Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder: Continuity or discontinuity?

World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 166-171

  Benazzi, Franco ^a,b  

^a Outpatient Psychiatry Private Centre   (Italy)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY   (Italy)

Author keywords

bipolar II disorder; bipolar spectrum; category; classification; major depressive disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 5644243444     PISSN: 15622975     EISSN: 18141412     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15622970310029914     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Aalto-Setala T, Haarasilta L, Marttunen M, Tuulio-Henrikson A, Poikolainen K, Aro H, Lonnqvist J (2002) Major depressive episode among young adults: CIDI-SF versus SCAN consensus diagnoses. Psychol Med 32:1309-1314.
2. Akiskal HS (1996) The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16(Suppl 1):4S-14S.
3. Akiskal HS (2002) Classification, diagnosis and boundaries of bipolar disorders: a review. In: Maj M, Akiskal HS, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Sartorius N (eds) Bipolar disorder. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK, pp 1-52.
4. Akiskal HS (2003) Validating 'hard' and 'soft' phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity? J Affect Disord 73:1-5.
5. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F (2003) Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J Affect Disord 73:113-122.
6. Akiskal HS, Pinto O (1999) The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III, and IV. In: Akiskal HS (ed) Bipolarity: beyond classic mania. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22:517-534.
7. Akiskal HS, Djenderedjian AH, Rosenthal RH, Khani MK (1977) Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am J Psychiatry 134:1227-1233.
8. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VR, King D, Rosenthal TL, Dranon M. Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness (1983) Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord 5:115-128.
9. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, Warshaw M, Clayton P, Goodwin F (1995) Switching from unipolar' to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:114-123.
10. Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, Post R, Moller H-J, Hirschfeld R (2000) Re-evaluating the prevalence and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 59(Suppl 1):S5-S30.
11. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF (2003a) Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: "dark" and "sunny" expressions of soft bipolarity. J Affect Disord 73:49-57.
12. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF, Sechter D, Bourgeois ML, Azorin JM, Chatenet-Duchene L, Lancrenon S (2003b) Validating antidepressant-associated hypomania (bipolar III): a systematic comparison with spontaneous hypomania (bipolar II). J Affect Disord 73:65-74.
13. Akiskal HS, Azorin JM, Hantouche EG (2003c) Proposed multidimensional structure of mania: beyond the euphoricdysphoric dichotomy. J Affect Disord 73:7-18.
14. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
15. Andreasen NC, Grove WM, Shapiro RW, Keller MB, Hirschfeld RM, McDonald-Scott P (1981) Reliability of lifetime diagnosis. A multicenter collaborative perspective. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:400-405.
16. Andreasen NC, Grove WM (1982) The classification of depression: traditional versus mathematical approaches. Am J Psychiatry 139:45-52.
17. Angst J (1996) Comorbidity of mood disorders: a longitudinal prospective study. Br J Psychiatry 168(Suppl 30):31-37.
18. Angst J, Gamma A (2002) A new bipolar spectrum concept: a brief review. Bipolar Disord 4(Suppl 1):11-14.
19. Angst J, Sellaro R, Merikangas KR (2000) Depressive spectrum diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry 41(2 Suppl 1):39-47.
20. Angst J, Gamma A, Sellaro R, Zhang H, Merikangas K (2002) Toward validation of atypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich cohort study. J Affect Disord 72:125-138.
21. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W (2003) Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord 73:133-146.
22. Baldessarini RJ (2000) A plea for integrity of the bipolar disorder concept. Bipolar Disord 2:3-7.
23. Benazzi F (2000a) Depression with DSM-IV atypical features: a marker for bipolar II disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250:53-55.
24. Benazzi F (2000b) Borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder in private practice depressed outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 41:106-110.
25. Benazzi F (2001) Is 4 days the minimum duration of hypomania in bipolar II disorder? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 251:32-34.
26. Benazzi F (In Press) Depression with racing thoughts. Psychiatry Res.
27. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS (2003) Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania. J Affect Disord 73:33-38.
28. Brugha TS, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R, Meltzer H, Taub NA, Janas M, Vernon J (1999) Cross validation of a general population survey diagnostic interview: a comparison of CIS-R with SCAN ICD-10 diagnostic categories. Psychol Med 29:1029-1042.
29. Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G, Soriani A (1992) Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord 26:127-140.
30. Clayton PJ, Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL (1992) Unipolar depression: diagnostic inconsistency and its implications. J Affect Disord 26:111-116.
31. Coryell W (1999) Bipolar II disorder: the importance of hypomania. In: Goldberg JF, Harrow M (eds) Bipolar disorders. Clinical course and outcome. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 219-236.
32. Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Keller MB, Leon AC, Akiskal HS (1995) Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 152:385-390.
33. Dunner DL (1998) Diagnostic revisions for DSM-IV. In: Goodnick PL (ed) Mania. Clinical and research perspectives. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 3-10.
34. Dunner DL, Tay LK (1993) Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry 34:303-307.
35. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G (2000) A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:217-222.
36. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (1997) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders-clinician version (SCID-CV). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
37. Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK (2002) "Cade's disease" and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can J Psychiatry 47:125-134.
38. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (1990) Manic-depressive illness. Oxford University Press, New York.
39. Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Lencrenon S, Allilaire J-F, Sechter D, Azorin J-M, Bourgeois M, Fraud J-P, Chatenet-Duchene L (1998) Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a french national multi-site study (EPIDEP). J Affect Disord 50:163-173.
40. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy LT, Spitznagel EL, Stoltzman RK, Farmer A, Brockington IF (1985) A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses. Physician reexamination of lay-interviewed cases in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:657-666.
41. Judd LL, Akiskal HS (2003) The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord 73:123-131.
42. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Paulus MP, Kunovac JL, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Rice JA, Keller MB (1998) A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:694-700.
43. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Rice JA, Keller MB (2002) The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:530-537.
44. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Coryell W, Maser J, Rice JA, Solomon DA, Keller MB (2003a) The comparative clinical phenotype and long term longitudinal episode course of bipolar I and II: a clinical spectrum or distinct disorders? J Affect Disord 73:19-32.
45. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Keller MB (2003b) A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:261-269.
46. Keller MB, Lavori PW, McDonald-Scott P, Scheftner WA, Andreasen NC, Shapiro RW, Croughan J (1981) Reliability of lifetime diagnoses and symptoms in patients with a current psychiatric disorder. J Psychiatr Res 16:229-240.
47. Kelsoe JR (2003) Arguments for the genetic basis of the bipolar spectrum. J Affect Disord 73:183-197.
48. Kendell R, Jablensky A (2003) Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 160:4-12.
49. Kendler KS (1990) Toward a scientific psychiatric nosology. Strengths and limitations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:969-973.
50. Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr (1998) Boundaries of major depression: an evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. Am J Psychiatry 155:172-177.
51. Kendler KS, Eaves LJ, Walters EE, Neale MC, Heath AC, Kessler RC (1996) The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:391-399.
52. Koukopoulos A, Koukopoulos A (1999) Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia. In: Akiskal HS (ed) Bipolarity: beyond classic mania. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22:547-564.
53. Kraepelin E (1921) Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh.
54. Mazure C, Gershon ES (1979) Blindness and reliability in lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:521-525.
55. McMahon FJ, Stine OC, Chase GA, Meyers DA, Simpson SG, DePaulo JR (1994) Influence of clinical subtype, sex, and lineality on age at onset of major affective disorder in a family sample. Am J Psychiatry 151:210-215.
56. McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, McInnis MG, Badner JA, MacKinnon DF, DePaulo JR (2001) Linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18q and the validity of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:1025-1031.
57. Pages KP, Dunner DL (1997) Focus on dysthymic disorder and chronic depressions. In: Dunner DL, Rosenbaum JK (ed) The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Annual of Drug Therapy. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 91-109.
58. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, Cecconi D, Mastrocinque C, Patronelli A, Vignoli S, Bemi E (1998) The high prevalence of "soft" bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr Psychiatry 39:63-71.
59. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Tricamo E, Rabkin JG, Ocepek-Welikson K, Nunes E, Harrison W, Klein DF (1993) Columbia atypical depression. A subgroup of depressives with better response to MAOI than to tricyclic antidepressants or placebo. Br J Psychiatry 21(Suppl):30-34.
60. Rice JP, McDonald-Scott P, Endicott J, Coryell W, Grove WM, Keller MB, Altis D (1986) The stability of diagnosis with an application to bipolar II disorder. Psychiatry Res 19:285-296.
61. Robins E, Guze SB (1970) Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 126:983-987.
62. Salgado-Ugarte IH, Shimizu M, Taniuchi T (1994) Exploring the shape of univariate data using Kernel density estimators. STATA Technical Bulletin 16:8-19.
63. Sato T, Bottlender R, Kleindienst N, Moller HJ (2002) Syndromes and phenomenological subtypes underlying acute mania: a factor analytic study of 576 manic patients. Am J Psychiatry 159:968-974.
64. Sato T, Bottlender R, Schroter A, Moller H-J (2003) Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar 'depressive mixed state' as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr Scand 107:268-274
65. Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, McInnis MG, MacKinnon DF, Edwin D, Folstein SE, DePaulo JR (2002) Diagnostic reliability of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:736-740.
66. The ICD-10 (1992) Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Health Organization, Geneva.
67. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams P, Wolk S, Verdeli H, Olfson M (2000) Brief screening for family psychiatric history. The family history screen. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:675-682.
68. Williams JBW, Terman M, Link MJ, Amira L, Rosenthal NE (1994, rev 2000) Hypomania interview guide (including hyperthymia). Current assessment version (HIGH-C). Clinical Assessment Tools Packet, Center for Environmental Therapeutics, Norwood, NJ.
69. Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, Endicott J, Akiskal H (1993a) A prospective follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:457-465.
70. Winokur G, Coryell W, Endicott J, Akiskal H (1993b) Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive disorder (unipolar depression). Am J Psychiatry 150:1176-1181.
71. Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, Endicott J, Leon A (1995) A family study of manic-depressive (bipolar I) disease. Is it a distinct illness separable from primary unipolar depression? Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:367-373.