Does family employment enhance MSEs performance?. Integrating socioemotional wealth and family embeddedness perspectives

Journal of Business Venturing

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 62-76

  Cruz, Cristina ^a   Justo, Rachida ^a   De Castro, Julio O ^b  

^a IE BUSINESS SCHOOL   (Spain)

^b BABSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Family embeddedness; Family employment; Micro and small enterprises; Performance; Socioemotional wealth

Indexed keywords

EID: 81555201676     PISSN: 08839026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Adkins L. Gendered Work 1995, Open University Press, Buckingham.
2. Aldrich H., Auster E.R. Even dwarfs started small. Research in Organizational Behavior 1986, 8:165-198.
3. Aldrich H.E., Cliff J.E. The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18(5):573-596.
4. Aldrich H.E., Langton N. Human resource management and organizational life cycles. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1998, 349-357. Babson College, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson Park, MA. P.D. Reynolds, W. Bygrave, N.M. Carter, P. Davidsson, W.B. Gartner, C.M. Mason, P.P. McDougall (Eds.).
5. Anderson R.C., Reeb D.M. Founding-family ownership, corporate diversification, and firm leverage. The Journal of Law and Economics 2003, 46(2):653-684.
6. Anna A.L., Chandler G.N., Jansen E., Mero N.P. Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing 2000, 15(3):279-303.
7. Arregle J.-L., Hitt M.A., Sirmon D.G., Very P. The development of organizational social capital: attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies 2007, 44(1):73-95.
8. Ashforth B.E., Kreiner G.E., Fugate M. All in a day's work: boundaries and micro role transitions. The Academy of Management Review 2000, 25(3):472.
9. Astrachan J.H., Kolenko T.A. A neglected factor explaining family business success: human resource practices. Family Business Review 1994, 7(3):251-262.
10. Baines S., Wheelock J. Reinventing traditional solutions: job creation, gender and the microbusiness household. Work, Employment & Society 1998, 12(4):579-601.
11. Belenky M.F., Clinchy B.M., Goldberger N.R., Tarule J.M. Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind 1986, Basic Books, Inc. Publishing, New York.
12. Berle A., Means G. The Modern Corporation and Private Property 1932, MacMillan, New York.
13. Berrone P., Cruz C., Gómez-Mejia L.R., Larraza M. Socioemotional wealth and organizational response to institutional pressures: do family controlled firms pollute less?. Administrative Science Quarterly 2010, 55:82-113.
14. Besanko D., Dranove D., Shanley M. The Economics of Strategy 1996, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
15. Blau P. A formal theory of differentiation in organizations. American Sociological Review 1970, 31:179-191.
16. Blau P.M., Scott W.R. Formal Organizations 1962, Chandler, San Francisco.
17. Boles J.S. Influences of work-family conflict on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and quitting intentions among business owners: the case of family-operated businesses. Family Business Review 1996, 9(1):61-74.
18. Brüderl J., Preisendorfer P., Ziegler R. Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American Sociological Review 1992, 57(2):227-242.
19. Chaganti R. Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management 1986, 24(4):18-29.
20. Chaganti R., Parasuraman S. A study of the impacts of gender on business performance and management patterns in small businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 1996, 21:73-75.
21. Chandler G.N., Hanks S.H. Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: a validation study. Journal of Business Venturing 1993, 8(5):391-408.
22. Chell E., Baines S. Does gender affect business 'performance'? A study of microbusinesses in business services in the UK. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 1998, 10(2):117-136.
23. Chrisman J.J., Chua J.H., Litz R. A unified systems perspective of family firm performance: an extension and integration. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18:467-472.
24. Churchill N.C., Lewis V.L. The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review 1983, 30. (May/June).
25. Cliff J.E., Langton N., Aldrich H.E. Walking the Talk? Gendered Rhetoric vs. Action in Small firms. Organization Studies 2005, 26(1):63-91.
26. Coleman, J. S. (1988). American Journal of Sociology. Social capital in the creation of human capital, Special Issue(94).
27. Coleman J.S. Foundations of Social Theory 1990, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
28. Cooper A., Dunkelberg W., Woo C. Survival and Failure: A Longitudinal Study. Paper presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) 1988, University of Calgary, New Venture Development Faculty of Management, Canada.
29. Cruz C., Gómez-Mejia L., Becerra M. Perceptions of benevolence and the design of agency contracts: CEO-TMT relationships in family firms. Academy of Management Journal 2010, 53(1).
30. Curran J., Kitching J., Abbott B., Mills V. Employment and Employment Relations in the Small Service Sector Enterprise 1993, Small Business Research Centre, Kingston Business School, Kingston University, London.
31. Danes S.M., Olson P.D. Women's role involvement in family business, business tensions and business success. Family Business Review 2003, 15(1):53-68.
32. Danes S.M., Olson P.D., Zuiker V.S., VanGuilder Dik A.N., Lee Y.G. Cash flow problems within family businesses. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Association for Financial Counseling and Planning Education., Orlando, FL 2001.
33. Davis P.S., Harveston P.D. The phenomenon of substantive conflict in the family firm: a cross generational study. Journal of Small Business Management 2001, 39(1):14-31.
34. Dess G.G., Robinson R.B. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal 1984, 5(3):265-273.
35. DeTienne D.R., Shepherd D.A., De Castro J.O. The fallacy of "Only the strong survive": the effects of extrinsic motivation on the persistence decisions for under-performing firms. Journal of Business Venturing 2008, 23(5):528-546.
36. Dreux I.D.R. Financing family businesses: alternatives to selling out or going public. Family Business Review 1990, 3:225-243.
37. Dyer J.W.G., Handler W. Entrepreneurship and family business: exploring the connections. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 1994, 19(1):71-83.
38. Eddleston K.A., Kellermanns F.W. Destructive and productive family relationships: a stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing 2007, 22(4):545-565.
39. Edlund C.J. Humanizing organizational systems: learning from leadership styles 1992.
40. Espinal R., Grasmuck S. Gender, households and informal entrepreneurship in the Dominican Republic. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1997, 28(1):103-128.
41. Fama E.F., Jensen M.C. Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics 1983, 26:325-350.
42. Folker A.C. Family dynamics in women owned firms: a qualitative study. Paper presented at the USASBE, South Carolina. USA 2003.
43. Galve-Górriz C., Salas-Fumás V. Ownership structure and firm performance: Some empirical evidence from Spain. Managerial and Decision Economics 1996, 1:575-586.
44. Gargiulo M., Benassi M. The dark side of social capital. Corporate Social Capital and Liability 1999, 298-322. Kluwer, Boston. R.T. Leenders, S.M. Gabbay (Eds.).
45. Gersick K.E., Davis J.A., Hampton M., Lansberg I. Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business 1997, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
46. Gibson C.B. An investigation of gender differences in leadership across four countries. Journal of International Business Studies 1995, 26(2):255-279.
47. Gilligan C. In a Different Voice 1982, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
48. Gimeno J., Folta T.B., Cooper A.C., Woo C.Y. Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly 1997, 42(4):750-783.
49. Gomez-Mejia L.R., Nuñez-Nickel M., Gutierrez I. The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44(1):81-95.
50. Gomez-Mejia L.R., Larraza-Kintana M., Makri M. The determinants of executive compensation in family-controlled public corporations. Academy of Management Journal 2003, 46(2):226-237.
51. Gómez-Mejia L.R., Nuñez-Nickel M., Gutierrez I. The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44(1):81-96.
52. Gómez-Mejia L.R., Larraza-Kintana M., Marki M. The determinants of executive compensation in family owned firms. Academy of Management Journal 2003, 46(2):226-237.
53. Gómez-Mejia L.R., Haynes K., Nuñez-Nickel M., Jacobson K.J.L., Moyano-Fuentes J. Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly 2007, 52(1):106-137.
54. Gómez-Mejia L.R., Makri M., Larraza-Kintana M. Diversification decisions in family-controlled firms. Journal of Management Studies 2010, 47(2):223-252.
55. Granovetter M.S. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 1985, 91(3):481-510.
56. Granovetter M.S. The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2005, 19(1):33-50.
57. Habbershon T.G., Williams M.L., McMillan I.C. A unified systems perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18:451-465.
58. Hanks S.H., Watson C.J., Jansen E., Chandler G.N. Tightening the life-cycle construct: a taxonomic study of growth stage configurations in high-technology organizations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 1993, 5-29. (Winter).
59. Hannan M., Freeman J. Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review 1984, 49:149-164.
60. Hardill I., Green A., Dudleston A., Owen D. Decision making in dual-career households. Work, Employment & Society 1997, 11(2):313-326.
61. Haynes G.W., Walker R., Rowe B.R., Hong G.S. The intermingling of business and family finances in family-owned businesses. Family Business Review 1999, 12(3):225-239.
62. Heck R.K.Z., Trent E.S. The prevalence of family business from a household sample. Family Business Review 1999, 12(3):209-224.
63. Heck R.K.Z., Walker R. Family-owned home-businesses: their employees and unpaid helpers. Family Business Review 1993, 6(4):397-415.
64. Hellman T., Puri M. Venture capital and the professionalization of start-up firms: empirical evidence. Journal of Finance 2002, 57:169-197.
65. Hirsch P.M., Levin D.Z. Umbrella advocates versus validity police: a life-cycle model. Organization Science 1999, 10(2):199-212.
66. Hofstede G. Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values 2001, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
67. Hollander B.S., Bukowitz W.R. Women, family culture, and family business. Family Business Review 1990, 3(2):139.
68. Jarvis H. The tangled webs we weave: household strategies to co-ordinate home and work. Work, Employment & Society 1999, 13(2):225-247.
69. Jennings P., Beaver G. The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective. International Small Business Journal 1997, 15(2):63-75.
70. Jennings J.E., McDougald M.S. Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review 2007, 32:747-760.
71. Jensen M., Meckling W. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency cost and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 1976, 3(4):305-360.
72. Kanter R.M. Work and family in the United States: a critical review and agenda for research and policy. Family Business Review 1989, 2:77-114.
73. Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K.A. Feuding families: when conflict does a family firm good. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2004, 28(3):209-228.
74. Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K.A. Corporate entrepreneurship in family firms: a family perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2006, 30(6):209-230.
75. Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K.A., Barnett T., Pearson A. An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm. Family Business Review 2008, 21(1):1-14.
76. Kets de Vries M.F.R. The dynamics of family controlled firms: the good and the bad news. Organizational Dynamics 1993, 21(3):59-71.
77. Kirchhoff B.A., Kirchhoff J.J. Family contributions to productivity and profitability in small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management 1987, 25(4):25-31.
78. Krippner G.R., Alvarez A. Embeddedness and the intellectual projects of economic sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 2007, 33:219-240.
79. Lansberg I.S. Managing human resources in family firms: the problem of institutional overlap. Organizational Dynamics 1983, 12:39-46.
80. Le Breton-Miller I., Miller D. Agency vs. stewardship in public family firms: a social embeddedness reconciliation. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 2009, 33(6):1169-1191.
81. Lerner M., Brush C., Hisrich R. Israeli women entrepreneurs: an examination of factors affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing 1997, 12(4):315-339.
82. Love L.G., Priem R.L., Lumpkin G.T. Explicitly articulated strategy and firm performance under alternative levels of centralization. Journal of Management 2002, 28(5):611-627.
83. Lubatkin M.H., Schulze B., Ling Y. The effects of parental altruism on the governance of family-managed firms. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2005, 26:313-330.
84. McCrone D. Getting by and making out in kirkcaldy. The Social and Political Economy of the Household 1994, 68-99. O.U.P, Oxford. M. Anderson (Ed.).
85. Mcgartland D. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement (Vol. 1) 2005, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
86. Meyer M., Zucker L.G. Permanently Failing Organizations 1989, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
87. Miller D. The Icarus Paradox: How Exceptional Companies Bring About Their Own Downfall 1991, Harper, New York.
88. Miller D., Le Breton-Miller I. Managing for the Long Run: Lessons in Competitive Advantage from Great Family Businesses 2005, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
89. Miller N.J., Winter M., Fitzgerald M.A., Paul J. Family microenterprises: strategies for coping with overlapping family and business demands. Journal of Development Entrepreneurship 2000, 5(2):87-113.
90. Mirchandani K. Feminist insight on gendered work: new directions in research on women and entrepreneurship. Gender, Work & Organization 1999, 6(4):224-236.
91. Mishra C., Randoy T., Jensen J. The effect of founding family influence on firm value and corporate governance. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 2001, 12(3):235-259.
92. Moran P. Structural versus relational embeddedness: social capital and managerial performance. Strategic Management Journal 2005, 26:1129-1151.
93. Moran P., Ghoshal S. Markets, firms, and the process of economic development. Academy of Management Review 1999, 24(3):390-412.
94. Morck R., Yeung B. Agency problems in large family business groups. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2003, 27(4):367-382.
95. Nahapiet J., Ghoshal S. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 1998, 23(2):242-266.
96. Olson P.D., Zuiker V.S., Danes S.M., Stafford K., Heck R.K.Z., Duncan K.A. The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18(5):639-666.
97. Osland J.S., Snyder M.M., Hunter L. A comparative study of managerial styles among female executives in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. International Studies of Management and Organization 1998, 28(2):54-73.
98. Parsons T. The social structure of the family. The Family: Its Function and Destiny 1959, 173-201. Harper Press, New York. R.N. Anshen (Ed.).
99. Parsons T. Essays in sociological theory 1964, Free Press, Nueva York.
100. Parsons T., Bales R.F. Family Socialization and Interaction Process 1955, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.
101. Pearson A.W., Carr J.C., Shaw J.C. Toward a theory of familiness: a social capital perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2008, 32(6):935-947.
102. Phizacklea A., Ram M. Being your boss: ethnic minority entrepreneurs in comparative perspective work. Employment & Society 1996, 10(2):319-339.
103. Poza E.J., Messer T. Spousal leadership and continuity in the family firm. Family Business Review 2001, 14(1).
104. Ram M. Managing to Survive 1994, Blackwell, Oxford.
105. Ram M., Holliday R. Relative merits: family culture and kinship in small firms. Sociology 1993, 27(4):629-648.
106. Reynolds L. Changing mind-sets: taking the long view of investment planning. Management Review 1992, 26:22-40.
107. Ritchie J. Strategies for human resource management: challenges in smaller and entrepreneurial organisations. Human Resource Management 1993, 111-135. Addison-Wesley, Wokingham. R. Harrison (Ed.).
108. Rosa P., Hamilton D., Carter S., Burns H. The impact of gender on small business management: preliminary findings of a British study. International Small Business Journal 1994, 12(3):25-33.
109. Rousseau D.M., Sitkin S., Burt R. Not so different after all: a cross discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review 1998, 23(3):393-404.
110. Rowe B.R., Haynes G.W., Bentley M.T. Economic outcomes of family-owned businesses. Family Business Review 1993, 6(4):383-396.
111. Rowley T., Behrens D., Krackhardt D. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal 2000, 21:369-386.
112. Rutherford M.W., Kuratko D.F., Holt D.T. Examining the link between familiness and performance: can the F-PEC untangle the family business theory jungle?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2008, 32(6):1089-1109.
113. Salagnicoff M. Women in family businesses: challenges and opportunities. Family Business review 1990, 3(2):125-137.
114. Sanghera B. Microbusiness, household and class dynamics: the embedding of minority ethnic petty commerce. The Sociological Review 2002, 50(2):241-257.
115. Sarasvathy S.D. Causation and effectuation: toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review 2001, 26(2):243-263.
116. Scase R., Goffee R. The Real World of the Small Business Owner 1987, Routledge, London. 2nd ed.
117. Schulze W.G., Lubatkin M.H., Dino R.N., Buchholtz A.K. Agency relationships in family firms: theory and evidence. Organization Science 2001, 12(2):99-116.
118. Schulze W.G., Lubatkin M.H., Dino R.N. Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18:473-490.
119. Schulze W.G., Lubatkin M.H., Dino R.N. Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal 2003, 46(2):179-203.
120. Sharma P. Commentary: familiness: capital stocks and flows between family and business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2008, 32(6):971-977.
121. Siemsen E., Roth A., Oliveira P. Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods 2009, 13:456-467.
122. Singh S.P., Reynolds R.G., Muhammad S. A gender-based performance analysis of micro and small enterprises in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Small Business Management 2001, 39(2):174-182.
123. Sirmon D.G., Hitt M.A. Managing resources: linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 2003, 27(4):339-358.
124. Smith G.D. East Africa: extended families with many rights. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 2009, 33(6):1239-1244.
125. Spector P.E. Method variance in organizational research: truth or urban legend?. Organizational Research Methods 2006, 9:149-161.
126. Stafford K., Duncan K.A., Danes S.M., Winter M. A research model of sustainable family businesses. Family Business Review 1999, 12(3):197-208.
127. Staines G.L., Pottick K.J., Fudge D.A. Wives' employment and husbands' attitudes toward work and life. Journal of Applied Psychology 1986, 71(1):118-128.
128. Stanger A.M.J. Determinants of home-based business sales performance from. http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/icsb.html.
129. Steier L. Variants of agency contracts in family-financed ventures as a continuum of familial altruistic and market rationalities. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18(5):597-618.
130. Steier L.P., Chua J.H., Chrisman J.J. Embeddedness perspectives of economic action within family firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 2009, 33(6):1157-1167.
131. Stinchcombe A.L. Social structure and organizations. Handbook of Organizations 1965, 142-193. Rand McNally, Chicago. J.G. March (Ed.).
132. Tagiuri R., Davis J. Bivalent attributes of the family firms. Family Business Review 1996, 9(2):199-208.
133. Trochim W. The Research Methods Knowledge Base 2001, Atomic Dog Publishing, Cincinnati, OH. Second ed.
134. Uzzi B. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly 1997, 42:35-67.
135. Vandenberg P. Adapting to the financial landscape: evidence from small firms in Nairobi. World Development 2003, 31(11):1829-1843.
136. Vandenberg R.J. Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: where, pray tell, did they get this idea?. Organizational Research Methods 2006, 9:194-201.
137. Venkatraman N., Ramanujam V. Measurement of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches. The Academy of Management Review 1986, 11(4):801-814.
138. Villalonga B., Amit R. How do family ownership, control and management affect firm value?. Journal of Financial Economics 2006, 80(2):385-417.
139. Walker G., Kogut B., Shan W. Social capital, structural holes and the formation of industry networks. Organization Science 1997, 8(2):109-125.
140. Ward J.L. Keeping the Family Business Healthy 1987, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
141. Watson J., Robinson S. Adjusting for risk in comparing the performances of male- and female-controlled SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18(6):773-788.
142. Westhead P., Cowling M., Howarth C. The development of family companies: management and ownership imperatives. Family Business Review 2001, 14(4):369-382.
143. Wheelock J. The flexibility of small business family work strategies. Small Enterprise Development: Policy and Practice in Action 1992, 151-165. Paul Chapman, London. K. Caley, F. Chittenden, E. Chell, C. Mason (Eds.).
144. Wheelock J., Baines S. Dependency or self-reliance? The contradictory case of work in the UK small business families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 1998, 19(1):53-74.
145. Wiklund J. Small Firm Growth and Performance: Entrepreneurship and Beyond 1998, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping.
146. Wiklund J., Shepherd D.A. Aspiring for, and achieving growth: the moderating role of resources and opportunities. Journal of Management Studies 2003, 40(8):1919-1941.
147. Wilkinson A. Employment relations in SMEs. Employee Relations 1999, 21(3):206-217.
148. Williamson I.O. Employer legitimacy and recruitment success in small businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2000, 25(1):27-42.
149. Williamson I.O., Cable D.M., Aldrich H.E. Smaller but not necessarily weaker: how small business can overcome barriers to recruitment. Managing People in Entrepreneurial Organizations, Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth 2002, 83-106. J.A. Katz, T.M. Welbourne (Eds.).
150. Winter M., Morris E.W. Family resource management and family business: coming together in theory and research. The Entrepreneurial Family. Family Business Resources 1998, 30-47. Needham, M.A. R.K.Z. Heck (Ed.).
151. Zahra S.A. International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18(4):495-512.
152. Zuiker V.S. Hispanic Self-Employment in the Southwest Rising Above the Threshold of Poverty 1998, Garland Publishing, New York.