메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2011, Pages

Telomere length is a biomarker of cumulative oxidative stress, biologic age, and an independent predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking behavior

Author keywords

biologic aging; cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; cardiovascular diseases; cumulative oxidative stress; inflammation; predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking; telomere attrition (expressed in white blood cells); telomere length; tobacco smoking

Indexed keywords

8 HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE; CARCININE; CARNOSINE; CATECHOL; CIGARETTE SMOKE; COTININE; FIBRINOGEN; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE; HISTAMINE DERIVATIVE; HYDROQUINONE; NICOTINE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THROMBIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 81755161387     PISSN: 10752765     EISSN: 15363686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181cf8ebb     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (108)

References (144)
  • 1
    • 44849119811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco addiction
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60871-5, PII S0140673608608715
    • Hatsukami DK, Stead LF, Gupta PC. Tobacco addiction. Lancet. 2008;371:2027-2038. (Pubitemid 351799860)
    • (2008) The Lancet , vol.371 , Issue.9629 , pp. 2027-2038
    • Hatsukami, D.K.1    Stead, L.F.2    Gupta, P.C.3
  • 2
    • 81755170190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release May 2004. Dublin, Ireland: The Office of Tobacco Control, Department of Health and Children
    • The Office of Tobacco Control (OTC). Press Release May 2004. Dublin, Ireland: The Office of Tobacco Control, Department of Health and Children; 2004.
    • (2004) The Office of Tobacco Control (OTC).
  • 3
    • 72749111413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco control in the United States-recent progress and opportunities
    • Cokkinides V, Bandi P, McMahon C, et al. Tobacco control in the United States-recent progress and opportunities. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:352-365.
    • (2009) CA Cancer J Clin , vol.59 , pp. 352-365
    • Cokkinides, V.1    Bandi, P.2    McMahon, C.3
  • 4
    • 61449244725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The control of environmental tobacco smoke: A policy review
    • McNabola A, Gill LW. The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6:741-758.
    • (2009) Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.6 , pp. 741-758
    • McNabola, A.1    Gill, L.W.2
  • 5
    • 55249110894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places
    • Meyers DG, Neuberger JS. Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102:1421-1424.
    • (2008) Am J Cardiol , vol.102 , pp. 1421-1424
    • Meyers, D.G.1    Neuberger, J.S.2
  • 6
    • 70349852907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hazards and benefits associated with smoking and smoking cessation in Asia: A meta-analysis of prospective studies
    • Nakamura K, Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, et al. The hazards and benefits associated with smoking and smoking cessation in Asia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Tob Control. 2009;18:345-353.
    • (2009) Tob Control , vol.18 , pp. 345-353
    • Nakamura, K.1    Huxley, R.2    Ansary-Moghaddam, A.3
  • 7
    • 68149144252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in Scotland in relation to social inequalities: Time trend study
    • doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2613
    • O'Flaherty M, Bishop J, Redpath A, et al. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in Scotland in relation to social inequalities: time trend study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2613. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2613.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339
    • O'flaherty, M.1    Bishop, J.2    Redpath, A.3
  • 8
    • 48749088694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India
    • Gupta R. Recent trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India. Indian Heart J. 2008;60(2 Suppl B): B4-B18.
    • (2008) Indian Heart J , vol.60 , Issue.2 SUPPL. B
    • Gupta, R.1
  • 9
    • 63849297155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and accelerated vascular aging: Implications for cigarette smoking
    • Csiszar A, Podlutsky A,Wolin MS, et al. Oxidative stress and accelerated vascular aging: implications for cigarette smoking. Front Biosci. 2009;14:3128-3144.
    • (2009) Front Biosci , vol.14 , pp. 3128-3144
    • Csiszar, A.1    Podlutsky, A.2    Wolin, M.S.3
  • 10
    • 61949338655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking: Health effects and control strategies
    • Alberg AJ. Cigarette smoking: health effects and control strategies. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008;44:895-904.
    • (2008) Drugs Today (Barc) , vol.44 , pp. 895-904
    • Alberg, A.J.1
  • 11
    • 0036017032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mid-term results after extensive vein patch reconstruction and internal mammary grafting of the diffusely diseased left anterior descending coronary artery
    • Santini F, Casali G, Lusini M, et al. Mid-term results after extensive vein patch reconstruction and internal mammary grafting of the diffusely diseased left anterior descending coronary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002; 21:1020-1025.
    • (2002) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg , vol.21 , pp. 1020-1025
    • Santini, F.1    Casali, G.2    Lusini, M.3
  • 12
    • 0000433092 scopus 로고
    • Free radicals produced in cigarette smoke
    • Lyons MJ, Gibson JK, Ingram DJE. Free radicals produced in cigarette smoke. Nature. 1958;181:1003-1004.
    • (1958) Nature , vol.181 , pp. 1003-1004
    • Lyons, M.J.1    Gibson, J.K.2    Dje, I.3
  • 13
    • 84892121207 scopus 로고
    • Electron resonance studies of the free radicals produced in tobacco pyrolysis and in other related compounds
    • Ingram DJE. Electron resonance studies of the free radicals produced in tobacco pyrolysis and in other related compounds. Acta Med Scand. 1961;369(Suppl):43-61.
    • (1961) Acta Med Scand , vol.369 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 43-61
    • Dje, I.1
  • 14
    • 0014675688 scopus 로고
    • E.P.R. Absorption by the vapour phase of cigarette smoke, condensed and examined at low temperature
    • Tully GW, Briggs, CD, Horsfield A. E.P.R. absorption by the vapour phase of cigarette smoke, condensed and examined at low temperature. Chem Ind (Lond). 1969;7: 201-203.
    • (1969) Chem Ind (Lond) , vol.7 , pp. 201-203
    • Tully, G.W.1    Briggs, C.D.2    Horsfield, A.3
  • 17
    • 49549128972 scopus 로고
    • Dipolar broadening of electron spin resonance lines of free radicals: Spin trapping studies of free radicals in cigarette smoke
    • Menzel ER, Vincent WR,Wasson JR. Dipolar broadening of electron spin resonance lines of free radicals: spin trapping studies of free radicals in cigarette smoke. J Magn Res. 1976;21:321-330.
    • (1976) J Magn Res , vol.21 , pp. 321-330
    • Menzel, E.R.1    Vincent, W.R.2    Wasson, J.R.3
  • 18
    • 0017097079 scopus 로고
    • Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of cigarette smoke by use of spin trapping techniques
    • PryorWA, Terauchi K, DavisWH. Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of cigarette smoke by use of spin trapping techniques. Environ Health Perspect. 1976;16:161-176.
    • (1976) Environ Health Perspect , vol.16 , pp. 161-176
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Terauchi, K.2    Davis, W.H.3
  • 19
    • 0000942449 scopus 로고
    • Environmental free radicals
    • Lyons MJ, Spence JB. Environmental free radicals. Br J Cancer. 1960;14:703-708.
    • (1960) Br J Cancer , vol.14 , pp. 703-708
    • Lyons, M.J.1    Spence, J.B.2
  • 20
    • 0020646254 scopus 로고
    • Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: Nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar
    • PryorWA, Prier DG, Church DF. Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar. Environ Health Perspect. 1983;47:345-355. (Pubitemid 13134676)
    • (1983) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.47 , pp. 345-355
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Prier, D.G.2    Church, D.F.3
  • 21
    • 0029020535 scopus 로고
    • Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance
    • Zang LY, Stone K, PryorWA. Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19:161-167.
    • (1995) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.19 , pp. 161-167
    • Zang, L.Y.1    Stone, K.2    Pryor, W.A.3
  • 22
    • 0019498157 scopus 로고
    • A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XX. Role of catechol as a major cocarcinogen in the weakly acidic fraction of smoke condensate
    • Hecht SS, Carmella S, Mori H, et al. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XX. Role of catechol as a major cocarcinogen in the weakly acidic fraction of smoke condensate. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981;66:163-169. (Pubitemid 11163250)
    • (1981) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 163-169
    • Hecht, S.S.1    Carmella, S.2    Mori, H.3    Hoffmann, D.4
  • 23
    • 0017406503 scopus 로고
    • Production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide by NADH ubiquinone reductase and ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase from beef heart mitochondria
    • Cadenas E, Boveris A, Ragan CI, et al. Production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide by NADH-ubiquinone reductase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase from beef heart mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1977;180:248-257. (Pubitemid 8115490)
    • (1977) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , vol.180 , Issue.2 , pp. 248-257
    • Cadenas, E.1    Boveris, A.2    Ragan, C.I.3    Stoppani, A.O.M.4
  • 24
    • 0018194637 scopus 로고
    • A general mechanism for microsomal activation of quinone anticancer agents to free radicals
    • Bachur NR, Gordon SL, Gee MV. A general mechanism for microsomal activation of quinone anticancer agents to free radicals. Cancer Res. 1978;38:1745-1750. (Pubitemid 8349723)
    • (1978) Cancer Research , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 1745-1750
    • Bachur, N.R.1    Gordon, S.L.2    Gee, M.V.3
  • 25
    • 0019891877 scopus 로고
    • Benzo(a)pyrene quinines can be generated by lipid peroxidation
    • Morgenstern R, DePierre JW, Lind C, et al. Benzo(a)pyrene quinines can be generated by lipid peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981;99:682-690.
    • (1981) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.99 , pp. 682-690
    • Morgenstern, R.1    Depierre, J.W.2    Lind, C.3
  • 26
    • 33847595292 scopus 로고
    • Electron spin resonance study of the binding of the 6-oxybenzo(a)pyrene radical and benzo(a)pyrene-semiquinone radicals with DNA and polynucleotides
    • Gelboinj HV, Ts'o POP, eds. Chapt 12. New York: Academic Press
    • Nagata C, Kodama M, Ioki Y. Electron spin resonance study of the binding of the 6-oxybenzo(a)pyrene radical and benzo(a)pyrene-semiquinone radicals with DNA and polynucleotides. In: Gelboinj HV, Ts'o POP, eds. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer. Vol. I. Chapt. 12. New York: Academic Press; 1978.
    • (1978) Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer , vol.1
    • Nagata, C.1    Kodama, M.2    Ioki, Y.3
  • 27
    • 0029020535 scopus 로고
    • Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance
    • Zang LY, Stone K, PryorWA. Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19:161-167.
    • (1995) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.19 , pp. 161-167
    • Zang, L.Y.1    Stone, K.2    Pryor, W.A.3
  • 28
    • 0028559812 scopus 로고
    • Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar containing the tar free radical cause DNA nicks in mammalian cells
    • Stone KK, Bermúdez E, Pryor WA. Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar containing the tar free radical cause DNA nicks in mammalian cells. Environ Health Perspect. 1994; 102(Suppl 10):173-178.
    • (1994) Environ Health Perspect , vol.102 , Issue.SUPPL. 10 , pp. 173-178
    • Stone, K.K.1    Bermúdez, E.2    Pryor, W.A.3
  • 30
    • 0023576036 scopus 로고
    • DNA synthesis is blocked by cigarette tar-induced DNA single-strand breaks
    • Borish ET, Pryor WA, Venugopal S, et al. DNA synthesis is blocked by cigarette tar-induced DNA single-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis. 1987;8:1517-1520. (Pubitemid 18045810)
    • (1987) Carcinogenesis , vol.8 , Issue.10 , pp. 1517-1520
    • Borish, E.T.1    Pryor, W.A.2    Venugopal, S.3    Deutsch, W.A.4
  • 32
    • 0025328833 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke-induced DNA-damage: Role of hydroquinone and catechol in the formation of the oxidative DNA-adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
    • DOI 10.1016/0009-2797(90)90023-G
    • Leanderson P, Tagesson C. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA-damage: role of hydroquinone and catechol in the formation of the oxidative DNA-adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Chem Biol Interact. 1990;75:71-81. (Pubitemid 20199718)
    • (1990) Chemico-Biological Interactions , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-81
    • Leanderson, P.1    Tagesson, C.2
  • 33
    • 0035023204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(VI) reduction by catechol(amine)s results in DNA cleavage in vitro: Relevance to chromium genotoxicity
    • DOI 10.1021/tx000229s
    • Pattison DI, Davies MJ, Levina A, et al. Chromium(VI) reduction by catechol(amine)s results in DNA cleavage in vitro: relevance to chromium genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001;14:500-510. (Pubitemid 32480017)
    • (2001) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 500-510
    • Pattison, D.I.1    Davies, M.J.2    Levina, A.3    Dixon, N.E.4    Lay, P.A.5
  • 34
    • 2442547743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047, PII S0735109704004346
    • Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1731-1737. (Pubitemid 38622506)
    • (2004) Journal of the American College of Cardiology , vol.43 , Issue.10 , pp. 1731-1737
    • Ambrose, J.A.1    Barua, R.S.2
  • 35
    • 0035500449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinoid redox cycling as a mechanism for sustained free radical generation by inhaled airborne particulate matter
    • DOI 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00703-1, PII S0891584901007031
    • Squadrito GL, Cueto R, Dellinger B, et al. Quinoid redox cycling as a mechanism for sustained free radical generation by inhaled airborne particulate matter. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;31:1132-1138. (Pubitemid 33009320)
    • (2001) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.9 , pp. 1132-1138
    • Squadrito, G.L.1    Cueto, R.2    Dellinger, B.3    Pryor, W.A.4
  • 36
    • 0035606018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet hemostasis capacity in smokers: In vitro function analyses with 3.2% citrated whole blood
    • DOI 10.1016/S0049-3848(01)00382-6, PII S0049384801003826
    • Brockmann MA, Beythien C, Magens MM, et al. Platelet hemostasis capacity in smokers. In vitro function analyses with 3.2% citrated whole blood. Thromb Res. 2001;104:333-342. (Pubitemid 33152954)
    • (2001) Thrombosis Research , vol.104 , Issue.5 , pp. 333-342
    • Brockmann, M.-A.1    Beythien, C.2    Magens, M.M.3    Wilckens, V.4    Kuehnl, P.5    Gutensohn, K.6
  • 37
    • 0034938738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking, nicotine and thrombotic risk - A role for platelet dependent thrombin generation?
    • DOI 10.1053/euhj.2000.2273
    • Hjemdahl P. Smoking, nicotine and thrombotic risk- a role for platelet dependent thrombin generation? Eur Heart J. 2001;22:16-18. Comment on: Eur Heart J. 2001;22: 56-61. (Pubitemid 32622184)
    • (2001) European Heart Journal , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-18
    • Hjemdahl, P.1
  • 38
    • 0030955437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for nicotine replacement therapy
    • DOI 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00079-X, PII S073510979700079X
    • Benowitz NL, Gourlay SG. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for nicotine replacement therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1422-1431. (Pubitemid 27272432)
    • (1997) Journal of the American College of Cardiology , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 1422-1431
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Gourlay, S.G.2
  • 39
    • 0023833201 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function
    • DOI 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90648-5
    • FitzGerald GA, Oates JA, Nowak J. Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function. Am Heart J. 1988;115:267-271. (Pubitemid 18028712)
    • (1988) American Heart Journal , vol.115 , Issue.1 , pp. 267-271
    • FitzGerald, G.A.1    Oates, J.A.2    Nowak, J.3
  • 40
    • 0027256788 scopus 로고
    • 2 metabolite in healthy young cigarette smokers: Results from a prospective study in randomly sampled males with stable smoking habits
    • Wennmalm A, Benthin G, Granström EF, et al. Maintained hyperexcretion of thromboxane A2 metabolite in healthy young cigarette smokers: results from a prospective study in randomly sampled males with stable smoking habits. Clin Physiol. 1993;13:257-264. (Pubitemid 23170644)
    • (1993) Clinical Physiology , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 257-264
    • Wennmalm, A.1    Benthin, G.2    Granstrom, E.F.3    Persson, L.4    Winell, S.5
  • 41
    • 0026471009 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking increases thromboxane A2 formation without affecting platelet survival in young healthy females
    • Dotevall A, Rångemark C, Eriksson E, et al. Cigarette smoking increases thromboxane A2 formation without affecting platelet survival in young healthy females. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:583-588.
    • (1992) Thromb Haemost , vol.68 , pp. 583-588
    • Dotevall, A.1    Rångemark, C.2    Eriksson, E.3
  • 42
    • 0027787663 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine and cotinine modulate eicosanoid production in human leukocytes and platelet rich plasma
    • Saareks V, Riutta A, Mucha I, et al. Nicotine and cotinine modulate eicosanoid production in human leukocytes and platelet rich plasma. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993;248: 345-349.
    • (1993) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.248 , pp. 345-349
    • Saareks, V.1    Riutta, A.2    Mucha, I.3
  • 43
    • 0019510973 scopus 로고
    • Platelet survival and the development of coronary artery disease in the young adult: Effects of cigarette smoking, strong family history and medical therapy
    • Fuster V, Chesebro JH, Frye RL, et al. Platelet survival and the development of coronary artery disease in the young adult: effects of cigarette smoking, strong family history and medical therapy. Circulation. 1981;63:546-551. (Pubitemid 11139862)
    • (1981) Circulation , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 546-551
    • Fuster, V.1    Chesebro, J.H.2    Frye, R.L.3    Elveback, L.R.4
  • 44
    • 0031865360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of cigarette smoking on platelet function and plasma catecholamines in hypersensitive and normotensive men
    • DOI 10.1016/S0895-7061(98)00022-3, PII S0895706198000223
    • Mundal HH, Hjemdahl P, Gjesdal K. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on platelet function and plasma catecholamines in hypertensive and normotensive men. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:677-681. (Pubitemid 28313686)
    • (1998) American Journal of Hypertension , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 677-681
    • Mundal, H.H.1    Hjemdahl, P.2    Gjesdal, K.3
  • 45
    • 0004556926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of smoking on platelet-dependent thrombin generation
    • Hioki Y, Aoki N, Kawano K. Acute effects of smoking on platelet-dependent thrombin generation. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:54-59.
    • (2000) Eur Heart J , vol.21 , pp. 54-59
    • Hioki, Y.1    Aoki, N.2    Kawano, K.3
  • 46
    • 0028237114 scopus 로고
    • Thrombin generation as an acute effect of cigarette smoking
    • DOI 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90003-5
    • Kimura S, Nishinaga M, Ozawa T, et al. Thrombin generation as an acute effect of cigarette smoking. Am Heart J. 1994;128:7-11. (Pubitemid 24227129)
    • (1994) American Heart Journal , vol.128 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-11
    • Kimura, S.1    Nishinaga, M.2    Ozawa, T.3    Shimada, K.4
  • 47
    • 0037448065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions of exogenous or evoked agents and particles: The role of reactive oxygen species
    • DOI 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00175-8
    • Churg A. Interactions of exogenous or evoked agents and particles: the role of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34:1230-1235. (Pubitemid 36513965)
    • (2003) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1230-1235
    • Churg, A.1
  • 48
    • 0015387603 scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenesis assay of subfractions of cigarette smoke condensate prepared by solvent-solvent separation of the neutral fraction
    • Bock FG, Swain AP, Stedman RL. Carcinogenesis assay of subfractions of cigarette smoke condensate prepared by solvent-solvent separation of the neutral fraction. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972;49:477-483.
    • (1972) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.49 , pp. 477-483
    • Bock, F.G.1    Swain, A.P.2    Stedman, R.L.3
  • 49
    • 33846199048 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of cigarette smoke fraction by combined gas chromatography- infrared spectrophotometry
    • Schmeltz I, Stills CD, Chamberlain WJ, et al. Analysis of cigarette smoke fraction by combined gas chromatography- infrared spectrophotometry. Anal Chem. 1965;37:1614-1616.
    • (1965) Anal Chem , vol.37 , pp. 1614-1616
    • Schmeltz, I.1    Stills, C.D.2    Chamberlain, W.J.3
  • 50
    • 0014481789 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate for chemical and biologic investigations
    • Swain AP, Cooper JE, Stedman RL. Large-scale fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate for chemical and biologic investigations. Cancer Res. 1969;29:579-583.
    • (1969) Cancer Res , vol.29 , pp. 579-583
    • Swain, A.P.1    Cooper, J.E.2    Stedman, R.L.3
  • 51
    • 0035023374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke-induced endothelium dysfunction: Role of superoxide anion
    • DOI 10.1097/00004872-200105000-00009
    • Raij L, DeMaster EG, Jaimes EA. Cigarette smokeinduced endothelium dysfunction: role of superoxide anion. J Hypertens. 2001;19:891-897. (Pubitemid 32436953)
    • (2001) Journal of Hypertension , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 891-897
    • Raij, L.1    DeMaster, E.G.2    Jaimes, E.A.3
  • 53
    • 0027367617 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults
    • Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endotheliumdependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation. 1993;88:2149-2155. (Pubitemid 23326094)
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , Issue.5 , pp. 2149-2155
    • Celermajer, D.S.1    Sorensen, K.E.2    Georgakopoulos, D.3    Bull, C.4    Thomas, O.5    Robinson, J.6    Deanfield, J.E.7
  • 55
    • 0029027255 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve
    • Czernin J, Sun K, Brunken R, et al. Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation. 1995;91:2891-2897.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 2891-2897
    • Czernin, J.1    Sun, K.2    Brunken, R.3
  • 56
    • 0037469229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers
    • DOI 10.1161/01.CIR.0000046447.72402.47
    • Fennessy FM, Moneley DS, Wang JH, et al. Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers. Circulation. 2003;107:410-415. (Pubitemid 36158042)
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 410-415
    • Fennessy, F.M.1    Moneley, D.S.2    Wang, J.H.3    Kelly, C.J.4    Bouchier-Hayes, D.J.5
  • 57
    • 2942541144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable compounds of cigarette smoke induce endothelial superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase activation
    • DOI 10.1161/01.ATV.0000127083.88549.58
    • Jaimes EA, DeMaster EG, Tian RX, et al. Stable compounds of cigarette smoke induce endothelial superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:1031-1036. (Pubitemid 38737827)
    • (2004) Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , vol.24 , Issue.6 , pp. 1031-1036
    • Jaimes, E.A.1    DeMaster, E.G.2    Tian, R.-X.3    Raij, L.4
  • 59
    • 12744269977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous nitric oxide activation protects against cigarette smoking induced apoptosis in endothelial cells
    • Raveendran M, Wang J, Senthil D, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide activation protects against cigarette smoking induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 2005; 579:733-740.
    • (2005) FEBS Lett , vol.579 , pp. 733-740
    • Raveendran, M.1    Wang, J.2    Senthil, D.3
  • 61
    • 0028358803 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of cigarette smoke condensate induced adhesion of human monocytes to cultured endothelial cells
    • DOI 10.1002/jcp.1041600118
    • Kalra VK, Ying Y, Deemer K, et al. Mechanism of cigarette smoke condensate induced adhesion of human monocytes to cultured endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 1994;160:154-162. (Pubitemid 24214046)
    • (1994) Journal of Cellular Physiology , vol.160 , Issue.1 , pp. 154-162
    • Kalra, V.K.1    Ying, Y.2    Deemer, K.3    Natarajan, R.4    Nadler, J.L.5    Coates, T.D.6
  • 62
    • 0032449916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Even moderate cigarette smoking influences the pattern of circulating monocytes and the concentration of sICAM-1
    • DOI 10.1016/S0034-5687(98)00098-X, PII S003456879800098X
    • Bergmann S, Siekmeier R, Mix C, et al. Even moderate cigarette smoking influences the pattern of circulating monocytes and the concentration of sICAM-1. Respir Physiol. 1998;114:269-275. (Pubitemid 29050874)
    • (1998) Respiration Physiology , vol.114 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-275
    • Bergmann, S.1    Siekmeier, R.2    Mix, C.3    Jaross, W.4
  • 63
    • 0030011148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke condensate-induced adhesion molecule expression and transendothelial migration of monocytes
    • Shen Y, Rattan V, Sultana C, et al. Cigarette smoke condensate-induced adhesion molecule expression and transendothelial migration of monocytes. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:H1624-H1633.
    • (1996) Am J Physiol , vol.270
    • Shen, Y.1    Rattan, V.2    Sultana, C.3
  • 64
    • 0029002911 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke inhibits lung fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis
    • Nakamura Y, Romberger DJ, Tate L, et al. Cigarette smoke inhibits lung fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1497-1503.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1497-1503
    • Nakamura, Y.1    Romberger, D.J.2    Tate, L.3
  • 65
    • 0029744374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent cigarette smoking-related inflammatory responses in healthy adults
    • Kuschner WG, D'Alessandro A, Wong H, et al. Dose-dependent cigarette smoking-related inflammatory responses in healthy adults. Eur Respir J. 1996;9: 1989-1994. (Pubitemid 26333532)
    • (1996) European Respiratory Journal , vol.9 , Issue.10 , pp. 1989-1994
    • Kuschner, W.G.1    D'Alessandro, A.2    Wong, H.3    Blanc, P.D.4
  • 66
    • 0021064492 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and lung destruction. Accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of cigarette smokers
    • Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Cigarette smoking and lung destruction. Accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of cigarette smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128: 833-838. (Pubitemid 14231334)
    • (1983) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.128 , Issue.5 , pp. 833-838
    • Hunninghake, G.W.1    Crystal, R.G.2
  • 67
    • 0034109663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking
    • DOI 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15e18.x
    • van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15:915-921. (Pubitemid 30321851)
    • (2000) European Respiratory Journal , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 915-921
    • Van Eeden, S.F.1    Hogg, J.C.2
  • 69
    • 0020607763 scopus 로고
    • Levels of elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy smokers and nonsmokers
    • Janoff A, Raju L, Dearing R. Levels of elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:540-544. (Pubitemid 13087057)
    • (1983) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.127 , Issue.5 , pp. 540-544
    • Janoff, A.1    Raju, L.2    Dearing, R.3
  • 71
    • 0019493287 scopus 로고
    • The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the concentrations of blood leukocyte types in healthy young women
    • Winkel P, Statland BE. The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the concentrations of blood leukocyte types in healthy young women. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981;75:781-785. (Pubitemid 11063874)
    • (1981) American Journal of Clinical Pathology , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 781-785
    • Winkel, P.1    Statland, B.E.2
  • 74
    • 0020447688 scopus 로고
    • Basophil degranulation induced by cigarette smoking in man
    • Walter S, Walter A. Basophil degranulation induced by cigarette smoking man. Thorax. 1982;37:756-759. (Pubitemid 13250531)
    • (1982) Thorax , vol.37 , Issue.10 , pp. 756-759
    • Walter, S.1    Walter, A.2
  • 75
    • 4043062803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: A review
    • DOI 10.1136/thx.2003.012468
    • van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004;59:713-721. (Pubitemid 39061538)
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , Issue.8 , pp. 713-721
    • Van Der Vaart, H.1    Postma, D.S.2    Timens, W.3    Ten Hacken, N.H.T.4
  • 76
    • 0033711405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial reversibility of airflow limitation and increased exhaled NO and sputum eosinophilia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Papi A, Romagnoli M, Baraldo S, et al. Partial reversibility of airflow limitation and increased exhaled NO and sputum eosinophilia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1773-1777.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 1773-1777
    • Papi, A.1    Romagnoli, M.2    Baraldo, S.3
  • 78
    • 0019504387 scopus 로고
    • Airway permeability to horseradish peroxidase in guinea pigs: The repair phase after injury by cigarette smoke
    • Hulbert WC, Walker DC, Jackson A, et al. Airway permeability to horseradish peroxidase in guinea pigs: the repair phase after injury by cigarette smoke. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123:320-326. (Pubitemid 11153193)
    • (1981) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.123 , Issue.3 , pp. 320-326
    • Hulbert, W.C.1    Walker, D.C.2    Jackson, A.3    Hogg, J.C.4
  • 82
    • 0034972529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tobacco smoke and benzo[a]pyrene on human endothelial cell and monocyte stress responses
    • Vayssier-Taussat M, Camilli T, Aron Y, et al. Effects of tobacco smoke and benzo[a]pyrene on human endothelial cell and monocyte stress responses. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280:H1293-H1300.
    • (2001) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.280
    • Vayssier-Taussat, M.1    Camilli, T.2    Aron, Y.3
  • 83
    • 0031722160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoke induces both apoptosis and necrosis in mammalian cells: Differential effects of HSP70
    • Vayssier M, Banzet N, Francxois D, et al. Tobacco smoke induces both apoptosis and necrosis in mammalian cells: differential effects of HSP70. Am J Physiol. 1998;275: L771-L779.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275
    • Vayssier, M.1    Banzet, N.2    Francxois, D.3
  • 84
    • 33745700377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential induction of apoptosis by cigarette smoke extract in primary human lung fibroblast strains: Implications for emphysema
    • Baglole CJ, Bushinsky SM, Garcia TM, et al. Differential induction of apoptosis by cigarette smoke extract in primary human lung fibroblast strains: implications for emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006;291: L19-L29.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.291
    • Baglole, C.J.1    Bushinsky, S.M.2    Garcia, T.M.3
  • 85
    • 0029911460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers
    • Rahman I, Morrison D, Donaldson K, et al. Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1055-1060.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1055-1060
    • Rahman, I.1    Morrison, D.2    Donaldson, K.3
  • 86
    • 0033833221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers
    • Montuschi P, Collins JV, Ciabattoni G, et al. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1175-1177.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 1175-1177
    • Montuschi, P.1    Collins, J.V.2    Ciabattoni, G.3
  • 87
    • 0141458218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in murine lungs after cigarette smoke exposure
    • Aoshiba K, Koinuma M, Yokohori N, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in murine lungs after cigarette smoke exposure. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15: 1029-1038. (Pubitemid 37158653)
    • (2003) Inhalation Toxicology , vol.15 , Issue.10 , pp. 1029-1038
    • Aoshiba, K.1    Koinuma, M.2    Yokohori, N.3    Nagai, A.4
  • 88
    • 0030605012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase by cigarette smoke is associated with AP-1 in human alveolar epithelial cells
    • DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01027-7, PII S0014579396010277
    • Rahman I, Smith CA, Lawson MF, et al. Induction of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by cigarette smoke is associated with AP-1 in human alveolar epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 1996;396:21-25. (Pubitemid 26360273)
    • (1996) FEBS Letters , vol.396 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-25
    • Rahman, I.1    Smith, C.A.D.2    Lawson, M.F.3    Harrison, D.J.4    MacNee, W.5
  • 91
    • 0036629255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress shortens telomeres
    • DOI 10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02110-2, PII S0968000402021102
    • von Zglinicki T. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends Biochem Sci. 2002;27:339-344. (Pubitemid 34756516)
    • (2002) Trends in Biochemical Sciences , vol.27 , Issue.7 , pp. 339-344
    • Von Zglinicki, T.1
  • 95
    • 0030931491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA
    • DOI 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)80006-4
    • Blasco MA, Lee HW, Hande MP, et al. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell. 1997;91:25-34. Comment in: Cell. 1997 Oct 3;91:1-3. (Pubitemid 27431310)
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-34
    • Blasco, M.A.1    Lee, H.-W.2    Hande, M.P.3    Samper, E.4    Lansdorp, P.M.5    DePinho, R.A.6    Greider, C.W.7
  • 96
    • 0031299239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouse models for the study of telomerase
    • discussion 70-76
    • Blasco MA, Lee HW, Rizen M, et al. Mouse models for the study of telomerase. Ciba Found Symp. 1997;211:160- 170; discussion 70-76.
    • (1997) Ciba Found Symp , vol.211 , pp. 160-170
    • Blasco, M.A.1    Lee, H.W.2    Rizen, M.3
  • 97
    • 22944488871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomeres and human disease: Ageing, cancer and beyond
    • DOI 10.1038/nrg1656
    • Blasco MA. Telomeres and human disease: ageing, cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6:611-622. (Pubitemid 41044298)
    • (2005) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.6 , Issue.8 , pp. 611-622
    • Blasco, M.A.1
  • 99
    • 74149087518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocyte telomere length in a population-based casecontrol study of ovarian cancer: A pilot study
    • Mirabello L, Garcia-Closas M, Cawthon R, et al. Leukocyte telomere length in a population-based casecontrol study of ovarian cancer: a pilot study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21:77-82
    • (2010) Cancer Causes Control , vol.21 , pp. 77-82
    • Mirabello, L.1    Garcia-Closas, M.2    Cawthon, R.3
  • 101
    • 0142104099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary bladder cancer
    • Adami H-O, Hunter DJ, Trichopoulos D, eds. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Kogevinas M, Trichopoulos D. Urinary bladder cancer. In: Adami H-O, Hunter DJ, Trichopoulos D, eds. Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002:446-466.
    • (2002) Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. , pp. 446-466
    • Kogevinas, M.1    Trichopoulos, D.2
  • 102
    • 22844444113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutional short telomeres are strong genetic susceptibility markers for bladder cancer
    • DOI 10.1093/carcin/bgi063
    • Broberg K, Björk J, Paulsson K, et al. Constitutional short telomeres are strong genetic susceptibility markers for bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1263-1271. (Pubitemid 41417904)
    • (2005) Carcinogenesis , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 1263-1271
    • Broberg, K.1    Bjork, J.2    Paulsson, K.3    Hoglund, M.4    Albin, M.5
  • 104
    • 33846568008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human telomere biology: Pitfalls of moving from the laboratory to epidemiology
    • DOI 10.1093/ije/dyl169
    • Aviv A, Valdes AM, Spector TD. Human telomere biology: pitfalls of moving from the laboratory to epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1424-1429. (Pubitemid 46178916)
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 1424-1429
    • Aviv, A.1    Valdes, A.M.2    Spector, T.D.3
  • 105
    • 33646794390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No association between telomere length and survival among the elderly and oldest old
    • Bischoff C, Petersen HC, Graakjaer J, et al. No association between telomere length and survival among the elderly and oldest old. Epidemiology. 2006;17:190-194.
    • (2006) Epidemiology , vol.17 , pp. 190-194
    • Bischoff, C.1    Petersen, H.C.2    Graakjaer, J.3
  • 106
    • 27944454875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomeres and human aging: Facts and fibs
    • 2004:pe43
    • Aviv A. Telomeres and human aging: facts and fibs. Sci Aging Knowl Environ. 2004;2004:pe43.
    • (2004) Sci Aging Knowl Environ
    • Aviv, A.1
  • 107
    • 0037308404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12384-7
    • Cawthon RM, Smith KR, O'Brien E, et al. Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet. 2003;361:393-395. (Pubitemid 36164975)
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , Issue.9355 , pp. 393-395
    • Cawthon, R.M.1    Smith, K.R.2    O'Brien, E.3    Sivatchenko, A.4    Kerber, R.A.5
  • 108
    • 33644822655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomere length in white blood cells is not associated with morbidity or mortality in the oldest old: A population- based study
    • Martin-Ruiz CM, Gussekloo J, van Heemst D, et al. Telomere length in white blood cells is not associated with morbidity or mortality in the oldest old: a population- based study. Aging Cell. 2005;4:287-290.
    • (2005) Aging Cell , vol.4 , pp. 287-290
    • Martin-Ruiz, C.M.1    Gussekloo, J.2    Van Heemst, D.3
  • 110
    • 0035256310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomere length as an indicator of biological aging the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity
    • Benetos A, Okuda K, Lajemi M, et al. Telomere length as an indicator of biological aging: the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension. 2001;37:381-385. (Pubitemid 32198997)
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 381-385
    • Benetos, A.1    Okuda, K.2    Lajemi, M.3    Kimura, M.4    Thomas, F.5    Skurnick, J.6    Labat, C.7    Bean, K.8    Aviv, A.9
  • 118
    • 0033747604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short telomeres in patients with vascular dementia: An indicator of low antioxidative capacity and a possible risk factor?
    • von Zglinicki T, Serra V, Lorenz M, et al. Short telomeres in patients with vascular dementia: an indicator of low antioxidative capacity and a possible risk factor? Lab Invest. 2000;80:1739-1747.
    • (2000) Lab Invest , vol.80 , pp. 1739-1747
    • Von Zglinicki, T.1    Serra, V.2    Lorenz, M.3
  • 120
    • 1242272818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomere length and possible link to X chromosome
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15535-9
    • Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Gardner JP, et al. Telomere length and possible link to X chromosome. Lancet. 2004; 363:507-510. (Pubitemid 38229449)
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , Issue.9408 , pp. 507-510
    • Nawrot, T.S.1    Staessen, J.A.2    Gardner, J.P.3    Aviv, A.4
  • 123
    • 0037335614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageing and telomeres: A study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening
    • DOI 10.1093/nar/gkg208
    • Cherif H, Tarry JL, Ozanne SE, et al. Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31:1576-1583. (Pubitemid 36304920)
    • (2003) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 1576-1583
    • Cherif, H.1    Tarry, J.L.2    Ozanne, S.E.3    Hales, C.N.4
  • 127
    • 0033732110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular mechanisms of stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) of human diploid fibroblasts and melanocytes
    • Toussaint O, Medrano EE, von Zglinicki T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) of human diploid fibroblasts and melanocytes. Exp Gerontol. 2000;35:927-945.
    • (2000) Exp Gerontol , vol.35 , pp. 927-945
    • Toussaint, O.1    Medrano, E.E.2    Von Zglinicki, T.3
  • 128
    • 75949086099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imidazole-containing peptide-based compounds in sight-threatening age-related eye diseases
    • Babizhayev MA, Kasus-Jacobi A. Imidazole-containing peptide-based compounds in sight-threatening age-related eye diseases. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2009;4:581-586.
    • (2009) Expert Rev Ophthalmol , vol.4 , pp. 581-586
    • Babizhayev, M.A.1    Kasus-Jacobi, A.2
  • 129
    • 74549215049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nacetylcarnosine lubricant eyedrops possess all-in-one universal antioxidant protective effects of L-carnosine in aqueous and lipid membrane environments, aldehyde scavenging, and transglycation activities inherent to cataracts: A clinical study of the new vision-saving drug N-acetylcarnosine eyedrop therapy in a database population of over 50,500 patients
    • Babizhayev MA, Micans P, Guiotto A, et al. Nacetylcarnosine lubricant eyedrops possess all-in-one universal antioxidant protective effects of L-carnosine in aqueous and lipid membrane environments, aldehyde scavenging, and transglycation activities inherent to cataracts: a clinical study of the new vision-saving drug N-acetylcarnosine eyedrop therapy in a database population of over 50,500 patients. Am J Ther. 2009;16: 517-533.
    • (2009) Am J Ther , vol.16 , pp. 517-533
    • Babizhayev, M.A.1    Micans, P.2    Guiotto, A.3
  • 130
    • 0034222511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for carnosine in cellular maintenance
    • Holliday R,McFarland GA. A role for carnosine in cellular maintenance. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000;65:843-848.
    • (2000) Biochemistry (Mosc) , vol.65 , pp. 843-848
    • Holliday, R.1    McFarland, G.A.2
  • 131
    • 0028235687 scopus 로고
    • Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine
    • DOI 10.1006/excr.1994.1132
    • McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res. 1994;212:167-175. (Pubitemid 24216690)
    • (1994) Experimental Cell Research , vol.212 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-175
    • Mcfarland, G.A.1    Holliday, R.2
  • 132
    • 0042049749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L- carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts
    • DOI 10.1016/S0531-5565(98)00056-4, PII S0531556598000564
    • McFarland GA, Holliday R. Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol. 1999; 34:35-45. (Pubitemid 29085066)
    • (1999) Experimental Gerontology , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-45
    • McFarland, G.A.1    Holliday, R.2
  • 133
    • 5144230084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-carnosine reduces telomere damage and shortening rate in cultured normal fibroblasts
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.136, PII S0006291X04021709
    • Shao L, Li QH, Tan Z. L-Carnosine reduces telomere damage and shortening rate in cultured normal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;324:931-936. (Pubitemid 39345603)
    • (2004) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol.324 , Issue.2 , pp. 931-936
    • Shao, L.1    Li, Q.-H.2    Tan, Z.3
  • 135
    • 81755170186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Cancer Society Tobacco Control Profiles. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society
    • American Cancer Society. 12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health. Tobacco Control Profiles. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2003.
    • (2003) 12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health.
  • 136
    • 0642283106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in worldwide tobacco use by gender: Findings from the global youth tobacco survey
    • Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborating Group
    • Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborating Group. Differences in worldwide tobacco use by gender: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. J Sch Health. 2003;73:207-215.
    • (2003) J Sch Health , vol.73 , pp. 207-215
  • 139
    • 33644651259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68192-0, PII S0140673606681920
    • Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, et al. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) collaborative group: patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet. 2006;367:749-753. (Pubitemid 43326293)
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.367 , Issue.9512 , pp. 749-753
    • Warren, C.W.1    Jones, N.R.2    Eriksen, M.P.3    Asma, S.4
  • 140
    • 33947593200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Cancer Society Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society
    • American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2007.
    • (2007) Cancer Facts and Figures 2007.
  • 141
    • 35148819256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and progression in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277658.78381.db, PII 0000611420071009000008
    • Koch M, van Harten A, Uyttenboogaart M, et al. Cigarette smoking and progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2007;69:1515-1520. (Pubitemid 47537858)
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , Issue.15 , pp. 1515-1520
    • Koch, M.1    Van Harten, A.2    Uyttenboogaart, M.3    De Keyser, J.4
  • 142
    • 34250672398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: A metanalysis
    • DOI 10.1177/1352458506073501
    • Hawkes CH. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: a metaanalysis. Mult Scler. 2007;13:610-615. (Pubitemid 46939526)
    • (2007) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 610-615
    • Hawkes, C.H.1
  • 143
    • 0030200187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse transcriptase inhibitors suppress telomerase function and induce senescence-like processes in cultured mouse fibroblasts
    • DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00533-9
    • Yegorov YE, Chernov DN, Akimov SS, et al. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors suppress telomerase function and induce senescence-like processes in cultured mouse fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 1996;389:115-118. (Pubitemid 26226481)
    • (1996) FEBS Letters , vol.389 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-118
    • Yegorov, Y.E.1    Chernov, D.N.2    Akimov, S.S.3    Bolsheva, N.L.4    Krayevsky, A.A.5    Zelenin, A.V.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.