The progressive ankylosis protein regulates cementum apposition and extracellular matrix composition

Cells Tissues Organs

Volumn 194, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 382-405

  Foster, B L ^a   Nagatomo, K J ^a   Bamashmous, S O ^a   Tompkins, K A ^a,c   Fong, H ^a   Dunn, D ^a   Chu, E Y ^a   Guenther, C ^b   Kingsley, D M ^b   Rutherford, R B ^a   Somerman, M J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

ANK; Cementum; Periodontal ligament; Progressive ankylosis protein; Pyrophosphate

Indexed keywords

DENTIN MATRIX PROTEIN 1; MESSENGER RNA; OSTEOPONTIN; PHOSPHODIESTERASE I; PROGRESSIVE ANKYLOSIS PROTEIN; PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BONE MINERALIZATION; CELL COMPOSITION; CELL CULTURE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TYPE; CEMENTUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTOLOGY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; IN VITRO STUDY; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MORPHOMETRICS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; TOOTH DEVELOPMENT; TOOTH DISEASE; WILD TYPE;

ANIMALS; DENTAL CEMENTUM; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; TOOTH; TOOTH ROOT;

MUS;

EID: 80054751062     PISSN: 14226405     EISSN: 14226421     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000323457     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Addison, W.N., F. Azari, E.S. Sorensen, M.T. Kaartinen, M.D. McKee (2007) Pyrophosphate inhibits mineralization of osteoblast cultures by binding to mineral, up-regulating osteopontin, and inhibiting alkaline phosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 282: 15872-15883. (Pubitemid 47093287)
2. Amir, L.R., A. Jovanovic, F.B. Perdijk, S. Toyosawa, V. Everts, A.L. Bronckers (2007) Immunolocalization of sibling and RUNX2 proteins during vertical distraction osteogenesis in the human mandible. J Histochem Cytochem 55: 1095-1104. (Pubitemid 350006291)
3. Baba, O., C. Qin, J.C. Brunn, J.N. Wygant, B.W. McIntyre, W.T. Butler (2004) Colocalization of dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialoprotein at late stages of rat molar development. Matrix Biol 23: 371-379. (Pubitemid 39469552)
4. Bashutski, J.D., H.L. Wang (2009) Periodontal and endodontic regeneration. J Endod 35: 321-328.
5. Beck, G.R., Jr. (2003) Inorganic phosphate as a signaling molecule in osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 90: 234-243. (Pubitemid 37222192)
6. Beck, G.R., Jr., B. Zerler, E. Moran (2000) Phosphate is a specific signal for induction of osteopontin gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 8352-8357. (Pubitemid 30639676)
7. Beertsen, W., C.A. McCulloch, J. Sodek (1997) The periodontal ligament: A unique, multifunctional connective tissue. Periodontology 2000 13: 20-40. (Pubitemid 127579970)
8. Beertsen, W., T. VandenBos, V. Everts (1999) Root development in mice lacking functional tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene: Inhibition of acellular cementum formation. J Dent Res 78: 1221-1229. (Pubitemid 32501260)
9. Berry, J.E., M. Zhao, Q. Jin, B.L. Foster, H. Viswanathan, M.J. Somerman (2003) Exploring the origins of cementoblasts and their trigger factors. Connect Tissue Res 44(suppl 1): 97-102. (Pubitemid 36395429)
10. Bosshardt, D. (2005) Are cementoblasts a subpopulation of osteoblasts or a unique phenotype? J Dent Res 84: 390-406. (Pubitemid 43827869)
11. Bosshardt, D., H.E. Schroeder (1990) Evidence for rapid multipolar and slow unipolar production of human cellular and acellular cementum matrix with intrinsic fibers. J Clin Periodontol 17: 663-668. (Pubitemid 20329619)
12. Bosshardt, D.D., H.E. Schroeder (1996) Cementogenesis reviewed: A comparison between human premolars and rodent molars. Anat Rec 245: 267-292. (Pubitemid 26170574)
13. Bronckers, A.L., M.C. Farach-Carson, E. Van Waveren, W.T. Butler (1994) Immunolocalization of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and dentin sialoprotein during dental root formation and early cementogenesis in the rat. J Bone Miner Res 9: 833-841. (Pubitemid 24178066)
14. Butler, W.T., J.C. Brunn, C. Qin, M.D. McKee (2002) Extracellular matrix proteins and the dynamics of dentin formation. Connect Tissue Res 43: 301-307. (Pubitemid 34777940)
15. Chen, I.P., C.J. Wang, S. Strecker, B. Koczon-Jaremko, A. Boskey, E.J. Reichenberger (2009) Introduction of a Phe377del mutation in ANK creates a mouse model for craniometaphyseal dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 24: 1206-1215.
16. Chen, X.D., L.W. Fisher, P.G. Robey, M.F. Young (2004) The small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan modulates BMP-4-induced osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J 18: 948-958. (Pubitemid 38787591)
17. D'Errico, J.A., J.E. Berry, H. Ouyang, C.L. Strayhorn, J.J. Windle, M.J. Somerman (2000) Employing a transgenic animal model to obtain cementoblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 71: 63-72.
18. Diekwisch, T.G. (2001) The developmental biology of cementum. Int J Dev Biol 45: 695-706. (Pubitemid 32963900)
19. Fantner, G.E., J. Adams, P. Turner, P.J. Thurner, L.W. Fisher, P.K. Hansma (2007) Nanoscale ion mediated networks in bone: Osteopontin can repeatedly dissipate large amounts of energy. Nano Lett 7: 2491-2498. (Pubitemid 47310151)
20. Fatherazi, S., D. Matsa-Dunn, B.L. Foster, R.B. Rutherford, M.J. Somerman, R.B. Presland (2009) Phosphate regulates osteopontin gene transcription. J Dent Res 88: 39-44.
21. Feng, J.Q., H. Huang, Y. Lu, L. Ye, Y. Xie, T.W. Tsutsui, T. Kunieda, T. Castranio, G. Scott, L.B. Bonewald, Y. Mishina (2003) The Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) is specifically expressed in mineralized, but not soft, tissues during development. J Dent Res 82: 776-780. (Pubitemid 41766106)
22. Fisher, L.W., N.S. Fedarko (2003) Six genes expressed in bones and teeth encode the current members of the SIBLING family of proteins. Connect Tissue Res 44(suppl 1): 33-40. (Pubitemid 36395419)
23. Fisher, L.W., J.T. Stubbs, 3rd, M.F. Young (1995) Antisera and cDNA probes to human and certain animal model bone matrix noncollagenous proteins. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 266: 61-65. (Pubitemid 26033557)
24. Fleisch, H., S. Bisaz (1962) Mechanism of calcification: Inhibitory role of pyrophosphate. Nature 195: 911.
25. Fleischmannova, J., E. Matalova, P.T. Sharpe, I. Misek, R.J. Radlanski (2010) Formation of the tooth-bone interface. J Dent Res 89: 108-115.
26. Fong, H.K., B.L. Foster, M. Sarikaya, M.J. Somerman (2009) Ank/ank mutant mice roots as a model for periodontal tissue regeneration-a study of structure and mechanical properties. Arch Oral Biol, in press.
27. Foster, B.L., F.H. Nociti, Jr., E.C. Swanson, D. Matsa-Dunn, J.E. Berry, C.J. Cupp, P. Zhang, M.J. Somerman (2005) Regulation of SIBLING family genes by phosphate in cementoblasts: 8th International Conference on the Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues, Banff, Oct 2004.
28. Foster, B.L., F.H. Nociti, Jr., E.C. Swanson, D. Matsa-Dunn, J.E. Berry, C.J. Cupp, P. Zhang, M.J. Somerman (2006) Regulation of cementoblast gene expression by inorganic phosphate in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 78: 103-112.
29. Foster, B.L., T.E. Popowics, H.K. Fong, M.J. Somerman (2007) Advances in defining regulators of cementum development and periodontal regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 78: 47-126.
30. Foster, B.L., K.A. Tompkins, R.B. Rutherford, H. Zhang, E.Y. Chu, H. Fong, M.J. Somerman (2008) Phosphate: Known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 84: 281-314.
31. Gajjeraman, S., K. Narayanan, J. Hao, C. Qin, A. George (2007) Matrix macromolecules in hard tissues control the nucleation and hierarchical assembly of hydroxyapatite. J Biol Chem 282: 1193-1204. (Pubitemid 47076548)
32. Gericke, A., C. Qin, L. Spevak, Y. Fujimoto, W.T. Butler, E.S. Sorensen, A.L. Boskey (2005) Importance of phosphorylation for osteopontin regulation of biomineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 77: 45-54. (Pubitemid 41504172)
33. Giachelli, C.M. (2005) Inducers and inhibitors of biomineralization: Lessons from pathological calcification. Orthod Craniofac Res 8: 229-231.
34. Giannobile, W.V., M.J. Somerman (2003) Growth and amelogenin-like factors in periodontal wound healing. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8: 193-204.
35. Gluhak-Heinrich, J., L. Ye, L.F. Bonewald, J.Q. Feng, M. MacDougall, S.E. Harris, D. Pavlin (2003) Mechanical loading stimulates dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) expression in osteocytes in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 18: 807-817. (Pubitemid 37294963)
36. Groeneveld, M.C., V. Everts, W. Beertsen (1995) Alkaline phosphatase activity in the periodontal ligament and gingiva of the rat molar: Its relation to cementum formation. J Dent Res 74: 1374-1381.
37. Groeneveld, M.C., T. Van den Bos, V. Everts, W. Beertsen (1996) Cell-bound and extracellular matrix-associated alkaline phosphatase activity in rat periodontal ligament. Experimental Oral Biology Group. J Periodontal Res 31: 73-79.
38. Gurley, K.A., H. Chen, C. Guenther, E.T. Nguyen, R.B. Rountree, M. Schoor, D.M. Kingsley (2006a) Mineral formation in joints caused by complete or joint-specific loss of ANK function. J Bone Miner Res 21: 1238-1247. (Pubitemid 44128337)
39. Gurley, K.A., R.J. Reimer, D.M. Kingsley (2006b) Biochemical and genetic analysis of ANK in arthritis and bone disease. Am J Hum Genet 79: 1017-1029. (Pubitemid 44853473)
40. Hao, J., B. Zou, K. Narayanan, A. George (2004) Differential expression patterns of the dentin matrix proteins during mineralized tissue formation. Bone 34: 921-932. (Pubitemid 38749229)
41. Harmey, D., L. Hessle, S. Narisawa, K.A. Johnson, R. Terkeltaub, J.L. Millan (2004) Concerted regulation of inorganic pyrophosphate and osteopontin by akp2, enpp1, and ank: An integrated model of the pathogenesis of mineralization disorders. Am J Pathol 164: 1199-1209. (Pubitemid 38387787)
42. Harmey, D., K.A. Johnson, J. Zelken, N.P. Camacho, M.F. Hoylaerts, M. Noda, R. Terkeltaub, J.L. Millan (2006) Elevated skeletal osteopontin levels contribute to the hypophosphatasia phenotype in akp2(-/-) mice. J Bone Miner Res 21: 1377-1387.
43. Harris, N.L., K.R. Rattray, C.E. Tye, T.M. Underhill, M.J. Somerman, J.A. D'Errico, A.F. Chambers, G.K. Hunter, H.A. Goldberg (2000) Functional analysis of bone sialoprotein: Identification of the hydroxyapatitenucleating and cell-binding domains by recombinant peptide expression and site-directed mutagenesis. Bone 27: 795-802.
44. Heinonen, J.K. (2001) Biological Role of Inorganic Pyrophosphate. Norwell, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
45. Hessle, L., K.A. Johnson, H.C. Anderson, S. Narisawa, A. Sali, J.W. Goding, R. Terkeltaub, J.L. Millan (2002) Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 are central antagonistic regulators of bone mineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 9445-9449. (Pubitemid 34764633)
46. Ho, A.M., M.D. Johnson, D.M. Kingsley (2000) Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis. Science 289: 265-270. (Pubitemid 30469899)
47. Hunter, G.K., H.A. Goldberg (1994) Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: Role of glutamic acid-rich sequences in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite by bone sialoprotein. Biochem J 302: 175-179. (Pubitemid 24256351)
48. Hunter, G.K., C.L. Kyle, H.A. Goldberg (1994) Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: Structural specificity of the osteopontin-mediated inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation. Biochem J 300: 723-728. (Pubitemid 24180586)
49. Hu, D. Farley, H. Krug, L. Hessle, J.L. Millan, R. Terkeltaub (2003) Linked deficiencies in extracellular PP i and osteopontin mediate pathologic calcification associated with defective PC-1 and ANK expression. J Bone Miner Res 18: 994-1004. (Pubitemid 37294935)
50. Johnson, K.A., L. Hessle, S. Vaingankar, C. Wennberg, S. Mauro, S. Narisawa, J.W. Goding, K. Sano, J.L. Millan, R. Terkeltaub (2000) Osteoblast tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase antagonizes and regulates PC-1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279: R1365-R1377.
51. Jowett, T., Y.-L. Yan (1996) Two-color wholemount in situ hybridization; in Krieg, P. (ed): A Laboratory Guide to RNA: Isolation, Analysis, and Synthesis. New York, Wiley, pp 381-409.
52. Kim, H.J., T. Minashima, E.F. McCarthy, J.A. Winkles, T. Kirsch (2010) Progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) in osteoblasts and osteoclasts controls bone formation and bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 25: 1771-1783.
53. Koshizuka, Y., S. Ikegawa, M. Sano, K. Nakamura, Y. Nakamura (2001) Isolation of novel mouse genes associated with ectopic ossification by differential display method using ttw, a mouse model for ectopic ossification. Cytogenet Cell Genet 94: 163-168. (Pubitemid 34203297)
54. Lian, J.B., G.S. Stein (1992) Concepts of osteoblast growth and differentiation: Basis for modulation of bone cell development and tissue formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 3: 269-305.
55. Lillie, R.D. (1965) Histopathological Technique and Practical Histochemistry. New York, McGraw Hill Book Company.
56. Lomashvili, K.A., P. Garg, S. Narisawa, J.L. Millan, W.C. O'Neill (2008) Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphate hydrolysis: Potential mechanism for uremic vascular calcification. Kidney Int 73: 1024-1030. (Pubitemid 351543906)
57. Luan, X., Y. Ito, S. Holliday, C. Walker, J. Daniel, T. Galang, T. Fukui, A. Yamane, E. Begole, C. Evans, T. Diekwisch (2007) Extracellular matrix-mediated tissue remodeling following axial movement of teeth. J Histochem Cytochem 55: 127-140. (Pubitemid 46147690)
58. MacDougall, M., T.T. Gu, X. Luan, D. Simmons, J. Chen (1998) Identification of a novel isoform of mouse dentin matrix protein 1: Spatial expression in mineralized tissues. J Bone Miner Res 13: 422-431. (Pubitemid 28146225)
59. Maciejewska, I., C. Cowan, K. Svoboda, W.T. Butler, R. D'Souza, C. Qin (2009) The NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) localize differently in the compartments of dentin and growth plate of bone. J Histochem Cytochem 57: 155-166.
60. MacNeil, R.L., J. Berry, J. D'Errico, C. Strayhorn, B. Piotrowski, M.J. Somerman (1995) Role of two mineral-associated adhesion molecules, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein, during cementogenesis. Connect Tissue Res 33: 1-7.
61. Malkin, I., S. Dahm, A. Suk, E. Kobyliansky, M. Toliat, N. Ruf, G. Livshits, P. Nurnberg (2005) Association of ANKH gene polymorphisms with radiographic hand bone size and geometry in a Chuvasha population. Bone 36: 365-373. (Pubitemid 40283595)
62. McCulloch, C., P. Lekic, M. McKee (2000) Role of physical forces in regulating the form and function of the periodontal ligament. Periodontology 2000 24: 56-72.
63. McKee, M.D., S. Zalzal, A. Nanci (1996) Extracellular matrix in tooth cementum and mantle dentin: Localization of osteopontin and other noncollagenous proteins, plasma proteins, and glycoconjugates by electron microscopy. Anat Rec 245: 293-312. (Pubitemid 26170575)
64. Meyer, J.L. (1984) Can biological calcification occur in the presence of pyrophosphate? Arch Biochem Biophys 231: 1-8.
65. Millan, J.L. (2006) Mammalian Alkaline Phosphatases. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH Verlag.
66. Morava, E., J. Kühnisch, J. Drijvers, J. Robben, C. Cremers, P. van Setten, A. Branten, S. Stumpp, A. de Jong, K. Voesenek, S. Vermeer, A. Heister, H. Claahsen-van der Grinten, C. O'Neill, M. Willemsen, D. Lefeber, P. Deen, U. Kornak, H. Kremer, R. Wevers (2010) Autosomal recessive mental retardation, deafness, ankylosis, and mild hypophosphatemia associated with a novel ANKH mutation in a consanguineous family. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 13, Epub ahead of print.
67. Morotome, Y., M. Goseki-Sone, I. Ishikawa, S. Oida (1998) Gene expression of growth and differentiation factors-5, -6, and -7 in developing bovine tooth at the root forming stage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 244: 85-90. (Pubitemid 28419904)
68. Murshed, M., D. Harmey, J.L. Millan, M.D. McKee, G. Karsenty (2005) Unique coexpression in osteoblasts of broadly expressed genes accounts for the spatial restriction of ECM mineralization to bone. Genes Dev 19: 1093-1104. (Pubitemid 40632454)
69. Narisawa, S., N. Frohlander, J.L. Millan (1997) Inactivation of two mouse alkaline phosphatase genes and establishment of a model of infantile hypophosphatasia. Dev Dyn 208: 432-446. (Pubitemid 27114295)
70. Netter, P., T. Bardin, A. Bianchi, P. Richette, D. Loeuille (2004) The ANKH gene and familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. Joint Bone Spine 71: 365-368. (Pubitemid 39335668)
71. Nociti, F.H., Jr., J.E. Berry, B.L. Foster, K.A. Gurley, D.M. Kingsley, T. Takata, M. Miyauchi, M.J. Somerman (2002) Cementum: A phosphate-sensitive tissue. J Dent Res 81: 817-821.
72. Nurnberg, P., H. Thiele, D. Chandler, W. Hohne, M.L. Cunningham, H. Ritter, G. Leschik, K. Uhlmann, C. Mischung, K. Harrop, J. Goldblatt, Z.U. Borochowitz, D. Kotzot, F. Westermann, S. Mundlos, H.S. Braun, N. Laing, S. Tinschert (2001) Heterozygous mutations in ANKH, the human ortholog of the mouse progressive ankylosis gene, result in craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Nat Genet 28: 37-41. (Pubitemid 32405813)
73. Ogbureke, K.U., L.W. Fisher (2004) Expression of SIBLINGs and their partner MMPs in salivary glands. J Dent Res 83: 664-670. (Pubitemid 41766052)
74. Ogbureke, K.U., L.W. Fisher (2007) SIBLING expression patterns in duct epithelia reflect the degree of metabolic activity. J Histochem Cytochem 55: 403-409. (Pubitemid 46481947)
75. Osathanon, T., C.M. Giachelli, M.J. Somerman (2009) Immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on microporous nanofibrous fibrin scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30: 4513-4521.
76. Owen, T.A., M. Aronow, V. Shalhoub, L.M. Barone, L. Wilming, M.S. Tassinari, M.B. Kennedy, S. Pockwinse, J.B. Lian, G.S. Stein (1990) Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: Reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation during formation of the bone extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol 143: 420-430.
77. Parichy, D.M., D.G. Ransom, B. Paw, L.I. Zon, S.L. Johnson (2000) An orthologue of the kitrelated gene fms is required for development of neural crest-derived xanthophores and a subpopulation of adult melanocytes in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 127: 3031-3044. (Pubitemid 30611896)
78. Pavlin, D., J. Gluhak-Heinrich (2001) Effect of mechanical loading on periodontal cells. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12: 414-424. (Pubitemid 33022037)
79. Pendleton, A., M.D. Johnson, A. Hughes, K.A. Gurley, A.M. Ho, M. Doherty, J. Dixey, P. Gillet, D. Loeuille, R. McGrath, A. Reginato, R. Shiang, G. Wright, P. Netter, C. Williams, D.M. Kingsley (2002) Mutations in ANKH cause chondrocalcinosis. Am J Hum Genet 71: 933-940. (Pubitemid 135750523)
80. Qin, C., O. Baba, W.T. Butler (2004) Post-translational modifications of sibling proteins and their roles in osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 15: 126-136.
81. Qin, C., R. D'Souza, J.Q. Feng (2007) Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1): New and important roles for biomineralization and phosphate homeostasis. J Dent Res 86: 1134-1141.
82. Reichenberger, E., V. Tiziani, S. Watanabe, L. Park, Y. Ueki, C. Santanna, S.T. Baur, R. Shiang, D.K. Grange, P. Beighton, J. Gardner, H. Hamersma, S. Sellars, R. Ramesar, A.C. Lidral, A. Sommer, C.M. Raposo do Amaral, R.J. Gorlin, J.B. Mulliken, B.R. Olsen (2001) Autosomal dominant craniometaphyseal dysplasia is caused by mutations in the transmembrane protein ANK. Am J Hum Genet 68: 1321-1326. (Pubitemid 32510607)
83. Rutherford, R.B., B.L. Foster, T. Bammler, R.P. Beyer, S. Sato, M.J. Somerman (2006) Extracellular phosphate alters cementoblast gene expression. J Dent Res 85: 505-509. (Pubitemid 43945486)
84. Ryan, L.M. (2001) The ank gene story. Arthritis Res 3: 77-79. (Pubitemid 32237033)
85. Schaefer, L., H. Hausser, M. Altenburger, J. Ugorcakova, C. August, L.W. Fisher, R.M. Schaefer, H. Kresse (1998) Decorin, biglycan and their endocytosis receptor in rat renal cortex. Kidney Int 54: 1529-1541. (Pubitemid 28502895)
86. Sena, K., Y. Morotome, O. Baba, T. Terashima, Y. Takano, I. Ishikawa (2003) Gene expression of growth differentiation factors in the developing periodontium of rat molars. J Dent Res 82: 166-171. (Pubitemid 41766037)
87. Shimono, M., T. Ishikawa, H. Ishikawa, H. Matsuzaki, S. Hashimoto, T. Muramatsu, K. Shima, K. Matsuzaka, T. Inoue (2003) Regulatory mechanisms of periodontal regeneration. Microsc Res Tech 60: 491-502. (Pubitemid 36324017)
88. Terkeltaub, R.A. (2001) Inorganic pyrophosphate generation and disposition in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281: C1-C11.
89. Toyosawa, S., S. Shintani, T. Fujiwara, T. Ooshima, A. Sato, N. Ijuhin, T. Komori (2001) Dentin matrix protein 1 is predominantly expressed in chicken and rat osteocytes but not in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 16: 2017-2026. (Pubitemid 32995392)
90. van den Bos, T., G. Handoko, A. Niehof, L.M. Ryan, S.P. Coburn, M.P. Whyte, W. Beertsen (2005) Cementum and dentin in hypophosphatasia. J Dent Res 84: 1021-1025. (Pubitemid 43828149)
91. VandenBos, T., A.L. Bronckers, H.A. Goldberg, W. Beertsen (1999) Blood circulation as source for osteopontin in acellular extrinsic fiber cementum and other mineralizing tissues. J Dent Res 78: 1688-1695. (Pubitemid 32489268)
92. Wang, D., K. Christensen, K. Chawla, G. Xiao, P.H. Krebsbach, R.T. Franceschi (1999) Isolation and characterization of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast subclones with distinct in vitro and in vivo differentiation/mineralization potential. J Bone Miner Res 14: 893-903. (Pubitemid 29262883)
93. Whyte, M.P. (1994) Hypophosphatasia and the role of alkaline phosphatase in skeletal mineralization. Endocr Rev 15: 439-461. (Pubitemid 24271239)
94. Whyte, M.P. (2002) Hypophosphatasia Nature's window to alkaline phosphatase in man; in Bilezikian, J.P., L.G. Raisz, G.A. Rodan (eds): Principles of Bone Biology. San Diego, Academic Press, pp 1229-1248.
95. Wise, G.E., G.J. King (2008) Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 87: 414-434.
96. Yang, W., I. Kalajzic, Y. Lu, D. Guo, M.A. Harris, J. Gluhak-Heinrich, L.F. Bonewald, J.Q. Feng, D.W. Rowe, S.E. Harris (2004) In vitro and in vivo study on osteocyte-specific mechanical signaling pathways. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 4: 386-387. (Pubitemid 40124873)
97. Yang, W., Y. Lu, I. Kalajzic, D. Guo, M.A. Harris, J. Gluhak-Heinrich, S. Kotha, L.F. Bonewald, J.Q. Feng, D.W. Rowe, C.H. Turner, A.G. Robling, S.E. Harris (2005) Dentin matrix protein 1 gene cis-regulation: Use in osteocytes to characterize local responses to mechanical loading in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 280: 20680-20690. (Pubitemid 40776773)
98. Ye, L., S. Zhang, H. Ke, L.F. Bonewald, J. Feng (2008) Periodontal breakdown in the dmp1 null mouse model of hypophosphatemic rickets. J Dent Res 87: 624-629.
99. Zhang, H., M.J. Somerman, J. Berg, M.L. Cunningham, B. Williams (2007) Dental anomalies in a child with craniometaphysial dysplasia. Pediatr Dent 29: 415-419.