Moderate doses of EPA and DHA from re-esterified triacylglycerols but not from ethyl-esters lower fasting serum triacylglycerols in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects: Results from a six month randomized controlled trial

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

Volumn 85, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 381-386

  Schuchardt, J P ^a   Neubronner, J ^a   Kressel, G ^a   Merkel, M ^b   von Schacky, C ^c   Hahn, A ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

^b DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk reduction; Combination dyslipidemia therapy; Hypertriglyceridemia; Omega 3 fatty acids; Supplementation

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ERUCTATION; FEMALE; FLATULENCE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIGLYCERIDES;

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 80055094783     PISSN: 09523278     EISSN: 15322823     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.07.006     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Bansal S., Buring J.E., Rifai N., Mora S., Sacks F.M., Ridker P.M. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2007, 298:309-316.
2. Nordestgaard B.G., Benn M., Schnohr P., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2007, 298:299-308.
3. Freiberg J.J., Tybjaerg-Hansen A., Jensen J.S., Nordestgaard B.G. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2008, 300:2142-2152.
4. Harris W.S. n3-Fatty acids and lipoproteins: comparison of results from human and animal studies. Lipids 1996, 31:243-252.
5. Williams C.M. Postprandial lipid metabolism: effects of dietary fatty acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1997, 56:679-692.
6. Roche H.M. Unsaturated fatty acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1999, 58:397-401.
7. Harris W.S., Bulchandani D. Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides?. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2006, 17:387-393.
8. Davidson M.H. Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006, 98:27i-33i.
9. Davidson M.H., Stein E.A., Bays H.E., Maki K.C., Doyle R.T., Shalwitz R.A., Ballantyne C.M., Ginsberg H.N. Combination of prescription omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) investigators. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4g/d to simvastatin 40mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Ther. 2007, 29:1354-1367.
10. Kris-Etherton P.M., Harris W.S., Appel L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002, 106:2747-2757.
11. Neubronner J., Schuchardt J.P., Kressel G., Merkel M., von Schacky C., Hahn A. Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n3-fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides vs. ethyl-esters. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 65:247-254.
12. Harris W.S., von Schacky C. The omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?. Prev. Med. 2004, 39(Suppl. 1):S212-S220.
13. Metcalf R.G., James M.J., Gibson R.A., Edwards J.R., Stubberfield J., Stuklis R., Roberts-Thomson K., Young G.D., Cleland L.G. Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85:1222-1228.
14. Harris W.S., Sands S.A., Windsor S.L., Ali H.A., Stevens T.L., Magalski A., Porter C.B., Borkon A.M. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation. Circulation 2004, 110:1645-1649.
15. Harris W.S. The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87:1997S-2002S.
16. Contacos C., Barter P.J., Sullivan D.R. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1993, 13:1755-1762.
17. Durrington P.N., Bhatnagar D., Mackness M.I., Morgan J., Julier K., Khan M.A., France M. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart 2001, 85:544-548.
18. Chan D.C., Watts G.F., Mori T.A., Barrett P.H., Beilin L.J., Redgrave T.G. Factorial study of the effects of atorvastatin and fish oil on dyslipidemia in visceral obesity. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 32:429-436.
19. Nordøy A., Hansen J.B., Brox J., Svensson B. Effects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2001, 11:7-16.
20. Meyer B.J., Hammervold T., Rustan A.C., Howe P.R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids in statin-treated hyperlipidemic subjects. Lipids 2007, 42:109-115.
21. Jacobson T.A. Role of n3-fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87:1981S-1990S.
22. Musa-Veloso K., Binns M.A., Kocenas A.C., Poon T., Elliot J.A., Rice H., Oppedal-Olsen H., Lloyd H., Lemke S. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid dose-dependently reduce fasting serum triglycerides. Nutr. Rev. 2010, 68:155-167.
23. Balk E.M., Lichtenstein A.H., Chung M., Kupelnick B., Chew P., Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006, 189:19-30.
24. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report. Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421.
25. Alagona P. Beyond LDL cholesterol: the role of elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol in residual CVD risk remaining after statin therapy. Am. J. Manag. Care 2009, 15:S65-S73.
26. Calabresi L., Donati D., Pazzucconi F., Sirtori C.R., Franceschini G. Omacor in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects on lipids and low density lipoprotein subclasses. Atherosclerosis 2000, 148:387-396.
27. Calabresi L., Villa B., Canavesi M., Sirtori C.R., James R.W., Bernini F., Franceschini G. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate increases plasma high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol and paraoxonase levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 2004, 53:153-158.
28. Pownall H.J., Brauchi D., Kilinç C., Osmundsen K., Pao Q., Payton-Ross C., Gotto A.M., Ballantyne C.M. Correlation of serum triglyceride and its reduction by omega-3 fatty acids with lipid transfer activity and the neutral lipid compositions of high-density and low-density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1999, 143:285-297.
29. Stalenhoef A.F., de Graaf J., Wittekoek M.E., Bredie S.J., Demacker P.N., Kastelein J.J. The effect of concentrated n3-fatty acids versus gemfibrozil on plasma lipoproteins, low density lipoprotein heterogeneity and oxidizability in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 2001, 53:129-138.
30. Harris W.S. n3-Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65:1645S-1654S.
31. Maki K.C., McKenney J.M., Reeves M.S., Lubin B.C., Dicklin M.R. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 102:429-433.
32. Nordøy A., Bønaa K.H., Nilsen H., Berge R.K., Hansen J.B., Ingebretsen O.C. Effects of simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. J. Intern. Med. 1998, 243:163-170.
33. Wang C., Harris W.S., Chung M., Lichtenstein A.H., Balk E.M., Kupelnick B., Jordan H.S., Lau J. n3-Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not α-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84:5-17.
34. Lichtenstein A.H., Appel L.J., Brands M., Carnethon M., Daniels S., Franch H.A., Franklin B., Kris-Etherton P., Harris W.S., Howard B., Karanja N., Lefevre M., Rudel L., Sacks F., Van Horn L., Winston M., Wylie-Rosett J. Summary of American heart association diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26:2186-2191.
35. von Schacky C. Cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2009, 81:193-198.
36. Harris W.S. The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2010, 12:503-508.
37. Gissi-HF Investigators, Tavazzi L., Maggioni A.P., Marchioli R., Barlera S., Franzosi M.G., Latini R., Lucci D., Nicolosi G.L., Porcu M., Tognoni G. Effect of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 372:1223-1230.
38. Roth E.M., Bays H.E., Forker A.D., Maki K.C., Carter R., Doyle R.T., Stein E.A. Prescription omega-3 fatty acid as an adjunct to fenofibrate therapy in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2009, 54:196-203.
39. Micallef M.A., Garg M.L. The lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols and (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are synergistic and complementary in hyperlipidemic men and women. J. Nutr. 2008, 138:1086-1090.
40. Micallef M.A., Garg M.L. Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204:476-482.
41. Khandelwal S., Demonty I., Jeemon P., Lakshmy R., Mukherjee R., Gupta R., Snehi U., Niveditha D., Singh Y., van der Knaap H.C., Passi S.J., Prabhakaran D., Reddy K.S. Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oil n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidemic Indian adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102:722-732.
42. Castro I.A., Monteiro V.C., Barroso L.P., Bertolami M.C. Effect of eicosapentaenoic/ docosahexaenoic fatty acids and soluble fibers on blood lipids of individuals classified into different levels of lipidemia. Nutrition 2007, 23:127-137.
43. Castaño G., Fernández L., Mas R., Illnait J., Gámez R., Mendoza S., Mesa M., Fernández J. Effects of addition of policosanol to omega-3 fatty acid therapy on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs R D 2005, 6:207-219.