Trade in Palm Products in North-Western South America

Botanical Review

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 571-606

  Brokamp, Grischa ^a   Valderrama, Natalia ^b   Mittelbach, Moritz ^a   Grandez, César A R ^c   Barfod, Anders S ^d   Weigend, Maximilian ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA   (Peru)

^d AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Arecaceae; Palm Heart; Palm Oil; Value Chains; Vegetable Ivory

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ARECACEAE; EUTERPE OLERACEA;

EID: 82655182007     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12229-011-9087-7     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Acosta-Solis, M. 1948. Tagua or vegetable ivory. A forest product of Ecuador. Economic Botany 2: 46-57.
2. Albán, J., B. Millán & F. Kahn. 2008. Situación actual de la investigación etnobotánica sobre palmeras de Perú. Revista Peruana De Biología 15(supl. 1): 133-142.
3. Anderson, P. J. 1998. Using ecological and economic information to determine sustainable harvest levels of a plant population. Pp. 137-155. In: E. Wollenberg & A. Ingles (eds.), Incomes from the Forest. Methods for the Development and Conservation of Forest Products for Local Communities. CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research. IUCN.
4. --- 2004. The social context for harvesting Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae). Economic Botany 58: 410-419.
5. --- & F. E. Putz. 2002. Harvesting and conservation: Are both possible for the palm, Iriartea deltoidea? Forest Ecology and Management 170: 271-283.
6. Anonymous. 1999. Estadisticas de Exportación y Ventas Internas de Productos Forestales a Nivel Nacional. Gestión 1998. Cámara Nacional Forestal (CNF), Santa Cruz.
7. ---. 2000. Non-wood forest products study for Mexico, Cuba and South America. Forest resources assessment programme. Working paper 11. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome. October 1999.
8. Anderson, P. J. 2002. Rainforest Conservation Fund. Species Data Sheets, Agroforestry & Ethnobotany. Phytelephas spp. (Tagua). (available online: www. rainforestconservation. org/agroforestry-ethnobotany/agroforestry-ethnobotany/phytelephas-spp-ta gua - accessed 10. 11. 2010).
9. --- 2005. Plan de Manejo Forestal de Mauritia flexuosa aguaje 2005-2009. Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria. Comité de Manejo de Palmeras (COMAPA) Veinte de Enero. Elaborado con apoyo técnico de ProNaturaleza. Iquitos, Peru. pp 52.
10. --- 2009. Centro de Información e Inteligencia Comercial (CICO). Perfiles de Producto. Perfil del Palmito. Ecuador.
11. --- 2010a. Perfil de Mercado Palmito. Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior. Bolivia (IBCE). pp 23.
12. --- 2010b. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA): Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to article 13(1) of regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy. EFSA Journal 8(2): 63. Art. 1489.
13. Backes, P. & B. Irgang. 2004. Mata Atlântica: As Árvores e a Paisagem, Porto Alegre: Paisagem do Sul. pp 393.
14. Balick, M. J. 1985. Current Status of Amazonian Oil Palms. Reprinted from: Oil Palms and other Oilseeds of the Amazon. C. Pesce & D. V. Johnson (ed.). Reference publications, Inc.
15. --- 1986. Systematics and economic botany of the Oenocarpus-Jessenia (Palmae) complex. Advances in Economic Botany 3: 1-140.
16. Balick, M. J. 1992. Jessenia y Oenocarpus: Palmas Aceiteras Neotropicales Dignas de ser Domesticadas. FAO, Estudio para la Producción y Protección Vegetal 88. Roma. pp 180.
17. --- & H. T. Beck (eds). 1990. Useful palms of the world. A synoptic bibliography. Columbia University Press, New York.
18. --- & S. N. Gershoff. 1981. Nutritional evaluation of the Jessenia bataua palm: Source of high quality protein and oil from tropical America. Economic Botany 35: 261-271.
19. Balslev, H. & A. Barfod. 1987. Ecuadorian palms-an overview. Opera Botanica 92: 17-35.
20. ---, C. Grandez, N. Y. Paniagua Zambrana, A. L. Møller & S. L. Hansen. 2008. Palmas (Arecaceae) útiles en los alrededores de Iquitos, Amazonía Peruana. Revista Peruana De Biología 15(supl. 1): 121-132.
21. ---, W. Eiserhardt, T. Kristiansen, D. Pedersen & C. Grandez. 2010. Palms and palm communities in the upper Ucayali river valley-a little-known region in the Amazon basin. Palms 54: 57-72.
22. Barfod, A. S. 1989. The rise and fall of vegetable ivory. Principes 33: 181-190.
23. --- & H. Balslev. 1988. The use of palms by the Cayapas and Coaiqueres on the coastal plain of Ecuador. Principes 32: 29-42.
24. --- & L. P. Kvist. 1996. Comparative ethnobotanical studies of the Amerindian groups in coastal Ecuador. Biologiske Skrifter 46: 5-166.
25. ---, B. Bergmann & H. Borgtoft Pedersen. 1990. The vegetable ivory industry: Surviving and doing well in Ecuador. Economic Botany 44: 293-300.
26. Barrera Z. V. A., M. C. R. Torres & D. S. P. Ramírez. 2008. Habilitación, Uso y Manejo Sostenible de Materias Primas Vegetales y Ecosistemas Relacionados con la Producción Artesanal en Colombia. Protocolo para Producción Sostenible de Artesanías en Palma Estera (Astrocaryum malybo) en el Cesar. Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo. Artesanias de Colombia s. a. Bogotá. pp 57.
27. Bates, D. M. 1988. Utilization pools: A framework for comparing and evaluating the economic importance of palms. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 56-64.
28. Bennett, B. C., R. Alarcón & C. Cerón. 1992. The ethnobotany of Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 46: 233-240.
29. Bereau, D., B. Benjelloun-Mlayah & M. Delmas. 2001. Maximiliana maripa Drude mesocarp and kernel oils: Fatty acid and total tocopherol compositions. Journal of the American Oil Chemists'. Society 78: 213-214.
30. ---, ---, J. Banoub & R. Bravo. 2003. FA and unsaponifiable composition of five Amazonian palm kernel oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemistś Society 80: 49-53.
31. Bernal, R. 1992. Colombian palm products. Pp 158-172. In: M. Plotkin & L. Famolare (eds). Sustainable harvest and marketing of rainforest products. Island Press, Washington.
32. Bernal, R., C. Torres, N. García, C. Isaza, J. Navarro, M. I. Vallejo, G. Galeano & H. Balslev. In press. Palm management in South America. The Botanical Review.
33. Bianchi, C. 1982. Artesanías y Técnicas Shuar. Ediciones Mundo Shuar, Quito.
34. Blanco-Metzler, A., M. M. Campos, M. F. Piedra, U. J. Mora, C. M. Montero & P. M. Fernandez. 1992. Pejibaye palm fruit contribution to human nutrition. Principes 36: 66-69.
35. Bodmer, R. E., J. W. Penn, P. E. Puertas, L. I. Moya & T. G. Fang. 1997. Linking conservation and local people through sustainable use of natural resources: Community-based management in the Peruvian Amazon. Pp 315-358. In: C. H. Freese (ed). Harvesting wild species: Implications for biodiversity conservation. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
36. Bora, P. S., N. Narain, R. V. M. Rocha, M. A. C. De Oliveira & R. De Azevedo. 2001. Characterización de las fracciones proteicas y lípídicas de la pulpa y semillas de Tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.). Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 3: 111-116.
37. Borchsenius, F., H. Borgtoft Pedersen & H. Balslev. 1998. Manual to the palms of Ecuador. Aarhus. AAU Reports 37: 1-217.
38. --- & M. R. Moraes-R. 2006. Diversidad y usos de palmeras andinas (Arecaceae). Pp 412-433. In: M. Moraes-R, B. Ollgaard, L. P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius, & H. Balslev (eds). Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
39. Borgtoft Pedersen, H. 1994. Mocora palm-fibers: Use and management of Astrocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) in Ecuador. Economic Botany 48: 310-325.
40. --- & H. Balslev. 1990. Ecuadorean palms for agroforestry. AAU Reports 23: 1-122.
41. --- & ---. 1992. The economic botany of Ecuadorean palms. Pp 173-191. In: M. Plotkin & L. Famolare (eds). Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products. Island Press, Washington.
42. ___________________ & H. Balslev. 1993. Palmas Utiles, Especies Ecuatorianas para Agroforesteria y Extractivismo. Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador.
43. --- & F. Skov. 2001. Mapping palm extractivism in Ecuador using pair-wise comparisons and bioclimatic modeling. Economic Botany 55: 63-71.
44. Bovi, M. L. A. & A. de Castro. 1993. Assai. FAO Working paper. In: J. W. Clay & C. R. Clement (eds.), Selected Species and Strategies to Enhance Income Generation from Amazonian Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, May 1993. (available online: http://www. fao. org/docrep/V0784E/v0784e00. HTM-accessed 20. 10. 2011).
45. Brokamp, G., M. Mittelbach & M. Weigend. 2010. Trade, value chain and legal aspects for two palm products - a case study near Iquitos (Peru). Poster: Palms 2010, International Symposium on the Biology of the Palm Family. Montpellier, France. (available online: http://fp7-palms. org/component/content/article/18/188-posters-presented-by-fp7-palms-part icipants. html-accessed 20. 11. 2010).
46. Brondízio, E. S. 2008. The Amazonian caboclo and the açai palm-forest farmers in the global market. Advances in Economic Botany 16: 169-241.
47. Ortiz Camargo, S. 2007. Potenzial von Märkten für Waldprodukte von Kleinbauern. Ein Fallbeispiel aus Riberaita, Bolivien. Unpublished MSc-Thesis. Waldbau-Institut. Arbeitsbereich Waldwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
48. Castaño, N., D. Cárdenas & E. Otavo. 2007. Ecología, Aprovechamiento y Manejo Sostenible de Nueve Especies de Plantas del Departamento del Amazonas, Generadoras de Productos Maderables y No Maderables. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHI. Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del sur de la Amazonia, CORPOAMAZONIA, Bogotá.
49. Clement, C. R. & D. B. Arkcoll. 1985. El Bactris gasipaes como cultivo oleaginoso potencial y necesidades de domesticación. Pp 16-20. In: L. E. Forero (ed). Semmano-Taller sobre Oleaginosas Promisorias. Pirb/Interciencia, Bogotá.
50. --- & J. E. Mora-Urpí. 1987. Pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Arecaceae): Multi-use potential for the lowland humid tropics. Economic Botany 41: 302-311.
51. ---, J. C. Weber, J. van Leeuwen, C. Astorga-D, D. M. Cole, L. A. Arévalo-L & H. Argüello. 2004. Why extensive research and development did not promote use of peach palm fruit in Latin America. Agroforestry Systems 61: 195-206.
52. Coïsson, D., F. Travaglia, G. Piana, M. Capasso & M. Arlorio. 2005. Euterpe oleracea juice as a functional pigment for yogurt. Food Research International 38: 893-897.
53. Coomes, O. T. 1996. Income formation among Amazonian peasant households in northeastern Peru: Empirical observations and implications for market-oriented conservation. Yearbook, Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 22: 51-64.
54. --- 2004. Rain forest 'conservation-through-use'? Chambira palm fibre extraction and handicraft production in a land-constrained community, Peruvian Amazon. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 351-360.
55. --- & B. L. Barham. 1997. Rain forest extraction and conservation in Amazonia. The Geographical Journal 163: 180-188.
56. Couvreur, T. L. P., W. J. Hahn, J.-J. De Granville, J.-L. Pham, B. Ludeña & J.-C. Pintaud. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of the cultivated Neotropical palm Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) with its wild relatives inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA polymorphisms. Systematic Botany 32: 519-530.
57. De la Torre, L., H. Navarrete, P. M. Muriel, M. J. Macía & H. Balslev (eds.). 2008. Enciclopedia de las Plantas Útiles del Ecuador. Herbario QCA de la Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador & Herbario AAU del Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Aarhus. Quito & Aarhus.
58. De la Torre L., R. Valencia, C. Altamirano & H. Munk Ravnborg. In press. Legal and administrative regulation of palms and other NTFPs in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The Botanical Review.
59. Del Castillo, D., E. Otárola & L. Freitas. 2006. Aguaje, la Maravillosa Palmera de la Amazonía. IIAP, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, W. H. Wust (ed.). Ediciones Wust. 51.
60. Delgado, C., G. Couturier & M. Kember. 2007. Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian palm with cultivation purposes in Peru. Fruits 62: 157-169.
61. De Oliveira, M. K. S., H. E. Martinez-F, J. S. De Andrade, M. G. Garnica-R & Y. K. Chang. 2006. Use of pejibaye flour (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in the production of food pastas. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 41: 933-937.
62. Dubois, V., S. Breton, M. Lindera, J. Fannia & M. Parmentiera. 2007. Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109: 710-732.
63. Flores, C. F. & P. M. S. Ashton. 2000. Harvesting impact and economic value of Geonoma deversa, Arecaceae, an understory palm used for roof thatching in the Peruvian Amazon. Economic Botany 54: 267-277.
64. Galeano, G. & R. Bernal. 1987. Palmas del Departamento de Antioquia, Región Occidental. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
65. --- & ---. 2010. Palmas de Colombia. Guia de Campo. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
66. García, A. & J. J. Pinto. 2002. Diagnóstico de la Demanda del Aguaje en Iquitos. IIAP. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana.
67. García, N., M. C. R. Torres, N. Valderrama, R. Bernal & G. Galeano. 2010. Astrocaryum fibers for handicraft production in Colombia. Poster Palms 2010: International Symposium on the Biology of the Palm Family. Montpellier, France. (available online: http://fp7-palms. org/component/content/article/18/188-posters-presented-by-fp7-palms-part icipants. html-accessed 20. 11. 2010).
68. Guel, A. & J. W. Penn. 2009. Use of the Chambira Palm (Astrocaryum chambira) in Rainforest Communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice - Student Summer Scholars. Grand Valley State University. 26 pp. (available online: http://scholarworks. gvsu. edu/sss/20-accessed 20. 11. 2010).
69. Govaerts, R. & J. Dransfield. 2005. Pp 223. World checklist of palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
70. Gupta, M. P. 2006. Medicinal plants originating in the Andean high plateau and Central Valles region of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. UNIDO Report. United Nations - Industrial and technology promotion branch: The future of products of the Andean high plateau and Central valleys.
71. Henderson, A. 1995. The palms of the Amazon. Oxford University Press, New York.
72. --- 2000. Bactris (Palmae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 79. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
73. Hofmann, K. 1995. Pp 48. Schmöllner Knöpfe. Museum Burg Posterstein. Posterstein, Germany.
74. Holm, J. A., C. J. Miller & W. P., Jr. Cropper. 2008. Population dynamics of the dioecious Amazonian palm Mauritia flexuosa: Simulation analysis of sustainable harvesting. Biotropica 40: 550-558.
75. Holm Jensen, O. & H. Balslev. 1995. Ethnobotany of the fiber palm Astrocaryum chambira (Arecaceae) in amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 49: 309-319.
76. Isaza A. C., R. Bernal & P. Howard. 2010. Use, production and conservation of palm fibres in South America. Poster: PALMS 2010, International Symposium on the Biology of the Palm Family. Montpellier, France. (available online http://fp7-palms. org/component/content/article/18/188-posters-presented-by-fp7-palms-part icipants. html-accessed 20. 11. 2010).
77. Jacobo, F. Q., M. A. Rojas, G. I. Reyes, E. L. Pino & G. P. Chagman. 2009. Caracterización de aceites, tortas y harinas de frutos de Ungurahui (Jessenia polycarpa) y Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.) de la Amazonía Peruana. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú 75: 243-253.
78. Janer K., J. C. 2002a Estudio de Mercado Nacional del Palmito en Colombia. Preparado para: Chemonics International Inc., Washington, D. C. (Colombia Alternative Development Project). Bogotá, Colombia.
79. Janer K., J. C. 2002b Estudio del Mercado Mundial de Palmito y Subproductos. Preparado Para: Chemonics International, Washington D. C. (Colombia Alternative Development Project). Bogotá, Colombia.
80. Jatunov, S., S. Quesada, C. Díaz & E. Murillo. 2010. Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activity of the raw and boiled fruit mesocarp of six varieties of Bactris gasipaes. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición 60: 99-104.
81. Johnson, D. V. & the IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group. 1996. Palms: Their conservation and sustained utilization. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland.
82. Kahn, F. 1988. Ecology of economically important palms in Peruvian Amazonia. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 42-49.
83. --- 1991. Palms as key swamp forest resources in Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management 38: 133-142.
84. --- & J. J. de Granville. 1992. Palms in forest ecosystems of Amazonia. Ecological studies 95. Springer, Berlin.
85. --- & A. Henderson. 1999. An overview of the palms of the várzea in the Amazon region. Pp 187-193. In: C. Padoch, J. M. Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez, & A. Henderson (eds). Várzea diversity, development, and conservation of Amazonia's white-water floodplains. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
86. --- & K. M. Mejía. 1987. Notes on the biology, ecology and use of a small Amazonian palm: Lepidocaryum tessmannii. Principes 31: 14-19.
87. Kronborg, M., C. A. Grandez, R. E. Ferreira & H. Balslev. 2008. Aphandra natalia (Arecaceae) - a little known source of piassaba fibers from the western Amazon. Revista Peruana de Biología 15: 103-113.
88. Kvist, L. P. & G. Nebel. 2001. A review of Peruvian flood plain forests: Ecosystems, inhabitants and resource use. Forest Ecology and Management 150: 3-26.
89. Lescure, J. P., L. Emperaire & C. Franciscon. 1992. Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace (Areacaceae): A few biological and economic data from the Rio Negro region (Brazil). Forest Ecology and Management 55: 83-86.
90. Linares, E. l., G. Galeano, Y. Figueroa & N. García. 2008. Fibras Vegetales Empleadas en Artesanías en Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. Artesanías de Colombia S. A. Bogotá.
91. Lleras, E. & L. Coradin. 1988. Native neotropical oil palms: State of the art and perspectives for Latin America. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 201-203.
92. Macía, M. J. 2004. Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 149-159.
93. Macía, M. J., P. J. Armesilla, R. Cámara-Leret, N. Paniagua-Zambrana, S. Villalba, H. Balslev & M. Pardo-de-Santayana. In press. Palm uses in northwestern South America: A quantitative review. The Botanical Review.
94. Madriñan, S. & R. E. Schultes. 1995. Colombia's national tree: The wax palm Ceroxylon quindiuense and its relatives. Elaeis 7: 35-56.
95. o 232-2006-INRENA) de la Comunidad Campesina Roca Fuerte (Cuenca Chambira).
96. Manzi, M. & O. T. Coomes. 2009. Managing Amazonian palms for community use: A case of aguaje palm (Mauritia flexuosa) in Peru. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 510-517.
97. Mejía, K. M. 1983. Palmeras y el Selvícola Amazónico. UNMSM. Museo de Historia Natural, Lima.
98. --- 1988. Utilization of palms in eleven mestizo villages of the Peruvian Amazon (Ucayali river). Advances in Economic Botany 6: 130-136.
99. --- 1992. Las palmeras en los mercados de Iquitos. IFEA. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 21: 755-769.
100. --- & F. Kahn. 1996. Biologia, ecologia y utilizacion del irapay (Lepidocaryum gracile Martius). IIAP. Folia Amazonica 8: 19-28.
101. Miller, C. 2002. Fruit production of the ungurahua palm (Oenocarpus bataua subsp. bataua, Arecaceae) in an indigenous managed reserve. Economic Botany 56: 165-176.
102. Miranda, J. F., A. Montaño, F. Zenteno, H. Nina & J. Mercado. 2008. El Majo (Oenocarpus bataua): Una Alternativa de Biocomercio en Bolivia. TRÓPICO-PNBS-FAN. Ediciones Trópico, La Paz.
103. Montúfar, R. & J.-C. Pintaud. 2006. Variation in species composition, abundance and microhabitat preferences among western Amazonian terra firme palm communities. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 127-140.
104. Montúfar, R. 2010. La Palma de Ramos en Ecuador. Historia Natural y Estado de Conservación de Ceroxylon echinulatum en las Estribaciones Andinas Nor-occidentales. IRD, PUCE, Ecuador.
105. --- A. Laffarguem, J.-C. Pintaud, S. Hamon, S. Avallone & S. Dussert. 2010. Oenocarpus bataua Mart. (Arecaceae): Rediscovering a source of high oleic vegetable oil from Amazonia. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 87: 167-172.
106. Moraes-R, M. 1998. Richness and utilization of palms in Bolivia - some essential criteria for their management. Pp 269-278. In: W. Barthlott & M. Winiger (eds). Biodiversity: A challenge for development research and policy. Springer, Berlin.
107. --- 2004. Flora de Palmeras de Bolivia. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
108. ---, J. Sarmiento & E. Oviedo. 1995. Richness and uses in a diverse palm site in Bolivia. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 719-727.
109. Mora-Urpí, J. 1979. Pejibaye consideraciones sobre algunos proyectos en marcha. Asociación Bananera Nacional (Costa Rica) 3: 5-6.
110. Mora-Urpí, J., J. C. Weber & C. R. Clement. 1997. Peach palm. Bactris gasipaes Kunth. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. 20. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
111. Muñiz-Miret, N., R. Vamos, M. Hiraoka, F. Montagnini & R. O. Mendelson. 1996. The economic value of managing the asaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in the floodplains of the Amazon estuary, Pará, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 87: 163-173.
112. Murrieta, R. S., D. L. Dufour & A. D. Siqueira. 1999. Food consumption and subsistence in three caboclo populations on Marajoâ Island, Amazonia, Brazil. Human Ecology 27: 455-475.
113. Navarro, B. 2006. Estudio de las Cadenas Productivas de Aguaje y Tagua. Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria, Loreto - Perú. ProNaturaleza, The Nature Conservancy, Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), Lima. Peru.
114. Navarro, J. A. 2009. Impacto de la Cosecha de Hojas sobre una Población de la Palma Clonal Caraná (Lepidocaryum tenue) en la Estación Biológica El Zafire, Municipio de Leticia, Amazonas (Colombia). Tesis de Magíster. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
115. ---, G. Galeano & R. Bernal. 2011. Impact of leaf harvest on populations of Lepidocaryum tenue, an Amazonian understory palm used for thatching. Tropical Conservation Science 4: 25-38.
116. Oboh, F. O. J. 2009. The food potential of Tucum (Astrocaryum vulgare) fruit pulp. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences 5: 57-64.
117. Orihuela-Ardaya, E. F. 2009. Programma Manejo de Bosques de la Amazonia Boliviana: PFNM en Seis Comunidades Campesinas del Norte Amazónico Boliviano: Causas de Éxito o Fracaso de Comercialización. PROMAB, Bolivia.
118. Pacheco-Palencia, L. A., S. Mertens-Talcott & S. Talcott. 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 4631-4636.
119. Padoch, C. 1987. The economic importance and marketing of forest and fallow products in the Iquitos region. Advances in Economic Botany 5: 74-89.
120. Paymal, N. & C. Sosa. 1993. Amazon worlds: Peoples and cultures of Ecuador's Amazon region. Sinchi Sacha Foundation, Quito.
121. Peña-Claros, M. 1996. Producción de Palmito: Manejo Sostenible de Euterpe precatoria (asaí) en la Concesión de Tarumá, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Documento Técnico 30. Proyecto BOLFOR, Calle Prolongación Beni 149, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
122. Penn, J. W. 2008. Non-timber forest products in Peruvian Amazonia: Changing patterns of economic exploitation. Focus on Geography 51: 18-25.
123. --- & G. Neise. 2004. Aguaje palm agroforesty in the Peruvian Amazon. The Palmeteer 24: 85-101.
124. Pérez-Arbeláez, E. 1956. Pp 831. Plantas Útiles de Colombia. Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid.
125. Pesce, C. 1985. Pp 28-90. Oil palms and other oilseeds, of the Amazon. Reference Publications, Michigan.
126. Peters, C. M., M. J. Balick & F. K. Kahn. 1989. Oligarchic forests and economic plants in Amazonia: Utilization and conservation of an important tropical resource. Conservation Biology 3: 341-349.
127. Pinedo-Vasquez, M., D. Zarin, P. Jipp & J. Chota-Inuma. 1990. Use-values of tree species in a communal forest reserve in northeast Peru. Conservation Biology 4: 405-416.
128. Pintaud, J.-C. & F. Anthelme. 2008. Ceroxylon echinulatum in an agroforestry system of northern Peru. Palms 52: 96-102.
129. Putz, F. E. 1979. Biology and human use of Leopoldinia piassaba. Principes 23: 149-156.
130. Pülschen, L. 2000. Biology and use of vegetable ivory palms (Phytelephas spp.). Acta Horticulturae 531: 219-222.
131. Pyhälä, A., K. Brown & W. N. Adger. 2006. Implications of livelihood dependence on non-timber products in Peruvian Amazonia. Ecosystems 9: 1328-1341.
132. Rogez, H. 2000. Pp 313. Açaí, prepare, composição e melhoramento de conservação. Editora da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem.
133. Rojas-R, R., C. F. Salazar-J, C. Llerena-F, C. Rengifo-S, J. Ojanama-V, V. Muñoz-I, H. Luque-S, J. Solignac-R, D. Torres-N & F. M. de Panduro-R. 2001. Industrialización primaria del aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) en Iquitos (Perú). Folia Amazónica 12: 107-121.
134. Ruiz M. J. 1991. El Aguaje, Alimento del Bosque Amazónico. PCDEF, Proyecto de Capacitación, Extensión y Divulgación Forestal, Pucallpa (Peru). Temas Forestales 8.
135. Sabbe, S., W. Verbeke & P. van Damme. 2009a. Analysing the market environment for açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juices in Europe. Fruits 64: 273-284.
136. ---, ---, R. Deliza, V. M. Matta & P. van Damme. 2009b. Consumer liking of fruit juices with different açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) concentrations. Journal of Food Science 74: 171-176.
137. Santos, L. M. P. 2005. Nutritional and ecological aspects of buriti or aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.): A carotene-rich palm fruit from Latin America. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 44: 345-358.
138. Scariot, A. 2001. Weedy and secondary palm species in central amazonian forest fragements. Acta Botanica Brasilica 15: 271-280.
139. Schauss, A. G., X. Wu, R. L. Prior, B. Ou, D. Patel, D. Huang & J. P. Kababick. 2006. Phytochemical and nutrient composition of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Acai). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54: 8598-8603.
140. Seeram, N. P., M. Aviram, Y. Zhang, S. M. Henning, L. Feng, M. Dreher & D. Heber. 2008. Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 1415-1422.
141. Soler-Alarcón, J. G. & A. Luna-Peixoto. 2008. Use of terra firme forest by Caicubi Caboclos, middle Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. A quantitative study. Economic Botany 62: 60-73.
142. Sosnowska, J. & H. Balslev. 2009. American palm ethnomedicine: A meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5: 43.
143. Spruce, R. 1860. On Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace. Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society (Botany) 4: 58-63.
144. Stagegaard, J., M. Sørensen & L. P. Kvist. 2002. Estimations of the importance of plant resources extracted by inhabitants of the Peruvian Amazon flood plains. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 5: 103-122.
145. Stoian, D. 2000. Shifts in forest product extraction: The post-rubber era in the Bolivian Amazon. International Tree Crops Journal 10: 277-297.
146. Stoian, D. 2000b. Variations and Dynamics of Extractive Economies in the Rural-urban Nexus of Non-Timber Forest use in the Bolivian Amazon. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Forstwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Breisgau.
147. --- 2004. What goes up must come down: The economy of palm heart (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) in the northern Bolivian Amazon. Pp 111-134. In: M. N. Alexiades & P. Shanley (eds.), Forest products, livelihoods and conservation - Case studies of non-timber forest product systems 3 - Latin America.
148. Torres R. M. C. 2007. Protocolo de Aprovechamiento in situ de la Especie de Uso Artesanal Werregue (Astrocaryum standleyanum). Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo territorial - MAVDT, Instituto de investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt, Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales del Pacifico.
149. Torres R. M. C. & R. J. R. Avendano 2009. Cartilla de Artesanía en Werregue (Astrocaryum standleyanum) y Chocolatillo (Ischnosiphon arouma) de los Nonam en Puerto Pizario, Bajo río San Juan. Corporacion Autonoma Regional Del Valle Del Cauca Cvc, Colombia. pp 29.
150. Velásquez-R, J. 1998. Productivity and sustainability of a vegetable ivory palm (Phytelephas aequatorialis, Arecaceae) under three management regimes in northwestern Ecuador. Economic Botany 52: 168-182.
151. --- 2001. Wounaan and Emberá use and management of the fiber palm Astrocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) for basketry in eastern Panamá. Economic Botany 55: 72-82.
152. Vallejo, M. I., N. Valderrama, G. Galeano & R. Bernal. 2010. Current status of Euterpe oleracea, the source of palm hearts from the Pacific coast of Colombia. Poster: Palms 2010, International Symposium on the Biology of the Palm Family. Montpellier, France. (available online: http://fp7-palms. org/component/content/article/18/188-posters-presented-by-fp7-palms-part icipants. html - accessed 20. 11. 2010).
153. Vallejo, M. I., N. Valderrama, R. Bernal, G. Galeano, G. Arteaga & C. Leal. 2011. Producción de palmito de Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) en la Costa Pacífica colombiana: estado actual y perspectivas. Colombia Forestal. In press.
154. Vasquez, R. & A. H. Gentry. 1989. Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conservation Biology 3: 350-361.
155. Vásquez-Ocmín, P. G., L. Freitas-Alvarado, V. Sotero-Solís, R. Paván-Torres & J. Mancini-Filho. 2010. Chemical characterization and oxidative stability of the oils from three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa L. f., from the Peruvian Amazon. Grasas y aceites 61: 390-397.
156. Velarde, M. J. & M. Moraes-R. 2008. Densidad de individuos adultos y producción de frutos del asaí (Euterpe precatoria, Arecaceae) en Riberalta, Bolivia. Ecología en Bolivia 43: 99-110.
157. Villachica, H. 1997. Investigación y desarrollo de sistemas sustentables para frutales nativos Amazónicos, el caso pijuayo. In: J. M. Toledo (ed.), Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Sostenible de la Amazonía en una Economía de Mercado. Memoria del Seminario-Taller realizado en Pucallpa, Perú. Stansa, Lima.
158. Vormisto, J. 2002. Making and marketing chambira hammocks and bags in the village of Brillo Nuevo, northeastern Peru. Economic Botany 56: 27-40.
159. ---, J.-C. Svenning, P. Hall & H. Balslev. 2004. Diversity and dominance in palm (Arecaceae) communities in terra firme forests in the western Amazon basin. Journal of Ecology 92: 577-588.
160. Warren, L. A. 2008. Demographic Effects of Thatch Harvest and Implications for Sustainable Use of Irapai Palm (Lepidocaryum tenue, Mart.), by Riverine Communities in the Peruvian Amazon. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 275. (available online http://digitalcommons. fiu. edu/etd/275).
161. Wild, R. G. & J. Mutebi. 1996. Conservation through community use of plant resources. People and plants working paper no. 5. Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, Paris.
162. Wollenberg, E. & A. Inglés. 1998. Pp 227. Incomes from the forest: Methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities. CIFOR, Bogor.
163. Zuidema, P. A. 2000. Demography of exploited tree species in the Bolivian Amazon. Dissertation. Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht.
164. Zuidema, P. A. & R. G. A. Boot. 2000. Demographic constraints to sustainable palm heart extraction from a sub-canopy palm in Bolivia. Pp. 53-79. In: P. A. Zuidema (ed.), Demography of exploited Tree species in the Bolivian Amazon. Universiteit Utrecht e Programa de Manejo de bosques de la Amazonia Boliviana. Riberalta, Bolivia.
165. (arranged alphabetically by hyperlink).
166. http://www. 100amazonia. com (accessed 10. 11. 2010) Strategic consulting, renewable Amazon forest resources. Publisher: 100% Amazonia Exp e Rep LTDA (company), Brazil & United States.
167. http://www. acai-mania. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Press release on açaí products. Publisher: Açaí-Mania (company), Brazil.
168. http://www. aguajeperuano. blogspot. com (accessed 05. 09. 2010). Publisher: Agroindustrial Floris SAC, Santa Natura (company), Peru.
169. http://www. ainy. fr. (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Skin care products. Publisher: Aïny (company), France.
170. http://www. alibaba. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: Alibaba (company), Hong Kong.
171. http://www. aromandina. com (accessed 10. 11. 2010). Essential oils and aroma therapy products. Publisher: Aromandina (company) United States.
172. http://www. calidris28. com (accessed 12. 11. 2010). Press release, Schwarze/Weiße Dose 28. Publisher: Calidris28 (company), Luxembourg.
173. http://www. camdengrey. com (accessed 10. 11. 2010) Press release. Publisher: Camden-Grey Essential Oils, Inc. (company), United States.
174. http://www. biocomerciosostenible. com/Boletin2. html (accessed 17. 10. 2010). La Palma Murrapo, Naidio o Açai (Euterpe oleracea). Publisher: Corporación Biocomercio Sostenible, Peru.
175. http://www. eza. cc (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: EZA-Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit der Dritten Welt GmbH (organisation), Germany.
176. http://www. indelcusi. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: Indelcusi (Company), Bolivia.
177. http://www. intracen. org (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: ITC, Joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations.
178. http://www. nayanayon. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Tagua. Publisher: Naya Nayon America (company), Ecuador.
179. http://www. oca-brazil. com (accessed 10. 11. 2010). Herbs, teas, food and cosmetics from Brazilian rainforest. Publisher: Oca Brazil (company), Brazil.
180. http://www. oleunsbeauty. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Cosmetics from Palm fruit oils. Publisher: Oleunsbeauty (company), Bolivia.
181. http://www. ponchisimo. com (accessed 10. 09. 2010). Publisher: Ponchisimo (company), Germany.
182. http://www. proexport. com. co (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: ProExport Colombia (organisation), Colombia.
183. http://www. rahua. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Hair care products. Publisher: Amazon Beauty Inc. (company), New York, United States.
184. http://www. regenwaldladen. de (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: Regenwaldladen (company), Germany.
185. http://www. seasonsskin. com (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Publisher: Seasons Skin (company), Germany.
186. http://www. taguagalerie. de (accessed 20. 11. 2010). Vegetable ivory products. Publisher: Taguagalerie (company), Germany.
187. http://www. thebodyshop. co. uk (accessed 20. 10. 2010). Publisher: The Body Shop (company), United Kingdom.
188. http://www. mishkiperu. com (accessed 20. 10. 2010). Publisher: Yana cosmetics S. A. C. Lima, Peru.