Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 465-484

  Neafsey, Edward J ^a   Collins, Michael A ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Drinking

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BEER; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEAVY ALCOHOL DRINKING; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; LIGHT ALCOHOL DRINKING; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; MODERATE ALCOHOL DRINKING; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; WINE;

EID: 80955124156     PISSN: 11766328     EISSN: 11782021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s23159     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Belmadani A, Kumar S, Schipma M, et al. Inhibition of amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis by moderate ethanol preconditioning. Neuroreport. 2004;15:2093-2096.
2. Golde TE. Alzheimer disease therapy: can the amyloid cascade be halted? J Clin Invest. 2003;111:11-18.
3. Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Mukamal KJ, et al. Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33:206-219.
4. Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Wang K, et al. Moderate ethanol preconditioning of rat brain cultures engenders neuroprotection against dementia-inducing neuroinflammatory proteins: possible signaling mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol. 2010;41:420-425.
5. Mitchell RM, Neafsey EJ, Collins MA. Essential involvement of the NMDA receptor in ethanol preconditioning-dependent neuroprotection from amyloid-beta in vitro. J Neurochem. 2009;111:580-588.
6. Sivaswamy S, Neafsey EJ, Collins MA. Neuroprotective preconditioning of rat brain cultures with ethanol: potential transduction by PKC isoforms and focal adhesion kinase upstream of increases in effector heat shock proteins. Eur J Neurosci. 2010;32:1800-1812.
7. Yamaguchi T, Dayton CB, Ross CR, et al. Late preconditioning by ethanol is initiated via an oxidant-dependent signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34:365-376.
8. Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, et al. Ethanol preconditioning protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage: role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43:1048-1060.
9. Peele S, Brodsky A. Exploring psychological benefits associated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;60:221-247.
10. Ferreira MP, Weems MK. Alcohol consumption by aging adults in the United States: health benefits and detriments. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1668-1676.
11. Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, et al. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2008;37: 505-512.
12. Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:542-555.
13. Panza F, Capurso C, D'Introno A, et al. Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17:7-31.
14. Pinder RM, Sandler M. Alcohol, wine and mental health: focus on dementia and stroke. J Psychopharmacol. 2004;18:449-456.
15. Brust JC. Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7: 1540-1557.
16. Lee Y, Back JH, Kim J, et al. Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22: 174-187.
17. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Frisardi V, et al. Diet and Alzheimer's disease risk factors or prevention: the current evidence. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11:677-708.
18. Seux ML, Thijs L, Forette F, et al. Correlates of cognitive status of old patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Syst-Eur Vascular Dementia Project. J Hypertens. 1998;16:963-969.
19. Sistrom CL, Garvan CW. Proportions, odds, and risk. Radiology. 2004; 230:12-19.
20. Holcomb WL, Chaiworapongsa T, Luke DA, et al. An odd measure of risk: use and misuse of the odds ratio. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98: 685-688.
21. Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, et al. How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007;68:326-337.
22. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Colacicco AM, et al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia. Neurology. 2004;63:1882-1891.
23. Glass GV. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher. 1976;5:3-8.
24. Durlak JA, Lipsey MW. A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis. Am J Comm Pschol. 1991;19:291-332.
25. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting; Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000; 283:2008-2012.
26. Glass GV. Meta-analysis at 25. 2000 Jan. Available from: http://www.gvglass.info/papers/meta25.html. Accessed July 25, 2011.
27. Engels EA, Schmid CH, Terrin N, et al. Heterogeneity and statistical significance in meta-analysis: an empirical study of 125 meta-analyses. Stat Med. 2000;19:1707-1728.
28. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539-1558.
29. Huedo-Medina TB, Sáchez-Meca J, Marín-Martínez F, et al. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11:193-206.
30. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics notes: the odds ratio. BMJ. 2000;320: 1468.
31. Egger M, Smith G Davey, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629-634.
32. Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, et al. The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ. 2006;333:597-600.
33. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50:1088-1101.
34. R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2011.
35. Parker ES, Noble EP. Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in social drinkers. J Stud Alcohol. 1977;38:1224-1232.
36. Ryback RS. The continuum and specificity of the effects of alcohol on memory: a review. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1971;32:995-1016.
37. Parsons OA, Nixon SJ. Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: a review of the research since 1986. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59:180-190.
38. Parsons OA. Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: a review and critique. J Stud Alcohol. 1986;47:101-114.
39. Parker ES, Parker DA, Harford TC. Specifying the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive loss: the effects of frequency of consumption and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol. 1991;52:366-373.
40. Parker DA, Parker ES, Brody JA, et al. Alcohol use and cognitive loss among employed men and women. Am J Public Health. 1983;73: 521-526.
41. Schinka JA, Belanger H, Mortimer JA, et al. Effects of the use of alcohol and cigarettes on cognition in elderly African American adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:690-697.
42. Schinka JA, Vanderploeg RD, Rogish M, et al. Effects of the use of alcohol and cigarettes on cognition in elderly adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:811-818.
43. Parker ES, Parsons OA, Fabian MS. Comments on "cognitive functioning in men social drinkers: a replication study". J Stud Alcohol. 1982;43:178-182.
44. Parker ES, Birnbaum IM, Boyd RA, et al. Neuropsychologic decrements as a function of alcohol intake in male students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1980;4:330-334.
45. Birnbaum IM, Taylor TH, Parker ES. Alcohol and sober mood state in female social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1983;7:362-368.
46. Jones MK, Jones BM. The relationship of age and drinking habits to the effects of alcohol on memory in women. J Stud Alcohol. 1980;41:179-186.
47. Cala LA, Jones B, Burns P, et al. Results of computerized tomography, psychometric testing and dietary studies in social drinkers, with emphasis on reversibility after abstinence. Med J Aust. 1983;2: 264-269.
48. MacVane J, Butters N, Montgomery K, et al. Cognitive functioning in men social drinkers: a replication study. J Stud Alcohol. 1982;43: 81-95.
49. Hannon R, Butler CP, Day CL, et al. Alcohol use and cognitive functioning in men and women college students. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1985;3:241-252.
50. Hannon R, Day CL, Butler AM, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students. J Stud Alcohol. 1983;44:283-298.
51. Bergman H. Cognitive deficits and morphological cerebral changes in a random sample of social drinkers. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1985;3: 265-276.
52. Hunt E, Coggan P, Berg C, et al. The effects of social drinking practices on cognitive performance. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Washington; 1984.
53. Parsons OA. Are there nonacute effects of social drinking on mental functioning? Unpublished manuscript presented at: the 13th International Medical Advisory Conference; 1984; Cambridge MA (cited in Parsons 1986 review).
54. Jones-Saumty DJ, Zeiner AR. Psychological correlates of drinking behavior in social drinker college students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1985;9:158-163.
55. Martin E, Sher KF, Wood PK. Substance use and neuropsychological test performance in college students. Paper presented at: the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy; 1991; New York.
56. Carey KB, Maisto SA. Effect of a change in drinking pattern on the cognitive function of female social drinkers. J Stud Alcohol. 1987;48: 236-242.
57. Farmer ME, White LR, Abbott RD, et al. Blood pressure and cognitive performance: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126: 1103-1114.
58. Page RD, Cleveland MF. Cognitive dysfunction and aging among male alcoholics and social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987;11: 376-384.
59. Nichols JM, Martin F, Kirkby KC. A comparison of the effect of lorazepam on memory in heavy and low social drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;112:475-482.
60. Mangione CM, Seddon JM, Cook EF, et al. Correlates of cognitive function scores in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41: 491-497.
61. Bowden SC. Brain impairment in social drinkers? no cause for concern. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987;11:407-410.
62. Fox AM, Michie PT, Coltheart M, et al. Memory functioning in social drinkers: a study of event-related potentials. Alcohol Alcohol. 1995;30: 303-310.
63. Goodwin JS, Sanchez CJ, Thomas P, et al. Alcohol intake in a healthy elderly population. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:173-177.
64. Emmerson RY, Dustman RE, Heil J, et al. Neuropsychological performance of young nondrinkers, social drinkers, and long- and short-term sober alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1988;12:625-629.
65. Alterman AI, Hall JG. Effects of social drinking and familial alcoholism risk on cognitive functioning: null findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1989;13:799-803.
66. Waugh M, Jackson M, Fox GA, et al. Effect of social drinking on neuropsychological performance. Br J Addict. 1989;84:659-667.
67. Bates ME, Tracy JI. Cognitive functioning in young "social drinkers": is there impairment to detect? J Abnorm Psychol. 1990;99:242-249.
68. Salamé P. The effects of alcohol on learning as a function of drinking habits. Ergonomics. 1991;34:1231-1241.
69. Scherr PA, Albert MS, Funkenstein HH, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population. Am J Epidemiol. 1988; 128:1084-1101.
70. Arbuckle TY, Chaikelson JS, Gold DP. Social drinking and cognitive functioning revisited: the role of intellectual endowment and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol. 1994;55:352-361.
71. Christian JC, Reed T, Carmelli D, et al. Self-reported alcohol intake and cognition in aging twins. J Stud Alcohol. 1995;56:414-416.
72. Carmelli D, Swan GE, LaRue A, et al. Correlates of change in cognitive function in survivors from the Western Collaborative Group Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:285-295.
73. Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, Mortimer JA, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in middle-aged adults: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Gerontology. 1998;44:95-105.
74. Dent OF, Sulway MR, Broe GA, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in a random sample of Australian soldiers who served in the Second World War. BMJ. 1997;314:1655-1657.
75. Broe GA, Creasey H, Jorm AF, et al. Health habits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective study on the effects of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998;22:621-623.
76. Nixon SJ. Alcohol, aging, and cognition. In: Gomberg ESL, Hegedus AM, Zucker RA, editors. Alcohol problems and aging. NIAAA Research Monograph No. 33, NIH Publication No. 98-4163. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1998:213-227.
77. Elias PK, Elias MF, D'Agostino RB, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:580-589.
78. Sands ML, Schwartz AV, Brown BW, et al. Relationship of neurological function and age in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Neuroepidemiology. 1998;17:318-329.
79. Bond GE, Burr R, McCurry SM, et al. Alcohol, aging, and cognitive performance in a cohort of Japanese Americans aged 65 and older: the Kame project. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13:207-223.
80. Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Verschuren MW, et al. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to cognitive performance in middle age. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:936-944.
81. Elwood PC, Gallacher JE, Hopkinson CA, et al. Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53:9-14.
82. Leroi I, Sheppard JM, Lyketsos CG. Cognitive function after 11.5 years of alcohol use: relation to alcohol use. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156: 747-752.
83. Wang L, van Belle G, Kukull WB, et al. Predictors of functional change: a longitudinal study of nondemented people aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1525-1534.
84. Bond GE, Burr R, Rice MM, et al. Alcohol, aging, and cognitive performance: a cross-cultural comparison. J Aging Health. 2003;15: 371-390.
85. Reid MC, Maciejewski PK, Hawkins KA, et al. Relationship between alcohol consumption and Folstein mini-mental status examination scores among older cognitively impaired adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2002;15:31-37.
86. Schinka JA, Vanderploeg RD, Rogish M, et al. Effects of alcohol and cigarette use on cognition in middle-aged adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:683-690.
87. Zimmerman T, McDougall GJ, Becker H. Older women's cognitive and affective response to moderate drinking. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:1095-1102.
88. Lindeman RD, Wayne SJ, Baumgartner RN, et al. Cognitive function in drinkers compared to abstainers in the New Mexico elder health survey. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:1065-1070.
89. Krahn D, Freese J, Hauser R, et al. Alcohol use and cognition at mid-life: the importance of adjusting for baseline cognitive ability and educational attainment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27:1162-1166.
90. Yonker JE, Nilsson LG, Herlitz A, et al. Sex differences in spatial visualization and episodic memory as a function of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005;40:201-207.
91. Rodgers B, Windsor TD, Anstey KJ, et al. Non-linear relationships between cognitive function and alcohol consumption in young, middle-aged and older adults: the PATH Through Life Project. Addiction. 2005; 100:1280-1290.
92. Richards M, Hardy R, Wadsworth ME. Alcohol consumption and midlife cognitive change in the British 1946 birth cohort study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005;40:112-117.
93. Stott DJ, Falconer A, Kerr GD, et al. Does low to moderate alcohol intake protect against cognitive decline in older people? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:2217-2224.
94. Reid MC, Van Ness PH, Hawkins KA, et al. Light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better cognitive function among older male veterans receiving primary care. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19:98-105.
95. Cooper C, Bebbington P, Meltzer H, et al. Alcohol in moderation, premorbid intelligence and cognition in older adults: results from the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80: 1236-1239.
96. McDougall GJ, Becker H, Areheart KL. Older males, cognitive function, and alcohol consumption. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2006;27: 337-353.
97. Andersen K, Lolk A, Martinussen T, et al. Very mild to severe dementia and mortality: a 14-year follow-up - the Odense study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29:61-67.
98. Ngandu T, Helkala EL, Soininen H, et al. Alcohol drinking and cognitive functions: findings from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23:140-149.
99. Caspers K, Arndt S, Yucuis R, et al. Effects of alcohol- and cigarette-use disorders on global and specific measures of cognition in middle-age adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2010;71:192-200.
100. Lang I, Wallace RB, Huppert FA, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption in older adults is associated with better cognition and well-being than abstinence. Age Ageing. 2007;36:256-261.
101. Sabia S, Guéguen A, Berr C, et al. High alcohol consumption in middle-aged adults is associated with poorer cognitive performance only in the low socio-economic group: results from the GAZEL cohort study. Addiction. 2011;106:93-101.
102. Townsend MK, Devore E, Kang JH, et al. The relation between moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;85:322-327.
103. Xu G, Liu X, Yin Q, et al. Alcohol consumption and transition of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009; 63:43-49.
104. Arntzen KA, Schirmer H, Wilsgaard T, et al. Moderate wine consumption is associated with better cognitive test results: a 7 year follow up of 5033 subjects in the Tromsø Study. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2010;190:23-29.
105. Yamazaki Y, Miwa T, Sakurai H, et al. Clinical backgrounds and morbidity of cognitive impairment in elderly diabetic patients. Endocr J. 2011;58:109-115.
106. Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Stafford JA, et al. Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann Neurol. 1984;15:335-341.
107. Hofman A, van Duijn CM. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and smoking. Neurobiol Aging. 1990;11:295.
108. Cervilla JA, Prince M, Mann A. Smoking, drinking, and incident cognitive impairment: a cohort community based study included in the Gospel Oak project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68: 622-626.
109. French LR, Schuman LM, Mortimer JA, et al. A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121: 414-421.
110. Iliffe S, Haines A, Booroff A, et al. Alcohol consumption by elderly people: a general practice survey. Age Ageing. 1991;20:120-123.
111. Commenges D, Scotet V, Renaud S, et al. Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:357-363.
112. Amaducci LA, Fratiglioni L, Rocca WA, et al. Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study of an Italian population. Neurology. 1986;36:922-931.
113. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, et al. Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:347-355.
114. Galanis DJ, Joseph C, Masaki KH, et al. A longitudinal study of drinking and cognitive performance in elderly Japanese American men: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am J Public Health. 2000;90: 1254-1259.
115. Guralnik JM, Kaplan GA. Predictors of healthy aging: prospective evidence from the Alameda County study. Am J Public Health. 1989; 79:703-708.
116. Ensrud KE, Nevitt MC, Yunis C, et al. Correlates of impaired function in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:481-489.
117. Hébert R, Lindsay J, Verreault R, et al. Vascular dementia: incidence and risk factors in the Canadian study of health and aging. Stroke. 2000;31:1487-1493.
118. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995;45: 1161-1168.
119. Tyas SL, Koval JJ, Pederson LL. Does an interaction between smoking and drinking influence the risk of Alzheimer's disease? results from three Canadian data sets. Stat Med. 2000;19:1685-1696.
120. Hendrie HC, Gao S, Hall KS, et al. The relationship between alcohol consumption, cognitive performance, and daily functioning in an urban sample of older black Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44: 1158-1165.
121. DeCarli C, Miller BL, Swan GE, et al. Cerebrovascular and brain morphologic correlates of mild cognitive impairment in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:643-647.
122. Launer LJ, Feskens EJ, Kalmijn S, et al. Smoking, drinking, and thinking: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:219-227.
123. Zuccala G, Onder G, Pedone C, et al. Dose-related impact of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in advanced age: results of a multicenter survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25:1743-1748.
124. Dufouil C, Ducimetière P, Alperovitch A. Sex differences in the association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance: EVA Study Group; Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:405-412.
125. Huang W, Qiu C, Winblad B, et al. Alcohol consumption and incidence of dementia in a community sample aged 75 years and older. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:959-964.
126. Orgogozo JM, Dartigues JF, Lafont S, et al. Wine consumption and dementia in the elderly: a prospective community study in the Bordeaux area. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1997;153:185-192.
127. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:445-453.
128. Tsolaki M, Fountoulakis K, Chantzi E, et al. Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study of a Greek population. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:327-341.
129. Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Witteman JC, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet. 2002;359: 281-286.
130. Edelstein SL, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Prospective association of smoking and alcohol use with cognitive function in an elderly cohort. J Womens Health. 1998;7:1271-1281.
131. Tanaka N, Asada T, Kinoshita T, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia. Lancet. 2002;360:491.
132. Carmelli D, Swan GE, Reed T, et al. The effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 in the relationships of smoking and drinking to cognitive function. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18:125-133.
133. Truelsen T, Thudium D, Gronbaek M. Amount and type of alcohol and risk of dementia: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Neurology. 2002;59:1313-1319.
134. Harwood DG, Barker WW, Loewenstein DA, et al. A cross-ethnic analysis of risk factors for AD in white Hispanics and white non-Hispanics. Neurology. 1999;52:551-556.
135. Bachman DL, Green RC, Benke KS, et al. Comparison of Alzheimer's disease risk factors in white and African American families. Neurology. 2003;60:1372-1374.
136. Leibovici D, Ritchie K, Ledésert B, et al. The effects of wine and tobacco consumption on cognitive performance in the elderly: a longitudinal study of relative risk. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:77-81.
137. Mukamal KJ, Kuller LH, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia in older adults. JAMA. 2003;289:1405-1413.
138. Zhou H, Deng J, Li J, et al. Study of the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and cognitive impairment among elderly people in China. Age Ageing. 2003;32:205-210.
139. Anttila T, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, et al. Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study. BMJ. 2004;329:539.
140. Britton A, Singh-Manoux A, Marmot M. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 160:240-247.
141. Larrieu S, Letenneur L, Helmer C, et al. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:150-154.
142. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Siddiqui M, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:540-546.
143. Espeland MA, Gu L, Masaki KH, et al. Association between reported alcohol intake and cognition: results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:228-238.
144. Ganguli M, Bilt J Vander, Saxton JA, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: a longitudinal community study. Neurology. 2005;65:1210-1217.
145. Järvenpää T, Rinne JO, Koskenvuo M, et al. Binge drinking in midlife and dementia risk. Epidemiology. 2005;16:766-771.
146. Rozzini R, Trabucchi M. Re: "Association between reported alcohol intake and cognition: results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study". Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:294-295; author reply 295-296.
147. Stampfer MJ, Kang JH, Chen J, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women. N Engl J Med. 2005;352: 245-253.
148. Dai Q, Pruett SB. Different effects of acute and chronic ethanol on LPS-induced cytokine production and TLR4 receptor behavior in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Immunotoxicol. 2006;3:217-225.
149. Deng J, Zhou DH, Li J, et al. A 2-year follow-up study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108: 378-383.
150. Gureje O, Ogunniyi A, Kola L, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for dementia in the Ibadan study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59: 869-874.
151. Ogunniyi A, Hall KS, Gureje O, et al. Risk factors for incident Alzheimer's disease in African Americans and Yoruba. Metab Brain Dis. 2006;21:235-240.
152. Simons LA, Simons J, McCallum J, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of dementia: dubbo study of the elderly. Med J Aust. 2006;184:68-70.
153. Wright CB, Elkind MS, Rundek T, et al. Alcohol intake, carotid plaque, and cognition: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2006; 37:1160-1164.
154. Yip AG, Brayne C, Matthews FE. Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study; a population-based nested case-control study. Age Ageing. 2006;35:154-160.
155. McGuire LC, Ajani UA, Ford ES. Cognitive functioning in late life: the impact of moderate alcohol consumption. Ann Epidemiol. 2007; 17:93-99.
156. Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurology. 2007;68:1790-1799.
157. Vincze G, Almos P, Boda K, et al. Risk factors of cognitive decline in residential care in Hungary. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22: 1208-1216.
158. Wadley VG, McClure LA, Howard VJ, et al. Cognitive status, stroke symptom reports, and modifiable risk factors among individuals with no diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Stroke. 2007;38:1143-1147.
159. Kivipelto M, Rovio S, Ngandu T, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population-based study. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12:2762-2771.
160. Mehlig K, Skoog I, Guo X, et al. Alcoholic beverages and incidence of dementia: 34-year follow-up of the prospective population study of women in Goteborg. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:684-691.
161. Umegaki H, Iimuro S, Kaneko T, et al. Factors associated with lower Mini Mental State Examination scores in elderly Japanese diabetes mellitus patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29:1022-1026.
162. Barnes DE, Covinsky KE, Whitmer RA, et al. Predicting risk of dementia in older adults: the late-life dementia risk index. Neurology. 2009;73:173-179.
163. Cherbuin N, Reglade-Meslin C, Kumar R, et al. Risk factors of transition from normal cognition to mild cognitive disorder: the PATH through Life Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28:47-55.
164. Peters R, Beckett N, Geneva M, et al. Sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors for incident dementia and cognitive decline in the HYVET. Age Ageing. 2009;38:521-527.
165. Sabia S, Nabi H, Kivimaki M, et al. Health behaviors from early to late midlife as predictors of cognitive function: the Whitehall II study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:428-437.
166. Yaffe K, Fiocco AJ, Lindquist K, et al. Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: the Health ABC study. Neurology. 2009;72:2029-2035.
167. Chan KK, Chiu KC, Chu LW. Association between alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment in Southern Chinese older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:1272-1279.
168. Garcia AM, Ramon-Bou N, Porta M. Isolated and joint effects of tobacco and alcohol consumption on risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:577-586.
169. Lobo E, Dufouil C, Marcos G, et al. Is there an association between low-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of cognitive decline? Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:708-716.
170. Lopes MA, Furtado EF, Ferrioli E, et al. Prevalence of alcohol-related problems in an elderly population and their association with cognitive impairment and dementia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34:726-733.
171. Luck T, Luppa M, Briel S, et al. Mild cognitive impairment: incidence and risk factors: results of the Leipzig longitudinal study of the aged. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1903-1910.
172. Smith K, Flicker L, Dwyer A, et al. Factors associated with dementia in Aboriginal Australians. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:888-893.
173. Virtaa JJ, Järvenpää T, Heikkilä K, et al. Midlife alcohol consumption and later risk of cognitive impairment: a twin follow-up study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:939-948.
174. Yen CH, Yeh CJ, Wang CC, et al. Determinants of cognitive impairment over time among the elderly in Taiwan: results of the national longitudinal study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;50(Suppl 1):S53-S57.
175. Au Yeung SL, Leung GM, Chan WM, et al. Moderate alcohol use and cognitive function in an elderly Chinese cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:172-174.
176. Kim KW, Park JH, Kim MH, et al. A nationwide survey on the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in South Korea. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;23:281-291.
177. Rusanen M, Kivipelto M, Quesenberry CP, et al. Heavy smoking in midlife and long-term risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:333-339.
178. Weyerer S, Schäufele M, Wiese B, et al. Current alcohol consumption and its relationship to incident dementia: results from a 3-year follow-up study among primary care attenders aged 75 years and older. Age Ageing. 2011;40:456-463.
179. Goldman E, Najman JM. Lifetime abstainers, current abstainers and imbibers: a methodological note. Br J Addict. 1984;79:309-314.
180. O'Mahony JF, Doherty B. Intellectual impairment among recently abstinent alcohol abusers. Br J Clin Psychol. 1996;35 (Pt 1): 77-83.
181. Fillmore KM, Golding JM, Graves KL, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality, I: Characteristics of drinking groups. Addiction. 1998; 93:183-203.
182. Leino EV, Romelsjö A, Shoemaker C, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality, II: Studies of male populations. Addiction. 1998; 93:205-218.
183. Fillmore KM, Golding JM, Graves KL, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality, III: Studies of female populations. Addiction. 1998; 93:219-229.
184. McCallum J, Simons LA, Simons J, et al. Delaying dementia and nursing home placement: the Dubbo study of elderly Australians over a 14-year follow-up. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1114:121-129.
185. Harwood DG, Kalechstein A, Barker WW, et al. The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25: 511-518.
186. Bobak M, Richards M, Malyutina S, et al. Association between year of birth and cognitive functions in Russia and the Czech Republic: cross-sectional results of the HAPIEE study. Neuroepidemiology. 2009;33:231-239.
187. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189-198.
188. Folstein M, Folstein S. Invited reply to "The death knoll for the MMSE: has it outlived its purpose?". J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;23:158-159.
189. Nieuwenhuis-Mark RE. The death knoll for the MMSE: has it outlived its purpose? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;23:151-157.
190. Mitchell AJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:411-431.
191. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, et al. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:912-921.
192. Gu Y, Nieves JW, Stern Y, et al. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:699-706.
193. Roe CM, Xiong C, Miller JP, et al. Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology. 2007;68:223-228.
194. Scarmeas N, Stern Y. Cognitive reserve: implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004;4:374-380.
195. Mukamal KJ, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease in men with healthy lifestyles. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2145-2150.
196. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439.
197. Imhof A, Woodward M, Doering A, et al. Overall alcohol intake, beer, wine, and systemic markers of inflammation in western Europe: results from three MONICA samples (Augsburg, Glasgow, Lille). Eur Heart J. 2004;25:2092-2100.
198. Britton A, Marmot MG, Shipley M. Who benefits most from the cardioprotective properties of alcohol consumption: health freaks or couch potatoes? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:905-908.
199. French MT, Zavala SK. The health benefits of moderate drinking revisited: alcohol use and self-reported health status. Am J Health Promot. 2007;21:484-491.
200. Karlamangla AS, Sarkisian CA, Kado DM, et al. Light to moderate alcohol consumption and disability: variable benefits by health status. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:96-104.
201. Tien HC, Tremblay LN, Rizoli SB, et al. Association between alcohol and mortality in patients with severe traumatic head injury. Arch Surg. 2006;141:1185-1191; discussion 1192.
202. Daviglus ML, Bell CC, Berrettini W, et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: preventing Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:176-181.
203. Gunzerath L, Faden V, Zakhari S, et al. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism report on moderate drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:829-847.