Pain responsiveness to opioids: Central versus peripheral neuropathic pain

Journal of Opioid Management

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 391-400

  Smith, Howard S ^a   Meek, Patrick D ^b,c  

^a ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Department of Pharmacy Practice ^*  (United States)

^c ALBANY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Analgesia; Central; Neuropathic pain; Opioids; Peripheral

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ALFENTANIL; GABAPENTIN; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 67; KETAMINE; LAMOTRIGINE; LEVORPHANOL; METHADONE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE SULFATE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; OPIATE; PLACEBO; PREGABALIN; TRAMADOL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; CENTRAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN; CENTRAL POST STROKE NEUROPATHIC PAIN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PAIN; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HUMANS; NEURALGIA; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 81855203262     PISSN: 15517489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5055/jom.2011.0080     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Merskey H, Bogduk N: Classification of Chronic Pain. 2nd ed. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 1994.
2. Svendsen KB, Finnerup NB, Klit H, et al.: Central pain syndromes. In Stannard C, Kalso E, Ballantyne J (eds.): Evidence-Based Chronic Pain Management. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2010: 267-278.
3. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hao J, Xu X, et al.: Genetic factors influence the development of mechanical hypersensitivity, motor deficits and morphological damage after transient spinal cord ischemia in the rat. Pain. 1993; 55(2): 235-241. (Pubitemid 23323171)
4. Melzack R, Loeser JD: Phantom body pain in paraplegics: Evidence for a central "pattern generating mechanism" for pain. Pain. 1978; 4(3): 195-210. (Pubitemid 8273224)
5. Pollock LJ, Brown M, Boshes B, et al.: Pain below the level of injury of the spinal cord. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1951; 65(3): 319-322.
6. Yezierski RP, Park SH: The mechanosensitivity of spinal sensory neurons following intraspinal injections of quisqualic acid in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1993; 157(1): 115-119. (Pubitemid 23213069)
7. Ohara S, Garonzik I, Hua S, et al.: Microelectrode studies of the thalamus in patients with central pain and in control patients with movement disorders. In Yezierski RP, Burchiel K (eds.): Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Assessment, Mechanisms, Management. Vol. 23: Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 2002: 219-236.
8. Yezierski RP: Spinal cord injury pain: Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009; 46(1): 95-107.
9. Hains BC, Waxman SG: Activated microglia contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2006; 26(16): 4308-4317. (Pubitemid 44315390)
10. Yu CG, Yezierski RP: Activation of the ERK1/2 signaling cascade by excitotoxic spinal cord injury. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005; 138(2): 244-255.
11. Crown ED, Ye Z, Johnson KM, et al.: Increases in the activated forms of ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and CREB are correlated with the expression of at-level mechanical allodynia following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2006; 199(2): 397-407. (Pubitemid 43928968)
12. Meisner JG, Marsh AD, Marsh DR: Loss of GABAergic interneurons in laminae I-III of the spinal cord dorsal horn contributes to reduced GABAergic tone and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010; 27(4): 729-737.
13. Stormer S, Gerner HJ, Gruninger W, et al.: Chronic pain/dysaesthesiae in spinal cord injury patients: Results of a multicentre study. Spinal Cord. 1997; 35(7): 446-455. (Pubitemid 27316465)
14. Turner JA, Cardenas DD, Warms CA, et al.: Chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: A community survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001; 82(4): 501-509.
15. Margot-Duclot A, Tournebise H, Ventura M, et al.: What are the risk factors of occurrence and chronicity of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients? Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009; 52(2): 111-123.
16. Attal N, Mazaltarine G, Perrouin-Verbe B, et al.: Chronic neuropathic pain management in spinal cord injury patients. What is the efficacy of pharmacological treatments with a general mode of administration (oral, transdermal, intravenous)? Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009; 52(2): 124-141.
17. Attal N, Cruccu G, Haanpaa M, et al.: EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13(11): 1153-1169. (Pubitemid 44581463)
18. Naicker AS, Roohi SA, Naicker MS, et al.: Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury. Med J Malaysia. 2008; 63(2): 104-108.
19. Singal AK, Rosman AS, Bauman WA, et al.: Recent concepts in the management of bowel problems after spinal cord injury. Adv Med Sci. 2006; 51: 15-22.
20. Faaborg PM, Christensen P, Finnerup N, et al.: The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008; 46(3): 234-238. (Pubitemid 351347933)
21. Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Stenehjem AE: Central dysesthesia pain after traumatic spinal cord injury is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Neurosurgery. 1995; 37(6): 1080-1087.
22. Turner JA, Cardenas DD: Chronic pain problems in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999; 4(3): 186-194.
23. Davidoff G, Roth E, Guarracini M, et al.: Function-limiting dysesthetic pain syndrome among traumatic spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. Pain. 1987; 29(1): 39-48. (Pubitemid 17057710)
24. Mariano AJ: Chronic pain and spinal cord injury. Clin J Pain. 1992; 8(2): 87-92.
25. Nepomuceno C, Fine PR, Richards JS, et al.: Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979; 60(12): 605-609. (Pubitemid 10201856)
26. Rintala DH, Loubser PG, Castro J, et al.: Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998; 79(6): 604-614. (Pubitemid 28265709)
27. Warms CA, Turner JA, Marshall HM, et al.: Treatments for chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: Many are tried, few are helpful. Clin J Pain. 2002; 18(3): 154-163. (Pubitemid 34475595)
28. Teasell RW, Mehta S, Aubut JA, et al.: A systematic review of pharmacologic treatments of pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010; 91(5): 816-831.
29. Fenollosa P, Pallares J, Cervera J, et al.: Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: Statistical approach and pharmacological treatment. Paraplegia. 1993; 31(11): 722-729. (Pubitemid 23337333)
30. Donnelly C, Eng JJ: Pain following spinal cord injury: The impact on community reintegration. Spinal Cord. 2005; 43(5): 278-282. (Pubitemid 40704989)
31. Cardenas DD, Bryce TN, Shem K, et al.: Gender and minority differences in the pain experience of people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85(11): 1774-1781. (Pubitemid 39441135)
32. Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, et al.: A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. 2003; 103(3): 249-257. (Pubitemid 36638814)
33. Finnerup NB, Johannesen IL, Sindrup SH, et al.: Pain and dysesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury: A postal survey. Spinal Cord. 2001; 39(5): 256-262. (Pubitemid 32566072)
34. Ravenscroft A, Ahmed YS, Burnside IG: Chronic pain after SCI. A patient survey. Spinal Cord. 2000; 38(10): 611-614.
35. Burchiel KJ, Hsu FP: Pain and spasticity after spinal cord injury: Mechanisms and treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001; 26(24 Suppl): S146-S160.
36. Bryce TN, Budh CN, Cardenas DD, et al.: Pain after spinal cord injury: An evidence-based review for clinical practice and research. Report of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Spinal Cord Injury Measures Meeting J Spinal Cord Med. 2007; 30(5): 421-440.
37. Norrbrink C, Lundeberg T: Tramadol in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2009; 25(3): 177-184.
38. Leijon G, Boivie J, Johansson I: Central post-stroke pain Neurological symptoms and pain characteristics. Pain. 1989; 36(1): 13-25. (Pubitemid 19024962)
39. Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M, et al.: Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain. 1995; 61(2): 187-193.
40. Klit H, Finnerup NB, Andersen G, et al.: Central post-stroke pain: A population-based study. Pain. 2011; 152(4): 818-824.
41. Nasreddine ZS, Saver JL: Pain after thalamic stroke: Right diencephalic predominance and clinical features in 180 patients. Neurology. 1997; 48(5): 1196-1199. (Pubitemid 27240533)
42. Misra UK, Kalita J, Kumar B: A study of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and somatosensory-evoked potential in central post-stroke pain. J Pain. 2008; 9(12): 1116-1122.
43. Hansson P: Post-stroke pain case study: Clinical characteristics, therapeutic options and long-term follow-up. Eur J Neurol. 2004; 11 (Suppl 1): 22-30.
44. Bowsher D: Central pain: Clinical and physiological characteristics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996; 61(1): 62-69.
45. Willoch F, Schindler F, Wester HJ, et al.: Central post-stroke pain and reduced opioid receptor binding within pain processing circuitries: A [11C]diprenorphine PET study. Pain. 2004; 108(3): 213-220. (Pubitemid 38353043)
46. Osterberg A, Boivie J: Central pain in multiple sclerosis Sensory abnormalities. Eur J Pain. 2010; 14(1): 104-110.
47. Edinger L: Giebt es central entstehende Schmerzen? Dtsch Z Nervenheilk. 1891; 1: 262-282.
48. Davis L, Martin J: Studies upon spinal cord injuries; the nature and treatment of pain. J Neurosurg. 1947; 4(6): 483-491.
49. Pfeiffer A, Pasi A, Mehraein P, et al.: Opiate receptor binding sites in human brain. Brain Res. 1982; 248(1): 87-96. (Pubitemid 12024462)
50. Sadzot B, Mayberg HS, Frost JJ: Detection and quantification of opiate receptors in man by positron emission tomography. Potential applications to the study of pain. Neurophysiol Clin. 1990; 20(5): 323-334.
51. Jones AK, Qi LY, Fujirawa T, et al.: In vivo distribution of opioid receptors in man in relation to the cortical projections of the medial and lateral pain systems measured with positron emission tomography. Neurosci Lett. 1991; 126(1): 25-28.
52. Canavero S, Bonicalzi V: Central Pain Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
53. Morley JS, Bridson J, Nash TP, et al.: Low-dose methadone has an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial. Palliat Med. 2003; 17(7): 576-587. (Pubitemid 37279338)
54. Eisenberg E, McNicol ED, Carr DB: Efficacy and safety of opioid agonists in the treatment of neuropathic pain of nonmalignant origin: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005; 293(24): 3043-3052. (Pubitemid 40965075)
55. McQuay HJ: Opioid use in chronic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997; 41(1, Part 2): 175-183.
56. Dellemijn P: Are opioids effective in relieving neuropathic pain? Pain. 1999; 80(3): 453-462.
57. Canavero S, Bonicalzi V: Chronic neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(26): 2688-2689; author reply 2688-2689.
58. Ballantyne JC, Mao J: Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(20): 1943-1953. (Pubitemid 37409712)
59. Nicholson BD: Evaluation and treatment of central pain syndromes. Neurology. 2004; 62(5, Suppl 2): S30-S36.
60. Attal N, Guirimand F, Brasseur L, et al.: Effects of IV morphine in central pain: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2002; 58(4): 554-563. (Pubitemid 34164936)
61. Kupers RC, Konings H, Adriaensen H, et al.: Morphine differentially affects the sensory and affective pain ratings in neurogenic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain. 1991; 47(1): 5-12.
62. Eisenberg E, McNicol E, Carr DB: Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; 3: CD006146.
63. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al.: Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2005; 113(1-2): 9-19. (Pubitemid 40038441)
64. Higgins JTP, Green S: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. New York, NY: Wiley Online Library, 2008.
65. Merskey H, Lindblom U, Mumford J, et al.: Pain terms: A current list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain. 1986; 3: 5216-5221.
66. Price DD, Harkins SW, Rafii A, et al.: A simultaneous comparison of fentanyl's analgesic effects on experimental and clinical pain. Pain. 1986; 24(2): 197-203. (Pubitemid 16136945)
67. McQuay HJ, Jadad AR, Carroll D, et al.: Opioid sensitivity of chronic pain: A patient-controlled analgesia method. Anaesthesia. 1992; 47(9): 757-767.
68. Dellemijn PL, Vanneste JA: Randomised double-blind active-placebo- controlled crossover trial of intravenous fentanyl in neuropathic pain. Lancet. 1997; 349(9054): 753-758. (Pubitemid 27122457)
69. Kalman S, Osterberg A, Sorensen J, et al.: Morphine responsiveness in a group of well-defined multiple sclerosis patients: A study with i.v. morphine. Eur J Pain. 2002; 6(1): 69-80.
70. Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE: The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: New hypotheses derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain. 1990; 43(3): 273-286.
71. Arner S, Meyerson BA: Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain. 1988; 33(1): 11-23.
72. Portenoy RK, Foley KM: Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: Report of 38 cases. Pain. 1986; 25(2): 171-186. (Pubitemid 16121641)
73. Rowbotham M, Twilling L, Davies P, et al.: Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(13): 1223-1232. (Pubitemid 36359298)
74. Plotkin R: Results in 60 cases of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable pain. Appl Neurophysiol. 1982; 45(1-2): 173-178.
75. Migita K, Uozumi T, Arita K, et al.: Transcranial magnetic coil stimulation of motor cortex in patients with central pain. Neurosurgery. 1995; 36(5): 1037-1039; discussion 1039-1040.
76. Kumar K, Toth C, Nath RK: Deep brain stimulation for intractable pain: A 15-year experience. Neurosurgery. 1997; 40(4): 736-746; discussion 746-747.
77. Nuti C, Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L, et al.: Motor cortex stimulation for refractory neuropathic pain: Four year outcome and predictors of efficacy. Pain. 2005; 118(1-2): 43-52. (Pubitemid 41566584)
78. Zylicz Z: Opioid responsive central pain of cerebrovascular origin: A case report. Palliat Med. 1997; 11(6): 495-496.
79. Yamamoto T, Katayama Y, Hirayama T, et al.: Pharmacological classification of central post-stroke pain: Comparison with the results of chronic motor cortex stimulation therapy. Pain. 1997; 72(1-2): 5-12. (Pubitemid 27321896)
80. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Audette J, et al.: Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: An overview and literature update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85(3 Suppl): S3-S14.
81. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M, et al.: Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: Evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007; 132(3): 237-251. (Pubitemid 350051570)
82. Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Gilron I, et al.: Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - Consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society. Pain Res Manag. 2007; 12(1): 13-21. (Pubitemid 46744774)
83. Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, et al.: EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010; 17(9): 1113-e88.
84. O'Connor AB, Dworkin RH: Treatment of neuropathic pain: An overview of recent guidelines. Am J Med. 2009; 122(10 Suppl): S22-S32.
85. Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS: The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2010; 150(3): 573-581.