Prefrontal hypoactivation during cognitive control in early abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects

Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging

Volumn 194, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 287-295

  Nestor, Liam J ^a   Ghahremani, Dara G ^a   Monterosso, John ^b   London, Edythe D ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive control; FMRI; Insula; Methamphetamine; Prefrontal cortex; Stroop

Indexed keywords

METHAMPHETAMINE;

ADULT; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INSULA; MALE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULUS; STROOP TEST; SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA;

ADULT; AMPHETAMINE-RELATED DISORDERS; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OXYGEN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REACTION TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 82455164335     PISSN: 09254927     EISSN: 18727506     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Aarts E., Roelofs A. Attentional control in anterior cingulate cortex based on probabilistic cueing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2011, 23:716-727.
2. Albrecht B., Rothenberger A., Sergeant J., Tannock R., Uebel H., Banaschewski T. Interference control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential Stroop effects for colour-naming versus counting. Journal of Neurotransmission 2008, 115:241-247.
3. Aron A., Fletcher P., Bullmore E., Sahakian B., Robbins T. Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6:115-116.
4. Azizian A., Nestor L.J., Payer D., Monterosso J.R., Brody A.L., London E.D. Smoking reduces conflict-related anterior cingulate activity in abstinent cigarette smokers performing a Stroop task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35(3):775-782.
5. Baker S.C., Rogers R.D., Owen A.M., Frith C.D., Dolan R.J., Frackowiak R.S., Robbins T.W. Neural systems engaged by planning: a PET study of the Tower of London task. Neuropsychologia 1996, 34:515-526.
6. Banich M.T., Crowley T.J., Thompson L.L., Jacobson B.L., Liu X., Raymond K.M., Claus E.D. Brain activation during the Stroop task in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems: a pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 90:175-182.
7. Beckmann C.F., Smith S.M. Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 2004, 23:137-152.
8. Beckmann C.F., Jenkinson M., Smith S.M. General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in FMRI. NeuroImage 2003, 20:1052-1063.
9. Berman S., O'Neill J., Fears S., Bartzokis G., London E.D. Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain. Addiction Reviews 2008, 2008(1141):195-220.
10. Berman S.M., Voytek B., Mandelkern M.A., Hassid B.D., Isaacson A., Monterosso J., Miotto K., Ling W., London E.D. Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:897-908.
11. Birn R.M., Cox R.W., Bandettini P.A. Detection versus estimation in event-related fMRI: choosing the optimal stimulus timing. NeuroImage 2002, 15:252-264.
12. Bolla K., Ernst M., Kiehl K., Mouratidis M., Eldreth D., Contoreggi C., Matochik J., Kurian V., Cadet J., Kimes A., Funderburk F., London E. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2004, 16:456-464.
13. Botvinick M., Nystrom L., Fissell K., Carter C., Cohen J. Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature 1999, 402:179-181.
14. Botvinick M.M., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Carter C.S., Cohen J.D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Reviews 2001, 108:624-652.
15. Botvinick M.M., Cohen J.D., Carter C.S. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:539-546.
16. Brewer J.A., Worhunsky P.D., Carroll K.M., Rounsaville B.J., Potenza M.N. Pretreatment brain activation during Stroop task is associated with outcomes in cocaine-dependent patients. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:998-1004.
17. Bush G., Luu P., Posner M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:215-222.
18. Campos M., Breznen B., Bernheim K., Andersen R.A. Supplementary motor area encodes reward expectancy in eye-movement tasks. Journal of Neurophysiology 2005, 94:1325-1335.
19. Carp J., Kim K., Taylor S.F., Fitzgerald K.D., Weissman D.H. Conditional differences in mean reaction time explain effects of response congruency, but not accuracy, on posterior medial frontal cortex activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2010, 4:231.
20. Carter C., Braver T., Barch D., Botvinick M., Noll D., Cohen J.D. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 1998, 280:747-749.
21. Chang L., Ernst T., Speck O., Patel H., DeSilva M., Leonido-Yee M., Miller E.N. Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2002, 114:65-79.
22. Coles M.G., Scheffers M.K., Holroyd C.B. Why is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing. Biological Psychology 2001, 56:173-189.
23. Critchley H.D., Wiens S., Rotshtein P., Ohman A., Dolan R.J. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nature Neuroscience 2004, 7:189-195.
24. Dagher A., Owen A.M., Boecker H., Brooks D.J. Mapping the network for planning: a correlational PET activation study with the Tower of London task. Brain 1999, 122(Pt 10):1973-1987.
25. Egner T. Multiple conflict-driven control mechanisms in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12:374-380.
26. Egner T., Hirsch J. Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:1784-1790.
27. Eldreth D.A., Matochik J.A., Cadet J.L., Bolla K.I. Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. NeuroImage 2004, 23:914-920.
28. Ersche K.D., Bullmore E.T., Craig K.J., Shabbir S.S., Abbott S., Muller U., Ooi C., Suckling J., Barnes A., Sahakian B.J., Merlo-Pich E.V., Robbins T.W. Influence of compulsivity of drug abuse on dopaminergic modulation of attentional bias in stimulant dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry 2010, 67:632-644.
29. Everitt B.J., Hutcheson D.M., Ersche K.D., Pelloux Y., Dalley J.W., Robbins T.W. The orbital prefrontal cortex and drug addiction in laboratory animals and humans. Annal of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007, 1121:576-597.
30. Everitt B.J., Belin D., Economidou D., Pelloux Y., Dalley J.W., Robbins T.W. Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 2008, 363:3125-3135.
31. Fassbender C., Murphy K., Foxe J.J., Wylie G.R., Javitt D.C., Robertson I.H., Garavan H. A topography of executive functions and their interactions revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 20:132-143.
32. Forman S.D., Dougherty G.G., Casey B.J., Siegle G.J., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Stenger V.A., Wick-Hull C., Pisarov L.A., Lorensen E. Opiate addicts lack error-dependent activation of rostral anterior cingulate. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 55:531-537.
33. Garavan H., Stout J.C. Neurocognitive insights into substance abuse. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005, 9:195-201.
34. Garavan H., Pankiewicz J., Bloom A., Cho J.K., Sperry L., Ross T.J., Salmeron B.J., Risinger R., Kelley D., Stein E.A. Cue-induced cocaine craving: neuroanatomical specificity for drug users and drug stimuli. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:1789-1798.
35. Garavan H., Ross T., Murphy K., Roche R., Stein E. Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: inhibition, error detection and correction. NeuroImage 2002, 17:1820-1829.
36. Garavan H., Ross T.J., Kaufman J., Stein E.A. A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring. NeuroImage 2003, 20:1132-1139.
37. Garavan H., Kaufman J.N., Hester R. Acute effects of cocaine on the neurobiology of cognitive control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 2008, 363:3267-3276.
38. Goldstein R.Z., Volkow N.D. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159:1642-1652.
39. Gray M.A., Critchley H.D. Interoceptive basis to craving. Neuron 2007, 54:183-186.
40. Henik A., Salo R. Schizophrenia and the stroop effect. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2004, 3:42-59.
41. Hester R., Fassbender C., Garavan H. Individual differences in error processing: a review and reanalysis of three event-related fMRI studies using the GO/NOGO task. Cerebral Cortex 2004, 14:986-994.
42. Jenkinson M., Smith S. A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images. Medical Image Analysis 2001, 5:143-156.
43. Kaufman J.N., Ross T.J., Stein E.A., Garavan H. Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:7839-7843.
44. Kerns J.G., Cohen J.D., MacDonald A.W., Cho R.Y., Stenger V.A., Carter C.S. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 2004, 303:1023-1026.
45. Klein T.A., Endrass T., Kathmann N., Neumann J., von Cramon D.Y., Ullsperger M. Neural correlates of error awareness. NeuroImage 2007, 34:1774-1781.
46. Kosten T.R., Scanley B.E., Tucker K.A., Oliveto A., Prince C., Sinha R., Potenza M.N., Skudlarski P., Wexler B.E. Cue-induced brain activity changes and relapse in cocaine-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:644-650.
47. Lau H.C., Rogers R.D., Ramnani N., Passingham R.E. Willed action and attention to the selection of action. NeuroImage 2004, 21:1407-1415.
48. Lee N.K., Rawson R.A. A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008, 27:309-317.
49. Liu X., Banich M.T., Jacobson B.L., Tanabe J.L. Common and distinct neural substrates of attentional control in an integrated Simon and spatial Stroop task as assessed by event-related fMRI. NeuroImage 2004, 22:1097-1106.
50. London E.D., Simon S.L., Berman S.M., Mandelkern M.A., Lichtman A.M., Bramen J., Shinn A.K., Miotto K., Learn J., Dong Y., Matochik J.A., Kurian V., Newton T., Woods R., Rawson R., Ling W. Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:73-84.
51. London E.D., Berman S.M., Voytek B., Simon S.L., Mandelkern M.A., Monterosso J., Thompson P.M., Brody A.L., Geaga J.A., Hong M.S., Hayashi K.M., Rawson R.A., Ling W. Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 58:770-778.
52. Lubman D.I., Yucel M., Pantelis C. Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. Addiction 2004, 99:1491-1502.
53. Lyvers M. Loss of control in alcoholism and drug addiction: a neuroscientific interpretation. Experimental Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000, 8:225-249.
54. MacDonald A., Cohen J., Stenger V., Carter C. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 2000, 288:1835-1838.
55. MacLeod C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 109:163-203.
56. Maddock R.J. The retrosplenial cortex and emotion: new insights from functional neuroimaging of the human brain. Trends in Neurosciences 1999, 22:310-316.
57. Magno E., Foxe J.J., Molholm S., Robertson I.H., Garavan H. The anterior cingulate and error avoidance. Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:4769-4773.
58. McGregor C., Srisurapanont M., Jittiwutikarn J., Laobhripatr S., Wongtan T., White J.M. The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction 2005, 100:1320-1329.
59. McLellan A.T., Kushner H., Metzger D., Peters R., Smith I., Grissom G., Pettinati H., Argeriou M. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1992, 9:199-213.
60. Menon V., Adleman N.E., White C.D., Glover G.H., Reiss A.L. Error-related brain activation during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Human Brain Mapping 2001, 12:131-143.
61. Mitchell R.L. Linear increases in BOLD response associated with increasing proportion of incongruent trials across time in a colour Stroop task. Experimental Brain Research 2010, 203:193-204.
62. Mohanty A., Gitelman D.R., Small D.M., Mesulam M.M. The spatial attention network interacts with limbic and monoaminergic systems to modulate motivation-induced attention shifts. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:2604-2613.
63. Monterosso J.R., Aron A.R., Cordova X., Xu J., London E.D. Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005, 79:273-277.
64. Murphy K., Garavan H. Artifactual fMRI group and condition differences driven by performance confounds. NeuroImage 2004, 21:219-228.
65. Naqvi N.H., Bechara A. The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends in Neurosciences 2009, 32:56-67.
66. Naqvi N.H., Rudrauf D., Damasio H., Bechara A. Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science 2007, 315:531-534.
67. Newton T.F., Kalechstein A.D., Duran S., Vansluis N., Ling W. Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings. American Journal of Addiction 2004, 13:248-255.
68. Nordahl T.E., Carter C.S., Salo R.E., Kraft L., Baldo J., Salamat S., Robertson L., Kusubov N. Anterior cingulate metabolism correlates with stroop errors in paranoid schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 25:139-148.
69. Nordahl T.E., Salo R., Leamon M. Neuropsychological effects of chronic methamphetamine use on neurotransmitters and cognition: a review. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2003, 15:317-325.
70. Olausson P., Jentsch J.D., Krueger D.D., Tronson N.C., Nairn A.C., Taylor J.R. Orbitofrontal cortex and cognitive-motivational impairments in psychostimulant addiction: evidence from experiments in the non-human primate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007, 1121:610-638.
71. Oldfield R. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971, 97-113.
72. Paulus M.P. Decision-making dysfunctions in psychiatry - altered homeostatic processing?. Science 2007, 318:602-606.
73. Paulus M.P., Frank L.R. Anterior cingulate activity modulates nonlinear decision weight function of uncertain prospects. NeuroImage 2006, 30:668-677.
74. Paulus M.P., Hozack N.E., Zauscher B.E., Frank L., Brown G.G., Braff D.L., Schuckit M.A. Behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence for prefrontal dysfunction in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 26:53-63.
75. Paulus M.P., Hozack N., Frank L., Brown G.G., Schuckit M.A. Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 53:65-74.
76. Paulus M.P., Tapert S.F., Schuckit M.A. Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:761-768.
77. Peoples L.L. Will, anterior cingulate cortex, and addiction. Science 2002, 296:1623-1624.
78. Peterson B.S., Kane M.J., Alexander G.M., Lacadie C., Skudlarski P., Leung H.C., May J., Gore J.C. An event-related functional MRI study comparing interference effects in the Simon and Stroop tasks. Cognitive Brain Research 2002, 13:427-440.
79. Reynolds S.M., Zahm D.S. Specificity in the projections of prefrontal and insular cortex to ventral striatopallidum and the extended amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:11757-11767.
80. Ridderinkhof K.R., Ullsperger M., Crone E.A., Nieuwenhuis S. The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science 2004, 306:443-447.
81. Ridderinkhof K.R., van den Wildenberg W.P., Segalowitz S.J., Carter C.S. Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain and Cognition 2004, 56:129-140.
82. Romo R., Hernandez A., Zainos A. Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision in ventral premotor cortex. Neuron 2004, 41:165-173.
83. Salo R., Henik A., Robertson L.C. Interpreting Stroop interference: an analysis of differences between task versions. Neuropsychology 2001, 15:462-471.
84. Salo R., Nordahl T.E., Possin K., Leamon M., Gibson D.R., Galloway G.P., Flynn N.M., Henik A., Pfefferbaum A., Sullivan E.V. Preliminary evidence of reduced cognitive inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Research 2002, 111:65-74.
85. Salo R., Nordahl T.E., Buonocore M.H., Natsuaki Y., Waters C., Moore C.D., Galloway G.P., Leamon M.H. Cognitive control and white matter callosal microstructure in methamphetamine-dependent subjects: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:122-128.
86. Salo R., Nordahl T.E., Galloway G.P., Moore C.D., Waters C., Leamon M.H. Drug abstinence and cognitive control in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009, 37:292-297.
87. Salo R., Ursu S., Buonocore M.H., Leamon M.H., Carter C. Impaired prefrontal cortical function and disrupted adaptive cognitive control in methamphetamine abusers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:706-709.
88. Scheffers M.K., Coles M.G., Bernstein P., Gehring W.J., Donchin E. Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: an analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli. Psychophysiology 1996, 33:42-53.
89. Scott J.C., Woods S.P., Matt G.E., Meyer R.A., Heaton R.K., Atkinson J.H., Grant I. Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: a critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review 2007, 17:275-297.
90. Seo H., Barraclough D.J., Lee D. Dynamic signals related to choices and outcomes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17(Suppl. 1):i110-i117.
91. Simon S.L., Domier C., Carnell J., Brethen P., Rawson R., Ling W. Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine. American Journal of Addiction 2000, 9:222-231.
92. Simon S.L., Dean A.C., Cordova X., Monterosso J.R., London E.D. Methamphetamine dependence and neuropsychological functioning: evaluating change during early abstinence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010, 71:335-344.
93. Smith S.M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping 2002, 17:143-155.
94. Smout M.F., Longo M., Harrison S., Minniti R., Wickes W., White J.M. Psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine use disorders: a preliminary randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. Substance Abuse 2010, 31:98-107.
95. Streeter C.C., Terhune D.B., Whitfield T.H., Gruber S., Sarid-Segal O., Silveri M.M., Tzilos G., Afshar M., Rouse E.D., Tian H., Renshaw P.F., Ciraulo D.A., Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Performance on the Stroop predicts treatment compliance in cocaine-dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:827-836.
96. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1935, 18:643-662.
97. Tedstone D., Coyle K. Cognitive impairments in sober alcoholics: performance on selective and divided attention tasks. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2004, 75:277-286.
98. Thaler D., Chen Y.C., Nixon P.D., Stern C.E., Passingham R.E. The functions of the medial premotor cortex. I. Simple learned movements. Experimental Brain Research 1995, 102:445-460.
99. Thompson P.M., Hayashi K.M., Simon S.L., Geaga J.A., Hong M.S., Sui Y., Lee J.Y., Toga A.W., Ling W., London E.D. Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:6028-6036.
100. Tohka J., Foerde K., Aron A.R., Tom S.M., Toga A.W., Poldrack R.A. Automatic independent component labeling for artifact removal in fMRI. NeuroImage 2008, 39:1227-1245.
101. Verdejo-Garcia A., Perez-Garcia M. Profile of executive deficits in cocaine and heroin polysubstance users: common and differential effects on separate executive components. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2007, 190:517-530.
102. Vocci F.J. Cognitive remediation in the treatment of stimulant abuse disorders: a research agenda. Experimental Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008, 16:484-497.
103. Volkow N.D., Chang L., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Franceschi D., Sedler M.J., Gatley S.J., Hitzemann R., Ding Y.S., Wong C., Logan J. Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:383-389.
104. Volkow N.D., Chang L., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Leonido-Yee M., Franceschi D., Sedler M.J., Gatley S.J., Hitzemann R., Ding Y.S., Logan J., Wong C., Miller E.N. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:377-382.
105. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Goldstein R.Z. Role of dopamine, the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2002, 78:610-624.
106. Wagner G., Sinsel E., Sobanski T., Kohler S., Marinou V., Mentzel H.J., Sauer H., Schlosser R.G. Cortical inefficiency in patients with unipolar depression: an event-related FMRI study with the Stroop task. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 59:958-965.
107. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Chang L., Miller E., Sedler M., Hitzemann R., Zhu W., Logan J., Ma Y., Fowler J.S. Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161:242-248.
108. Wendelken C., Ditterich J., Bunge S.A., Carter C.S. Stimulus and response conflict processing during perceptual decision making. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 2009, 9:434-447.
109. Woolrich M.W., Behrens T.E., Beckmann C.F., Jenkinson M., Smith S.M. Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference. NeuroImage 2004, 21:1732-1747.
110. Worsley K.J., Evans A.C., Marrett S., Neelin P. A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1992, 12:900-918.
111. Wunderlich K., Rangel A., O'Doherty J.P. Neural computations underlying action-based decision making in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 2009, 106:17199-17204.
112. Yeung N., Nieuwenhuis S. Dissociating response conflict and error likelihood in anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Neurosci 2009, 29:14506-14510.
113. Zorick T., Nestor L., Miotto K., Sugar C., Hellemann G., Scanlon G., Rawson R., London E.D. Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Addiction 2010, 105:1809-1818.