978 429 435 (Pubitemid 9006756)
64. T. Detre, J. Himmelhoch, M. Swartzburg, C.M. Anderson, R. Byck, and D.J. Kupfer Hypersomnia and manic-depressive disease Am J Psychiatry 128 10 1972 1303 1305
65. J.M. Himmelhoch Social anxiety, hypomania and the bipolar spectrum: data, theory and clinical issues J Affect Disord 50 2-3 1998 203 213 (Pubitemid 28551789)
66. G. Perugi, H.S. Akiskal, C. Micheli, C. Toni, and D. Madaro Clinical characterization of depressive mixed state in bipolar-I patients: Pisa-San Diego collaboration J Affect Disord 67 1-3 2001 105 114 (Pubitemid 34183341)
67. H. Kuhs, and D. Reschke Psychomotor activity in unipolar and bipolar depressive patients Psychopathology 25 2 1992 109 116
68. C. Popescu, R. Ionescu, I. Jipescu, and S. Popa Psychomotor functioning in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders Rom J Neurol Psychiatry=Revue Roumaine de Neurologie et Psychiatrie 29 1-2 1991 17 33
69. J.F. Greden, and B.J. Carroll Psychomotor function in affective disorders: an overview of new monitoring techniques Am J Psychiatry 138 11 1981 1441 1448 (Pubitemid 11030314)
70. H.S. Akiskal, and F. Benazzi Delineating depressive mixed states: therapeutic significance Clin Approaches Bipolar Disord 2 2003 41 47
71. T. Sato, R. Bottlender, A. Schroter, and H.J. Moller Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar "depressive mixed state" as bipolar spectrum Acta Psychiatr Scand 107 4 2003 268 274 (Pubitemid 36458210)
72. H.S. Akiskal The dark side of bipolarity: detecting bipolar depression in its pleomorphic expressions J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 107 115 (Pubitemid 40227436)
73. F. Benazzi Clinical differences between bipolar II depression and unipolar major depressive disorder: lack of an effect of age J Affect Disord 75 2 2003 191 195 (Pubitemid 36645252)
74. F. Benazzi Psychomotor changes in melancholic and atypical depression: unipolar and bipolar-II subtypes Psychiatry Res 112 3 2002 211 220 (Pubitemid 35351722)
75. H.S. Akiskal, and F. Benazzi Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states J Affect Disord 73 1-2 2003 113 122 (Pubitemid 36044639)
76. G.B. Cassano, P. Rucci, E. Frank, A. Fagiolini, L. Dell'Osso, and M.K. Shear The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: arguments for a unitary approach Am J Psychiatry 161 7 2004 1264 1269 (Pubitemid 38859177)
77. M. Maj, R. Pirozzi, L. Magliano, and L. Bartoli Agitated depression in bipolar I disorder: prevalence, phenomenology, and outcome Am J Psychiatry 160 12 2003 2134 2140 (Pubitemid 39619606)
78. A. Serretti, and P. Olgiati Profiles of "manic" symptoms in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorders J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 159 166 (Pubitemid 40222497)
79. M. Biondi, A. Picardi, M. Pasquini, P. Gaetano, and P. Pancheri Dimensional psychopathology of depression: detection of an " activation" dimension in unipolar depressed outpatients J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 133 139 (Pubitemid 40222494)
80. F. Benazzi, A. Koukopoulos, and H.S. Akiskal Toward a validation of a new definition of agitated depression as a bipolar mixed state (mixed depression) Eur Psychiatry 19 2 2004 85 90 (Pubitemid 38402270)
81. H.S. Akiskal, E.G. Hantouche, M.L. Bourgeois, J.M. Azorin, D. Sechter, and J.F. Allilaire Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a French national study (EPIMAN) J Affect Disord 50 2-3 1998 175 186 (Pubitemid 28551787)
82. S.L. McElroy, P.E. Keck Jr., H.G. Pope Jr., J.I. Hudson, G.L. Faedda, and A.C. Swann Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania Am J Psychiatry 149 12 1992 1633 1644
83. F. Benazzi Family history validation of a definition of mixed depression Compr Psychiatry 46 3 2005 159 166 (Pubitemid 40545929)
84. F. Benazzi Which could be a clinically useful definition of depressive mixed state? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26 6 2002 1105 1111 (Pubitemid 35256102)
85. F. Benazzi Depressive mixed states: unipolar and bipolar II Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250 5 2000 249 253
86. F. Benazzi Depressive mixed state: dimensional versus categorical definitions Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27 1 2003 129 134 (Pubitemid 36126654)
87. A. Koukopoulos, and A. Koukopoulos Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia Psychiatr Clin North Am 22 1999 547 564 (Pubitemid 29463707)
88. E. Robins, and S.B. Guze Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 126 7 1970 983 987
89. H.S. Akiskal Validating "hard" and "soft" phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity? J Affect Disord 73 1-2 2003 1 5 (Pubitemid 36044627)
90. S.N. Ghaemi, J.Y. Ko, and F.K. Goodwin "Cade's disease" and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder Can J Psychiatry 47 2 2002 125 134 (Pubitemid 34464554)
91. F. Benazzi Bipolar II disorder family history using the family history screen: findings and clinical implications Compr Psychiatry 45 2 2004 77 82 (Pubitemid 38332702)
92. F. Benazzi, and H.S. Akiskal How best to identify a bipolar-related subtype among major depressive patients without spontaneous hypomania: superiority of age at onset criterion over recurrence and polarity? J Affect Disord 107 1-3 2008 77 88 (Pubitemid 351288919)
93. M. Tafalla, J. Sanchez-Moreno, T. Diez, and E. Vieta Screening for bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample of outpatients with current major depressive episode J Affect Disord 114 1-3 2009 299 304
94. D.J. Kupfer, J.M. Himmelhoch, M. Swartzburg, C. Anderson, R. Byck, and T.P. Detre Hypersomnia in manic-depressive disease (a preliminary report) Dis Nervous System 33 11 1972 720 724
95. G. Perugi, H.S. Akiskal, L. Lattanzi, D. Cecconi, C. Mastrocinque, and A. Patronelli The high prevalence of "soft" bipolar (II) features in atypical depression Compr Psychiatry 39 2 1998 63 71 (Pubitemid 28093926)
96. F. Benazzi Atypical depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-case study Compr Psychiatry 40 1 1999 80 83 (Pubitemid 29037418)
97. F. Benazzi Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in atypical depression Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249 2 1999 62 65 (Pubitemid 29366763)
98. F. Benazzi, and Z. Rihmer Sensitivity and specificity of DSM-IV atypical features for bipolar II disorder diagnosis Psychiatry Res 93 3 2000 257 262 (Pubitemid 30175956)
99. D. Ebert, A. Barocka, R. Kalb, and G. Ott Atypical depression as a bipolar spectrum disease: evidence from a longitudinal study: the early course of atypical depression Psychiatr Danub 5 1993 133 136
100. A. Serretti, E. Lattuada, C. Cusin, F. Macciardi, and E. Smeraldi Analysis of depressive symptomatology in mood disorders Depress Anxiety 8 2 1998 80 85 (Pubitemid 28458052)
101. H.S. Akiskal, M.L. Bourgeois, J. Angst, R. Post, H. Moller, and R. Hirschfeld Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders J Affect Disord 59 Suppl 1 2000 S5 S30 (Pubitemid 32164448)
102. V. Agosti, and J.W. Stewart Atypical and non-atypical subtypes of depression: comparison of social functioning, symptoms, course of illness, co-morbidity and demographic features J Affect Disord 65 1 2001 75 79 (Pubitemid 32411575)
103. F. Angst, H.H. Stassen, P.J. Clayton, and J. Angst Mortality of patients with mood disorders: follow-up over 34-38 years J Affect Disord 68 2-3 2002 167 181 (Pubitemid 34628324)
104. S.N. Ghaemi, D.J. Hsu, J.Y. Ko, C.F. Baldassano, N.J. Kontos, and F.K. Goodwin Bipolar spectrum disorder: a pilot study Psychopathology 37 5 2004 222 226 (Pubitemid 39370545)
105. E. Horwath, J. Johnson, M.M. Weissman, and C.D. Hornig The validity of major depression with atypical features based on a community study J Affect Disord 26 2 1992 117 125
106. R.D. Levitan, A. Lesage, S.V. Parikh, P. Goering, and S.H. Kennedy Reversed neurovegetative symptoms of depression: a community study of Ontario Am J Psychiatry 154 7 1997 934 940 (Pubitemid 27274535)
107. M.A. Posternak, and M. Zimmerman Lack of association between seasonality and psychopathology in psychiatric outpatients Psychiatry Res 112 3 2002 187 194 (Pubitemid 35351720)
108. P.F. Sullivan, C.A. Prescott, and K.S. Kendler The subtypes of major depression in a twin registry J Affect Disord 68 2-3 2002 273 284 (Pubitemid 34632666)
109. J.W. Smoller, and C.T. Finn Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 123C 1 2003 48 58 (Pubitemid 37356432)
110. S.G. Simpson, S.E. Folstein, D.A. Meyers, F.J. McMahon, D.M. Brusco, and J.R. DePaulo Jr Bipolar II: the most common bipolar phenotype? Am J Psychiatry 150 6 1993 901 903 (Pubitemid 23156770)
111. R. Heun, and W. Maier The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study Acta Psychiatr Scand 87 4 1993 279 284 (Pubitemid 23107280)
112. R. Heun, and W. Maier Bipolar II disorders in six first-degree relatives Biol Psychiatry 34 4 1993 274 276 (Pubitemid 23290328)
113. J.R. DePaulo Jr., S.G. Simpson, J.O. Gayle, and S.E. Folstein Bipolar II disorder in six sisters J Affect Disord 19 4 1990 259 264 (Pubitemid 20252174)
114. J.B. Potash, Y.F. Chiu, D.F. MacKinnon, E.B. Miller, S.G. Simpson, and F.J. McMahon Familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in a replication set of 69 bipolar disorder pedigrees Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116B 1 2003 90 97 (Pubitemid 37063621)
115. T.G. Schulze, D. Hedeker, P. Zandi, M. Rietschel, and F.J. McMahon What is familial about familial bipolar disorder? Resemblance among relatives across a broad spectrum of phenotypic characteristics Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 12 2006 1368 1376 (Pubitemid 44878520)
116. D.F. MacKinnon, P.P. Zandi, J. Cooper, J.B. Potash, S.G. Simpson, and E. Gershon Comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families with a high prevalence of bipolar disorder Am J Psychiatry 159 1 2002 30 35 (Pubitemid 41070723)
117. J.B. Potash, H.S. Kane, Y.F. Chiu, S.G. Simpson, D.F. MacKinnon, and M.G. McInnis Attempted suicide and alcoholism in bipolar disorder: clinical and familial relationships Am J Psychiatry 157 12 2000 2048 2050
118. D.F. MacKinnon, P.P. Zandi, E. Gershon, J.I. Nurnberger Jr., T. Reich, and J.R. DePaulo Rapid switching of mood in families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 9 2003 921 928 (Pubitemid 37122312)
119. M. Alda, P. Grof, L. Ravindran, P. Cavazzoni, A. Duffy, and E. Grof Anticipation in bipolar affective disorder: is age at onset a valid criterion? Am J Med Genet 96 6 2000 804 807
120. F. Bellivier, J.L. Golmard, M. Rietschel, T.G. Schulze, A. Malafosse, and M. Preisig Age at onset in bipolar I affective disorder: further evidence for three subgroups Am J Psychiatry 160 5 2003 999 1001 (Pubitemid 41079589)
121. M.E. Fisfalen, T.G. Schulze, J.R. DePaulo Jr., L.J. DeGroot, J.A. Badner, and F.J. McMahon Familial variation in episode frequency in bipolar affective disorder Am J Psychiatry 162 7 2005 1266 1272 (Pubitemid 40905576)
122. M. Lapalme, S. Hodgins, and C. LaRoche Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a metaanalysis of risk for mental disorders Can J Psychiatry 42 6 1997 623 631 (Pubitemid 27397678)
123. M. Fava The role of the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems in the treatment of psychological and physical symptoms of depression J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl 13 2003 26 29 (Pubitemid 37267812)
124. B.I. Yerevanian, R.J. Koek, and S. Ramdev Anxiety disorders comorbidity in mood disorder subgroups: data from a mood disorders clinic J Affect Disord 67 1-3 2001 167 173 (Pubitemid 34183347)
125. S. Pini, G.B. Cassano, E. Simonini, M. Savino, A. Russo, and S.A. Montgomery Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia J Affect Disord 42 2-3 1997 145 153 (Pubitemid 27170160)
126. O. Mantere, T.K. Melartin, K. Suominen, H.J. Rytsala, H.M. Valtonen, and P. Arvilommi Differences in Axis I and II comorbidity between bipolar I and II disorders and major depressive disorder J Clin Psychiatry 67 4 2006 584 593 (Pubitemid 43764235)
127. Y.W. Chen, and S.C. Dilsaver Comorbidity of panic disorder in bipolar illness: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey Am J Psychiatry 152 2 1995 280 282
128. R.D. Goodwin, and C.W. Hoven Bipolar-panic comorbidity in the general population: prevalence and associated morbidity J Affect Disord 70 1 2002 27 33 (Pubitemid 34756610)
129. R.C. Kessler, D.R. Rubinow, C. Holmes, J.M. Abelson, and S. Zhao The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey Psychol Med 27 5 1997 1079 1089 (Pubitemid 27401831)
130. N.M. Simon, J.W. Smoller, M. Fava, G. Sachs, S.R. Racette, and R. Perlis Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression J of Psychiatr Res 37 3 2003 187 192 (Pubitemid 36321746)
131. A. Rotondo, C. Mazzanti, L. Dell'Osso, P. Rucci, P. Sullivan, and S. Bouanani Catechol o-methyltransferase, serotonin transporter, and tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms in bipolar disorder patients with and without comorbid panic disorder Am J Psychiatry 159 1 2002 23 29 (Pubitemid 41070722)
132. J. Angst, A. Gamma, J. Endrass, R. Goodwin, V. Ajdacic, and D. Eich Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254 3 2004 156 164 (Pubitemid 39304465)
133. Y.W. Chen, and S.C. Dilsaver Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders Psychiatry Res 59 1-2 1995 57 64
134. D.A. Regier, M.E. Farmer, D.S. Rae, B.Z. Locke, S.J. Keith, and L.L. Judd Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study Jama 264 19 1990 2511 2518
135. G. Winokur, and M.T. Tsuang The natural history of mania, depression and schizophrenia 1996 American Psychiatric Press Washington, DC
136. G. Winokur, and A. Kadrmas A polyepisodic course in bipolar illness: possible clinical relationships Compr Psychiatry 30 2 1989 121 127 (Pubitemid 19076104)
137. F. Benazzi Classifying mood disorders by age-at-onset instead of polarity Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33 1 2009 86 93
138. C. O'Donovan, J.S. Garnham, T. Hajek, and M. Alda Antidepressant monotherapy in pre-bipolar depression; predictive value and inherent risk J Affect Disord 107 1-3 2008 293 298 (Pubitemid 351297780)
139. J.F. Goldberg, M. Harrow, and J.E. Whiteside Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression Am J Psychiatry 158 8 2001 1265 1270 (Pubitemid 32717701)
140. F. Benazzi Bipolar II disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and management CNS drugs 21 9 2007 727 740 (Pubitemid 47294719)
141. E. Vieta, and T. Suppes Bipolar II disorder: arguments for and against a distinct diagnostic entity Bipolar Disord 10 1 Pt 2 2008 163 178
142. D.A. Solomon, A.C. Leon, J.D. Maser, C.J. Truman, W. Coryell, and J. Endicott Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P) J Clin Psychiatry 67 3 2006 434 442
143. P. Roy-Byrne, R.M. Post, T.W. Uhde, T. Porcu, and D. Davis The longitudinal course of recurrent affective illness: life chart data from research patients at the NIMH Acta Psychiatr Scand 317 1985 1 34 (Pubitemid 15231666)
144. S.H. Jones Circadian rhythms, multilevel models of emotion and bipolar disorder-an initial step towards integration? Clin Psychol Rev 21 8 2001 1193 1209 (Pubitemid 33033123)
145. U. Hegerl, A.C. Bottner, B. Holtschmidt-Taschner, C. Born, F. Seemuller, and W. Scheunemann Onset of depressive episodes is faster in patients with bipolar versus unipolar depressive disorder: evidence from a retrospective comparative study J Clin Psychiatry 69 7 2008 1075 1080 (Pubitemid 352031589)
146. W. Coryell, M. Keller, J. Endicott, N. Andreasen, P. Clayton, and R. Hirschfeld Bipolar II illness: course and outcome over a five-year period Psychol Med 19 1 1989 129 141 (Pubitemid 19100273)
147. N. Goel, M. Terman, and J.S. Terman Depressive symptomatology differentiates subgroups of patients with seasonal affective disorder Depress Anxiety 15 1 2002 34 41 (Pubitemid 34160264)
148. E.P. Ahearn, and B.J. Carroll Short-term variability of mood ratings in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients J Affect Disord 36 3-4 1996 107 115 (Pubitemid 26040158)
149. S. Dorz, G. Borgherini, D. Conforti, C. Scarso, and G. Magni Depression in inpatients: bipolar vs unipolar Psychol Rep 92 3 Pt 1 2003 1031 1039 (Pubitemid 39110024)
150. D.V. Sheehan, Y. Lecrubier, K.H. Sheehan, P. Amorim, J. Janavs, and E. Weiller The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 20 1998 22 33 [quiz 4-57] (Pubitemid 29001829)
151. N.P. Kearns, C.A. Cruickshank, K.J. McGuigan, S.A. Riley, S.P. Shaw, and R.P. Snaith A comparison of depression rating scales Br J Psychiatry 141 1982 45 49 (Pubitemid 12074468)
152. E. Lattuada, A. Serretti, C. Cusin, M. Gasperini, and E. Smeraldi Symptomatologic analysis of psychotic and non-psychotic depression J Affect Disord 54 1-2 1999 183 187 (Pubitemid 29287688)
153. A. Serretti, M.C. Jori, G. Casadei, L. Ravizza, E. Smeraldi, and H. Akiskal Delineating psychopathologic clusters within dysthymia: a study of 512 out-patients without major depression J Affect Disord 56 1 1999 17 25
154. C. Sobin, and H.A. Sackeim Psychomotor symptoms of depression Am J Psychiatry 154 1 1997 4 17 (Pubitemid 27020186)
155. S. Andersson, J.M. Krogstad, and A. Finset Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain damage: relationship to lesion localization and psychophysiological reactivity Psychol Med 29 2 1999 447 456 (Pubitemid 29129329)
156. M.F. Hammond Rating depression severity in the elderly physically ill patient: reliability and factor structure of the Hamilton and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scales Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13 4 1998 257 261 (Pubitemid 28192680)
157. F. Benazzi Factor analysis of the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale in 251 bipolar II and 306 unipolar depressed outpatients Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25 7 2001 1369 1376 (Pubitemid 33022715)
158. R.D. Parker, E.P. Flint, H.B. Bosworth, C.F. Pieper, and D.C. Steffens A three-factor analytic model of the MADRS in geriatric depression Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18 1 2003 73 77 (Pubitemid 36131230)
159. A. Suzuki, T. Aoshima, T. Fukasawa, K. Yoshida, H. Higuchi, and T. Shimizu A three-factor model of the MADRS in major depressive disorder Depress Anxiety 21 2 2005 95 97 (Pubitemid 40734025)
160. P.B. Mitchell, G.M. Goodwin, G.F. Johnson, and R.M. Hirschfeld Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach Bipolar Disord 10 1 Pt 2 2008 144 152
161. P.B. Mitchell, and G.S. Malhi Bipolar depression: phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics Bipolar Disord 6 6 2004 530 539 (Pubitemid 39562421)
162. G.B. Cassano, H.S. Akiskal, M. Savino, L. Musetti, and G. Perugi Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament J Affect Disord 26 2 1992 127 140
163. G. Winokur, W. Coryell, J. Endicott, and H. Akiskal Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive
164. F.J. McMahon, O.C. Stine, G.A. Chase, D.A. Meyers, S.G. Simpson, and J.R. DePaulo Jr Influence of clinical subtype, sex, and lineality on age at onset of major affective disorder in a family sample Am J Psychiatry 151 2 1994 210 215 (Pubitemid 24053101)
165. V. Hendrick, L.L. Altshuler, M.J. Gitlin, S. Delrahim, and C. Hammen Gender and bipolar illness J Clin Psychiatry 61 5 2000 393 396 [quiz 7] (Pubitemid 30345945)
166. J.F. Allilaire, E.G. Hantouche, D. Sechter, M.L. Bourgeois, J.M. Azorin, and S. Lancrenon Frequency and clinical aspects of bipolar II disorder in a French multicenter study: EPIDEP L'Encephale 27 2 2001 149 158 (Pubitemid 32435926)
167. R.M. Hirschfeld, M.B. Keller, S. Panico, B.S. Arons, D. Barlow, and F. Davidoff The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression Jama 277 4 1997 333 340 (Pubitemid 27045015)
168. K.J. Oedegaard, D. Neckelmann, F. Benazzi, V.E. Syrstad, H.S. Akiskal, and O.B. Fasmer Dissociative experiences differentiate bipolar-II from unipolar depressed patients: the mediating role of cyclothymia and the type A behaviour speed and impatience subscale J Affect Disord 108 3 2008 207 216
169. M. Mula, S. Pini, S. Calugi, M. Preve, M. Masini, and I. Giovannini Distinguishing affective depersonalization from anhedonia in major depression and bipolar disorder Compr Psychiatry 51 2 2010 187 192
170. R.H. Perlis, S. Miyahara, L.B. Marangell, S.R. Wisniewski, M. Ostacher, and M.P. DelBello Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD) Biol Psychiatry 55 9 2004 875 881 (Pubitemid 38526299)
171. F. Benazzi Sensitivity and specificity of clinical markers for the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder Compr Psychiatry 42 6 2001 461 465 (Pubitemid 33099990)
172. F. Benazzi Symptoms of depression as possible markers of bipolar II disorder Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30 3 2006 471 477
173. T. Sato, R. Bottlender, N. Kleindienst, and H.J. Moller Irritable psychomotor elation in depressed inpatients: a factor validation of mixed depression J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 187 196 (Pubitemid 40222500)
174. F. Benazzi Depressive mixed state: testing different definitions Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 55 6 2001 647 652 (Pubitemid 33126540)
175. F. Benazzi, and H. Akiskal Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state J Affect Disord 84 2-3 2005 197 207 (Pubitemid 40222501)
176. M. Strober, and G. Carlson Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 5 1982 549 555 (Pubitemid 12125546)
177. R.H. Perlis, J.W. Smoller, M. Fava, J.F. Rosenbaum, A.A. Nierenberg, and G.S. Sachs The prevalence and clinical correlates of anger attacks during depressive episodes in bipolar disorder J Affect Disord 79 1-3 2004 291 295 (Pubitemid 38340559)