Long-term dry immersion: Review and prospects

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 111, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1235-1260

  Navasiolava, Nastassia M ^a,b,c,g   Custaud, Marc Antoine ^a   Tomilovskaya, Elena S ^c   Larina, Irina M ^c   Mano, Tadaaki ^d   Gauquelin Koch, Guillemette ^e   Gharib, Claude ^f   Kozlovskaya, Inesa B ^c  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY   (Belarus)

^c INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS   (Russian Federation)

^d GIFU UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

^e CNES   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^g Universite d'Angers   (France)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular deconditioning; Countermeasures; Microgravity simulation; Muscle deconditioning; Water electrolyte balance

Indexed keywords

BED REST; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BODY POSTURE; HISTORY; HUMAN; IMMERSION; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPACE FLIGHT; WEIGHTLESSNESS;

BED REST; HEAD-DOWN TILT; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; IMMERSION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SPACE FLIGHT; WEIGHTLESSNESS; WEIGHTLESSNESS SIMULATION;

EID: 80053987161     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1750-x     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Adams GR, Caiozzo VJ, Baldwin KM (2003) Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models. J Appl Physiol 95:2185-2201 (Pubitemid 37444955)
2. Afonin BV, Sedova EA (2009) Digestive system functioning during simulation of the microgravity effects on humans by immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 43:48-52 (in Russian, English summary)
3. Anashkin OD, Beliaev SM (1982) Effect of sidnocarb during 7-day water immersion on the cardiorespiratory system under physical load. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 16:28-31 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 13219169)
4. Arbeille P, Herault S, Fomina G, Roumy J, Alferova I, Gharib C (1999) Influences of thigh cuffs on the cardiovascular system during 7-day head-down bed rest. J Appl Physiol 87:2168-2176
5. Arborelius M Jr, Ballidin UI, Lilja B, Lundgren CE (1972) Hemodynamic changes in man during immersion with the head above water. Aerosp Med 43:592-598
6. Atkov OY, Bednenko VS (1992) Hypokinesia and weightlessness: clinical and physiological aspects. International Universities Press, USA
7. Baecker N, Tomic A, Mika C, Gotzmann A, Platen P, Gerzer R, HeerM (2003) Bone resorption is induced on the second day of bed rest: results of a controlled crossover trial. J Appl Physiol 95:977-982 (Pubitemid 37033990)
8. Baevsky RM (1979) Prognozirovanie sostoyanii na grani normy i patologii (Prediction of states on the verge of norm and pathology). Meditsina, Moscow
9. Baevsky RM, Chernicova AG, Funtova II, Pashenko AV, Tank J (2004) The autonomous regulation system functional reserves evaluation in 7-day head-down bed rest. J Gravit Physiol 11:91-92
10. Barer AS (2007) Water immersion as an anti-g protection for pilot. Pro et contra. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 41:3-19 (in Russian, English summary)
11. Baum K, Essfeld D (1999) Origin of back pain during bed rest: a new hypothesis. Eur J Med Res 4:389-393
12. Beliaev SM (1981) Effect of 1-day water immersion on the indices of the human cardiorespiratory system under physical load. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 15:24-26 (in Russian, English summary)
13. Berendeeva TA, Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Larina IM, Morukov BV (2009) Human immunity system status during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 43:36-42 (in Russian, English summary)
14. Berger M, Lechner-Steinleitner S, Kozlovskaya I, Marosi M, Mescheriakov S, Golaszewski S, Gerstenbrand F (2001) Neurological aspects in real and simulated spaceflight. In: Hinghofer- Szalkay H (ed) 10 years space biomedical research and development in Austria (ISBN 3-85076-572-5). Facultas Verlag Wien, pp 19-34
15. Bernstein NA (1947) O Postroenii Dvizenii (On the construction of movements). Medgiz, Moscow
16. Berry CA (1973) Weightlessness. In: Parker JF, West VR (eds) Bioastronautic data book, 2nd edn.NASA,Washington, pp 349-416
17. Blanc S, Normand S, Pachiaudi C, Fortrat JO, Laville M, Gharib C (2000) Fuel homeostasis during physical inactivity induced by bed rest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2223-2233 (Pubitemid 32269247)
18. Bravyi IaR, Bersenev EIu, Missina SS, Borovik AS, Sharova AP, Vinogradova OL (2008) Dry immersion effects on the mechanisms of metabolic-reflex regulation of hemodynamics during muscular work. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:40-45 (in Russian, English summary)
19. Buckey JC Jr, Gaffney FA, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Yancy CW Jr, Meyer DM, Blomqvist CG (1996a) Central venous pressure in space. J Appl Physiol 81:19-25 (Pubitemid 26255488)
20. Buckey JC Jr, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Moore WE, Gaffney FA, Blomqvist CG (1996b) Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 81:7-18 (Pubitemid 26255487)
21. Chaika AM, Balakhovskii IS (1982) Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes and plasma protein mass under conditions of head-down tilt hypokinesia and immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 16:22-28 (in Russian, English summary)
22. Chkhaidze LV (1968) Coordination of voluntary movements of man in the space flight environment. Nauka, Moscow, p 133
23. Clement G, Pavy-Le Traon A (2004) Centrifugation as a countermeasure during actual and simulated microgravity: a review. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:235-248 (Pubitemid 39127360)
24. Cooke WH, Ames JE IV, Crossman AA, Cox JF, Kuusela TA, Tahvanainen KU, Moon LB, Drescher J, Baisch FJ, Mano T, Levine BD, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL (2000) Nine months in space: effects on human autonomic cardiovascular regulation. J Appl Physiol 89:1039-1045 (Pubitemid 32125403)
25. Coupe M, Fortrat JO, Larina IM, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C, Custaud MA (2009) Cardiovascular deconditioning: from autonomic nervous system to microvascular dysfunctions. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169:S10-S12
26. Cox JF, Tahvanaine KUO, Kuusela TA, Levine BD, Cooke WH, Mano T, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Ertl AC, Biaggioni I, Diedrich A, Robertson RM, Zuckerman JH, Lane LD, Ray CA, White RJ, Pawelczyk JA, Buckey JC Jr, Baisch FJ, Blomqvist CG, Robertson D, Eckberg DL (2002) Influence of microgravity on sympathetic and vagal responses to Valsalva's manoeuvre. J Physiol 538:309-320 (Pubitemid 35190059)
27. Cruz-Gonzalez I, Dejoseph-Gauthier D, Chia S, Raffel OC, Jang IK (2009) Non-invasive assessment of myocardial ischaemia by using low amplitude oscillations of the conventional ECG signals (ECG dispersion mapping) during percutaneous coronary intervention. Acta Cardiol 64:11-15
28. Davydova NA, Tigranian RA, Shul'zhenko EB (1981) Human sympathetic-adrenal system during water immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 15:30-34 (in Russian, English summary)
29. Egorov AD (1996) Qualification of human body reactions to microgravity. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 30:14-20 (in Russian, English summary)
30. Epstein M (1992) Renal effects of head-out water immersion in humans: a 15-year update. Physiol Rev 72(3):564-621
31. Epstein M (1996) Renal, endocrine and hemodynamic effects of water immersion in humans. In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds) Handbook of physiology, chap 37. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 845-853
32. Epstein M, Norsk P, Loutzenhiser R (1989) Effects of water immersion on atrial natriuretic peptide release in humans. Am J Nephrol 9:1-24 (Pubitemid 19102712)
33. Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Levine BD, Robertson RM, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Ray CA, Buckey JC Jr, Lane LD, Shiavi R, Gaffney FA, Costa F, Holt C, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Baisch FJ, Robertson D (2002) Human muscle sympathetic nerve activity and plasma noradrenaline kinetics in space. J Physiol 538:321-329 (Pubitemid 35190060)
34. Eshmanova AK (2009) Heart rate variability and myocardium state: effect of "dry" immersion. PhD dissertation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia. Available via http://www. imbp.ru/WebPages/WIN1251/ Science/DisserSov/Summarys/ Eshmanova-ref.doc. Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian)
35. Eshmanova AK, Luchinskaia ES, Baevskii RM (2008) Investigation into vegetative regulation of blood circulation during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:45-51 (in Russian, English summary)
36. Eshmanova AK, Ivanov GG, Kabulova AZ, Luchitskaia ES, Baevskiǐ RM (2009) Parameters of high definition ECG and dispersion ECG mapping on the background of amlodipin and myostimulation during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 43:40-43 (in Russian, English summary)
37. Evdokimova AG, Radzevich AE, Solo'veva FV, Vinokhodova TV, Mamaev VI, Beliaev SM, Ovchinnikova LK (1989) Orthostatic tolerance and the status of central and peripheral hemodynamics during 7-day "dry" immersion in persons with neurocirculatory asthenia of the hypertensive type. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 23:62-65 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 19241884)
38. Foldager N, Andersen TA, Jessen FB, Ellegaard P, Stadeager C, Videbaek R, Norsk P (1996) Central venous pressure in humans during microgravity. J Appl Physiol 81:408-412 (Pubitemid 26255537)
39. Fomin AN (1981) Blood fibrinogen during 7-day water immersion and short-term space flight. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 15:83-85 (in Russian, English summary)
40. Fomin IO, Orlov VN, Radzevich AE, Leskin GS (1985) Effect of water immersion on indices of central hemodynamics in subjects older than 45 years. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 19:37-40 (in Russian, English summary)
41. Fortney SM, Schneider VS, Greenleaf JE (1996) The physiology of bed rest. In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds) Handbook of physiology, chap 39. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 889-939
42. Fritsch-Yelle JM, Charles JB, Jones MM (1996) Microgravity decreases heart rate and arterial pressure in humans. J Appl Physiol 80:910-914 (Pubitemid 26087258)
43. Fu Q, Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane LD, Buckey JC Jr, Cooke WH, Robertson RM, Baisch FJ, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Robertson D, Biaggioni I (2002) Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after spaceflight. J Physiol 544:653-664 (Pubitemid 35244277)
44. Gazenko OG, Grigoriev AI, Kozlovskaya IB (1987) Mechanisms of acute and chronic effects of microgravity. Physiologist 30(1 Suppl):1-5
45. Genin A, Galichii V (1995) Features of external respiration and pulmonary hyperemia in man during immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 29:28-32 (in Russian, English summary)
46. Genin AM, Modin AIu, Shashkov VS (1988) Status of human hemodynamics during water immersion in different postures of immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 22:7-10 (in Russian, English summary)
47. Gerstenbrand F, Kozlovskaya IB (1990) Neurological findings after 72-hours exposure to water immersion In: David V (ed) Life science research in space. ESA, France, pp 117-120
48. Gevlich GI, Grigor'eva LS, Boǐok MI, Kozlovskaia IB (1983) Evaluation of skeletal muscle tonus by the method of recording transverse rigidity. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:86-89 (in Russian, English summary)
49. Gogolev KI, Aleksandrova EA, Shul'zhenko EB (1980) Comparative assessment of changes during antiorthostatic hypokinesia and immersion in man. Hum Physiol 6:392-396 (in Russian, English summary)
50. Golovkina OL (1982) Human reaction of external respiration and gas exchange in the acute period of adaptation to water immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 16:43-46 (in Russian, English summary)
51. Greenleaf JE (1984) Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans. J Appl Physiol 57:619-633 (Pubitemid 14048775)
52. Greenleaf JE (1997) Exercise thermoregulation with bed rest, confinement, and immersion deconditioning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 813:741-750 (Pubitemid 27189972)
53. Greenleaf JE, Bernauer EM, Young HL, Morse JT, Staley RW, Juhos LT, Van Beaumont W (1977) Fluid and electrolyte shifts during bed rest with isometric and isotonic exercise. J Appl Physiol 42:59-66 (Pubitemid 8039915)
54. Grigor'ev AI, Shul'zhenko EB (1979) Effect of small gravitational loads on human water-salt metabolism and kidney function during prolonged immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 13:27-31 (in Russian, English summary)
55. Grigor'ev AI, Kozlovskaia IB, Shenkman BS (2004) The role of support afferents in organisation of the tonic muscle system. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 90:508-521 (in Russian, English summary)
56. Grigor'eva LS, Kozlovskaia IB (1983) Effect of 7-day immersion hyperkinesia on the response-strength properties of human skeletal muscles. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:21-25 (in Russian, English summary)
57. Grigor'eva LS, Kozlovskaia IB (1985) Effect of 7-day immersion hypokinesia on the characteristics of precise movements. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 19:38-42 (in Russian, English summary)
58. Gunga HC, Werner A, Stahn A, Steinach M, Schlabs T, Koralewski E, Kunz D, Belavý DL, Felsenberg D, Sattler F, Koch J (2009) The double sensor-A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169:S63-S68
59. Homick J, Reschke M, Viller E (1977) The effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness on postural equilibrium. In: Biomedical results from Skylab, NASA, SP-377, pp 104-112
60. Iarullin KhKh, Simonov LG, Vtoryi SA (1987) Changes in regional and central hemodynamics during a 7-day immersion in water. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 21:45-50 (in Russian, English summary)
61. Il'in VK, Kriukov AI, Volozhin AI, Istranov LP, Istranova EV, Kiriukhina NV, Starkova LV, Morozova IuA, Usanova NA (2008a) Investigation of dysbiosis developing during "dry" immersion and methods of correction. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:70-74 (in Russian, English summary)
62. Ilyin VK, Kirjuhkhina NV, Usanova NA et al (2008b) Autostrains lactobacilli based probiotics for dysbacteriosis prophylaxis of humans in artificial environment. In: Conference proceedings of 3rd international probiotic conference 4-7 June 2008, High Tatras, Slovakia, pp 17. Available via http://www.probiotic. sk/files/IPC2008proceedings.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
63. Il'yina-Kakueva EI, Petrova NV, Portugalov VV (1979) Influence of spaceflight on skeletal muscles and muscle neural apparatus. In: Effects of dynamic factors of spaceflight on animals. M. Nauka, pp 95-104
64. Iunusov MA, Orlov VN, Vinokhodova TV (1985) Effect of the model of "dry" immersion on the indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism and aldosterone and cortisol in the plasma of persons with different levels of body water. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 19:42-45 (in Russian, English summary)
65. Ivanov SG, Bogomazov EE (1988) "Dry" immersion and prospects of its use in clinical practice. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 22:4-6 (in Russian, English summary)
66. Ivanov SG, Markova LI (1990) Use of a "dry" immersion method in the treatment of hypertensive crisis. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 24:40-42 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 20049196)
67. Ivanov AP, Goncharov IB, Davydkin AF, Lavrov VI (1983) Changes in several indicators of blood rheology in experiments simulating weightlessness. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:25-30 (in Russian, English summary)
68. Ivanova SM, Morukov BV, Maksimov GV, Bryzgalova NIu, Labetskaia OI, Iarlykova OI, Levina AA (2009) Investigation of the morphofunctional properties of human red blood cells under the conditions of 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 43:43-47 (in Russian, English summary)
69. Iwase S, Sugiyama Y, Miwa C, Kamiya A, Mano T, Ohira Y, Shenkman B, Egorov AI, Kozlovskaya IB (2000) Effects of three days of dry immersion on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure in humans. J Auton Nerv Syst 79:156-164 (Pubitemid 30107863)
70. Kabulova AZ, Eshmanova AK (2008) The comparison of change in indices of heart rate variability and ECG variability in experiments with 7-day dry immersion and 7-day head down bed rest (in Russian). In: The proceedings of the 4th All-Russian symposium with international participation (Heart rate variability: theoretical aspects and practical application). Izhevsk, Russia, pp 110-113
71. Kakurin LI, Cherepakhin MA, Pervushin VN (1971) Influence of spaceflight factors on human muscle tone. Kosm Biol Med 2:63-68
72. Kamenskii IuN, Shul'zhenko EB, Andreeva VG (1976) Effect of systematic gravitational forces on the external respiration function in conditions of prolonged immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 10:40-45 (in Russian, English summary)
73. Kamiya A, Iwase S, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Sudoh M (2000a) Vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity in men during bed rest and on orthostasis after bed rest. Aviat Space Environ Med 71:142-149 (Pubitemid 30070827)
74. Kamiya A, Iwase S, Michikami D, Fu Q, Mano T (2000b) Head-down bed rest alters sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to mental stress. Am J Physiol 48:R440-R447
75. Kamiya A, Iwase S, Kitazawa H, Mano T, Vinogradova OL, Kharchenko IB (2000c) Baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity after 120 days of 6° head-down bed rest. Am J Physiol 278:R445-R452 (Pubitemid 30129635)
76. Kanikowska D, Sato M, Iwase S, Shimizu Y, Inukai Y, Nishimura N, Sugenoya J (2008) Immune and neuroendocrine responses to head-down rest and countermeasures. Aviat Space Environ Med 79:1091-1095
77. Kazanskaya EV (2008) Physical rehabilitation as a part of recovery treatment of prematures with malfunctions of central nervous system. Scientific-theoretical magazine "Scientific notes of Lesgaft University" 12:21-25. Available via http://lesgaft-notes. spb.ru/files/arxiv/uz46.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian, English summary)
78. Khristova LG, Gidikov AA, Asleanova IF, Kirenskaia AV, Kozlova VG (1986) Effect of immersion hypokinesia on the parameters of human muscle potentials. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 20:27-31 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 17180677)
79. Khristova LG, Gidikov AA, Aslanova IF, Beliaeva MG, Kirenskaia AV (1988) Effect of immersion hypokinesia on the motor unit potentials of human muscles. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 22:39-43 (in Russian, English summary)
80. Khusnutdinova D, Netreba A, Kozlovskaya I (2004) Mechanic stimulation of the soles support zones as a countermeasure of the contractile properties decline under microgravity conditions. J Gravit Physiol 11:141-142
81. Kirenskaia AV, Kozlovskaia IB, Sirota MG (1985) Effect of immersion hypokinesia on the characteristics of programmedtype voluntary movements. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 19:27-32 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 16230879)
82. Kirenskaia AV, Tomilovskaia ES, Novototskiǐ-Vlasov VIu, Kozlovskaia IB (2006) The effects of simulated microgravity on characteristics of slow presaccadic potentials. Fiziol Cheloveka 32:10-19 (in Russian)
83. Kirichenko LL, Smirnov VV, Evdokimova AG (1985) State of microcirculation and cellular hemostasis in men with borderline arterial hypertension during thermoneutral "dry" water immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 19:35-38 (in Russian, English summary)
84. Kirichenko LL, Masenko VP, Raskurazhev AB, Evdokimova AG (1988) Parameters of hemostasis in persons with neurocirculatory dystonia under conditions of "dry" immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 22:10-13 (in Russian, English summary)
85. Kirsch KA, Röcker L, Gauer OH, Krause R, Leach C, Wicke HJ, Landry R (1984) Venous pressure in man during weightlessness. Science 225:218-219 (Pubitemid 14079872)
86. Koenig SC, Convertino VA, Fanton JW, Reister CA, Gaffney FA, Ludwig DA, Krotov VP, Trambovetsky EV, Latham RD (1998) Evidence for increased cardiac compliance during exposure to simulated microgravity. Am J Physiol 275:1343-1352
87. Kokova NI (1984) Effect of water-salt dietary supplements on tolerance to head-pelvis acceleration after 7 days of "dry" immersion and during normal motor activity. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 18:33-37 (in Russian, English summary)
88. Kopp O (2008) Effects of dry water immersion on bone metabolism (Auswirkungen der trockenen Wasserimmersion auf den Knochenstoffwechsel). PhD dissertation, University of Bonn, Germany (in German)
89. Kornilova LN (1997) Vestibular function and sensory interaction in altered gravity. Adv Space Biol Med 6:275-313
90. Kornilova LN, Alekhina MI, Temnikova VV, Azarov KA (2004) Pursuit function of the eye during 7-day dry immersion without and with a support stimulator. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 38:41-48 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 40143088)
91. Kornilova LN, Naumov IA, Mazurenko AIu, Kozlovskaia IB (2008) Visual-manual tracking and vestibular function during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:8-13 (in Russian, English summary)
92. Koryak Y (2002a) Surface action potential and contractile properties of the human triceps surae muscle: effect of 'dry' water immersion. Exp Physiol 87:101-111 (Pubitemid 34083254)
93. Koryak Y (2002b) "DRY" immersion induces neural and contractile adaptations in the human triceps surae muscle. Environ Med 46:17-27
94. Koryak Y (2006) Functional properties of neuro-muscular apparatus of human in conditions of increased and decreased loading. DSc dissertation, M. available via http://www.imbp.ru/webpages/ win1251/Science/DisserSov/Abstracts/ Korjak.html Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian)
95. Koryak YA, Kozlovskaya IB, Khimoroda NN (2008) Low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation training of human skeletal muscles in conditions of gravitational unloading. J Nat Hist 1:86-90
96. Kotov SA, Oganov VS, Skripnikova IA (2003) Imitation of the early effects of weightlessness in human bone tissue in conditions of head down bed rest and dry immersion. In: Conference of young scientists, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, 9 April 2003. Available via http://youth.imbp.ru/tesises/2003/ kotov.html . Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian)
97. Kovalenko EA, Gurovsky NN (1980) Hypokinesia. Medicine, Moscow
98. Kozinets GI, Belakovskii MS, Ushakov AS, Bykova IA, Matveenko VP (1983) Structural and functional changes in human erythrocytes and leukocytes during a 7-day immersion hypokinesia. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:48-51 (in Russian, English summary)
99. Kozlovskaia IB (2008) Fundamental and applied objectives of investigations in immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:3-7 (in Russian, English summary)
100. Kozlovskaia IB, Grigor'eva LS, Gevlich GI (1984) Comparative analysis of the effect of weightlessness and its model on the velocity-strength properties and tonus of human skeletal muscles. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 18:22-26 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 15181161)
101. Kozlovskaya IB (2002) Dry immersion as a powerful tool in studies of sensory-motor effects of microgravity. In: 5th international head-out water immersion symposium: research simulations to model microgravity. Houston, Texas, 8-9 October 2002. Available via http://www.dsls.usra.edu/meetings/howi/pdf/ 1042.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
102. Kozlovskaya IB (2007) Gravitational mechanisms in the motor system. In: Natochin YV, Tkatchuk VA (eds) Contemporary course of classical physiology. GEOTAR-Media, Moscow, pp 115-134
103. Kozlovskaya IB, Kirenskaya AV (1987) Gravitational mechanisms in motor system. Studies in real and simulated weightlessness. In: Massion J (ed) New concepts of motor control. Plenum Press, pp 345-350
104. Kozlovskaya IB, Kreydich YV, Oganov VS, Kozerenko OP (1981) Pathophysiology of motor functions in prolonged manned space flights. Acta Astronaut 8:1059-1072 (Pubitemid 12460145)
105. Kozlovskaya I, Dmitrieva I, Grigorieva L, Kirenskaya A, Kredich Yu (1988) Gravitational mechanisms in the motor system. Studies in real and simulated microgravity. In: Gurfinkel V, Ioffe M, Massion J (eds) Stance and motion. Plenum, N9, pp 37-48
106. Kozlovskaya IB, Sayenko IV, Miller TF, Khusnutdinova DR, Melnik KA, Popov DV, Vinogradova OL, Yarmanova EN, Tomilovskaya ES (2007a) Erratum to: New approaches to counter measures of the negative effects of micro-gravity in long-term space flights. Acta Astronaut 60:783-789
107. (Acta Astronautica 59 (2006) 13-19)
108. Kozlovskaya IB, Sayenko IV, Sayenko DG, Miller TF, Khusnutdinova DR, Melnik KA (2007b) Role of support afferentation in control of the tonic muscle activity. Acta Astronaut 60:285-294 (Pubitemid 46188340)
109. Krasney JA (1996) Head-out water immersion: animal studies. In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds) Handbook of physiology, section 4, environmental physiology. Oxford University Press, II, pp 855-887
110. Kreidich IuV, Repin AA, Barmin VA, Kozlovskaia IB (1982) Effect of immersion hypokinesia on the characteristics of eye and head movement during the human gaze fixation reaction. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 16:41-45 (in Russian, English summary)
111. Kriukov AI, Il'in VK, Volozhin AI, Istranov LP, Kiriukhina NV, Starkova LV, Morozova IuA, Usanova NA (2007) Experimental grounds for administration of probiotic drugs in conditions of hydroweightlessness. Vestn Otorinolaringol 4:30-33 (in Russian, English summary)
112. Lakota NG, Larina IM (2002) Study of temperature homeostasis in real and simulated weightlessness. Fiziol Cheloveka 28:82-92
113. Larina IM, Lakota NG (2000) The role of individual reactions of thermal and water-electrolyte metabolism to suited immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 34:16-22 (in Russian, English summary)
114. Larina IM, Sukhanov IuV, Lakota NG (1999) Mechanisms of early changes in water-electrolyte metabolism in man in various ground-based models of the effects of microgravity. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 33:17-23
115. Larina IM, Custaud MA, Pastushkova LKh, Vasilieva GYu, Dobrokhotov IV, Istomina VE (2008) Water-electrolyte metabolism, renal function and cutaneous microcirculation in human subjects during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:29-34 (in Russian, English summary)
116. Layne CS, Forth KE (2008) Plantar stimulation as a possible countermeasure to microgravity-induced neuromotor degradation. Aviat Space Environ Med 79:787-794
117. Leach Huntoon CS, Grigoriev AI, Natochin YuV (1998) Fluid and electrolyte regulation in spaceflight. In: Leach Huntoon CS, Grigoriev AI, Natochin YuV (eds) Science and technology series, a supplement to advances in the astronautical sciences, vol 94
118. Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane LD, Buckey JC Jr, Cooke WH, Baisch FJ, Eckberg DL, Blomqvist CG (2002) Muscle sympathetic neural and haemodynamic responses to tilt following spaceflight. J Physiol 538:331-334
119. Litvinova KS, Vikhlyantsev IM, Kozlovskaya IB, Podlubnaya ZA, Shenkman BS (2004) Effects of artificial support stimulation on fiber and molecular characteristics of soleus muscle in men exposed to 7-day dry immersion. J Gravit Physiol 11:131-132
120. Mano T (2005) Autonomic neural functions in space. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 6:319-324 (Pubitemid 41136503)
121. Markin AA, Morukov BV, Zhuravleva OA, Zabolotskaia IV, Vostrikova LV, Liapunova NA, Tsvetkova TG (2008) Dynamics of blood biochemical parameters in an experiment with 7-day immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:56-59 (in Russian, English summary)
122. Mel'nik KA, Artamonov AA, Miller TF, Voronov AV (2006) Effects of mechanic stimulation of the foot support zones on locomotion kinematics during 7-day dry immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 40:61-65 (in Russian, English summary)
123. Mikhailov VM, Reushkin VN, Reushkina GD, Sebekina TV, Smirnova TM (1995) Use of dispersion analysis in the evaluation of the effects of immersion and individual differences on the variability of orthostatic reactions. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 29:26-32 (in Russian, English summary)
124. Mikhailov VM, Kobzev EA, Charles JB, Yelle JM, Siconolfi SF, Fortney SM (2001) Studies of cardiovascular system in frames of programme "Mir-Shuttle". In: SSC RF IMBP RAS (ed) Orbital station MIR. Moscow, vol 2, pp 25-68 (in Russian)
125. Miki K, Klocke MR, Hong SK, Krasney JA (1989) Interstitial and intravascular pressures in conscious dogs during head-out water immersion. Am J Physiol 257:358-364
126. Miller TF, Saenko IV, Popov DV, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB (2004) Effect of mechanical stimulation of the support zones of soles on the muscle stiffness in 7-day dry immersion. J Gravit Physiol 11:135-136
127. Miller T, Ivanov O, Galanov D, Guekht A, Sayenko I (2005) Mechanic stimulation of the foot support zones as a way to maintain activity of the tonic muscular system during functional support deprivation. J Gravit Physiol 12:149-150
128. Millet C, Custaud MA, Maillet A, Allevard AM, Duvareille M, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C, Fortrat JO (2001) Endocrine responses to 7 days of head-down bed rest and orthostatic tests in men and women. Clin Physiol 21:172-183
129. Miwa C, Sugiyama Y, Iwase S, Mano T, Ohira Y, Grigoriev A, Kozlovskaya I, Egorov A, Shenkman B (1997) Effects of three days of dry immersion on heart rate and blood pressure variabilities during head-up tilting in humans. Environ Med 41:135-137
130. Modak S, Banerjee PK (2004) Studies of left ventricular functions by systolic time intervals on exposure to dry immersion. Indian J Aerospace Med 48:48-56. Available via http://medind.nic.in/ iab/t04/i2/iabt04i2p48.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
131. Moreva TI (2008) Investigation of peripheral hemodynamics with the use of ultrasonic dopplerography under the conditions of 7-day immersion. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:35-40 (in Russian, English summary)
132. Moukhina A, Shenkman B, Blottner D, Nemirovskaya T, Lemesheva Y, Püttmann B, Kozlovskaya I (2004) Effects of support stimulation on human soleus fiber characteristics during exposure to "dry" immersion. J Gravit Physiol 11:137-138
133. Navasiolava N, Custaud MA (2009) What are the future top priority questions in cardiovascular research and what new hardware needs to be developed? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169:S73-S74
134. Navasiolava NM, Dignat-George F, Sabatier F, Larina IM, Demiot C, Fortrat JO, Gauquelin-Koch G, Kozlovskaya IB, Custaud MA (2010a) Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299:248-256
135. Navasiolava NM, de Germain V, Levrard T, Larina IM, Kozlovskaya IB, Diquet B, Le Bouil A, Custaud MA, Fortrat JO (2010b) Skin vascular resistance in the standing position increases significantly after 7 days of dry immersion. Auton Neurosci. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.003
136. Nemirovskaya TL, Shenkman BS (2002) Effects of support stimulation on unloaded soleus in rat. Eur J Appl Physiol 87:120-126 (Pubitemid 41399014)
137. Nesterovskaia AIu, Morukov BV, Vorontsov AL, Markin AA, Zhuravleva OA, Zabolotskaia IV, Vostrikova LV (2008) Evaluation of the 7-day immersion effect on the renal excretory function. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:52-56 (in Russian, English summary)
138. Netreba AI, Khusnutdinova DR, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB (2004) Effect of dry immersion in combination with stimulation of foot support zones upon muscle force-velocity characteristics. J Gravit Physiol 11:129-130
139. Netreba AI, Khusnutdinova DR, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB (2005) Effect of 7-days dry immersion in combination with mechanical stimulation of foot support zones upon resistance to fatigue of knee extensors and flexors. J Gravit Physiol 12:137-138
140. Netreba AI, Khusnutdinova DR, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB (2006) Effect of dry immersion of various durations in combination with artificial stimulation of foot support zones upon force-velocity characteristics of knee extensors. J Gravit Physiol 13:71-72
141. Nicogossian AE, Huntoon CL, Pool SL (1993) Space physiology and medicine, 3rd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
142. Ogneva IV, Ponomareva EV, Altaeva EG, Fokina NM, Kozlovskaya IB, Shenkman BS (2009) Decrease of contractile properties and transversal stiffness of single fibers in human soleus after 7-day dry immersion. In: Abstract book of 17th IAA human in space symposium, Moscow, Russia, 7-11 June 2009, pp 97
143. Pakharukova NA, Pastushkova LH, Larina IM (2009a) Changes of healthy human serum proteome profile during 7-day "dry" immersion. In: Summary book of 30th annual international gravitational physiology meeting, Xi'an, China, 24-29 May 2009, pp 56
144. Pakharukova NA, Pastushkova LKh, Larina IM, Grigoriev AI (2009b) Changes of human serum proteome profile during 7-day "dry" immersion. Acta Astronaut. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.10.014
145. Panferova NE (1976) Cardiovascular system during hypokinesia of varying duration and intensity. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 10:15-20 (in Russian, English summary)
146. Park KS, Choi JK, Park YS (1999) Cardiovascular regulation during water immersion. Appl Human Sci 18:233-241
147. Pastushkova LKh, Pakharukova NA, Trifonova OP, Glushkov KV, Larina IM (2010) Low molecular weight proteome of healthy persons during 7-day "dry" immersion and in normal conditions. In: International conference "Neurovascular impairment induced by environmental conditions: molecular, cellular and functional approach", Angers, 10-14 March 2010. Available via http:// congres.physio-angers.fr/Low%20molecular%20weight%20prot eome%20of%20healthy%20persons%20during%207day%20 dry%20immersion%20and%20in%20normal%20conditions.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
148. Pavy-Le Traon A, Heer M, Narici MV, Rittweger J, Vernikos J (2007) From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20 years of bed rest studies (1986-2006). Eur J Appl Physiol 101:143-194 (Pubitemid 47323295)
149. Popov DV, Saenko IV, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB (2003) Mechanical stimulation of foot support zones for preventing unfavourable effects of gravitational unloading. J Gravit Physiol 10:59-60
150. Prisk GK (2000) Microgravity and the lung. J Appl Physiol 89:385-396
151. Radzijewska MP, Radzijewski PO (2007) Dry immersion-effective physiotherapeutic procedure in system of rehabilitation of weight-lifter sportsmen. Pedagogics, psychology, medicalbiological problems of physical training and sports (Ukraine) 10:116-121. Available via http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/ portal/Soc- Gum/PPMB/texts/2007-10/07rmpswl.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian, English summary)
152. Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Larina IM, Morukov BV (2008) Humoral and cellular immunity in cosmonauts after the ISS missions. Acta Astronaut 63:697-705
153. Saling M, Lechner-Steinleitner S, Gerstenbrand F, Struhal W, Berger M (2002) Sensorimotor test in 48 hours dry water immersion (arm matching test). In: 5th international head-out water immersion symposium: research simulations to model microgravity. 8-9 October 2002. Available via http://www.dsls.usra. edu/meetings/howi/pdf/1050.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
154. Sayenko IV (2007) The characteristics of activity spinal mechanisms in microgravity conditions. PhD dissertation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia. Available via http://www.imbp.ru/webpages/win1251/Science/ DisserSov/ Abstracts/Saenko.html Accessed 6 November 2010. (in Russian)
155. Sayenko DG, Artamonov AA, Ivanov OG, Kozlovskaya IB (2005) Effect of 6 days of support withdrawal on characteristics of balance function. J Gravit Physiol 12:33-34
156. Shenkman BS, Kozlovskaya IB, Nemirovskaya TL, Tcheglova IA (1997) Human muscle atrophy in supportlessness: effects of short-term exposure to dry immersion. J Gravit Physiol 4:137-138
157. Shenkman BS, Podlubnaia ZA, Vikhliantsev IM, Litvinova KS, Udal'tsov SN, Nemirovskaia TL, Lemesheva IuS, Mukhina AM, Kozlovskaia IB (2004a) Human soleus fibers contractile characteristics and sarcomeric cytoskeletal proteins after gravitational unloading. Contribution of support stimulus. Biofizika 49:881-890 (in Russian, English summary)
158. Shenkman BS, Litvinova KS, Nemirovskaya TL, Podlubnaya ZA, Vikhlyantsev IM, Kozlovskaya IB (2004b) Afferent and peripheral control of muscle fiber properties during gravitational unloading. J Gravit Physiol 11:111-114
159. Shoemaker JK, Hogeman CS, Leuenberger UA, Herr MD, Gray K, Silber DH, Sinoway LI (1998) Sympathetic discharge and vascular resistance after bed rest. J Appl Physiol 84:612-617 (Pubitemid 28081116)
160. Shul'zhenko EB, Gogolev KI, Beliaev SM (1983a) Physical exertion tolerance after water immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:40-45 (in Russian, English summary)
161. Shul'zhenko EB, Kozlova VG, Kurdin KA, Iarov AS, Plokhova VG (1983b) The antigravity suit, chamberless type, as a means of increasing orthostatic tolerance after water immersion hypokinesis and acceleration. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:30-33 (in Russian, English summary)
162. Shul'zhenko EB, Kozlova VG, Aleksandrova EA, Kudrin KA (1984) Adaptive effects of repeated immersion exposure on the human body. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 18:57-59 (in Russian, English summary) (Pubitemid 14129934)
163. Shulzhenko EB (1975) Physiological effects of altered gravitation (ground simulation experiments). DSc dissertation, Moscow, Russia (in Russian)
164. Shulzhenko EB, Vil-Vilyams IF (1975) Simulation of the human body deconditioning with the method of "dry" immersion. Xth K.E. Tziolkovski readings, pp 39-47 (in Russian, English summary)
165. Shulzhenko EB, Vil-Vilyams IF (1976) The possibility to maintain a long term water immersion by using the method of "dry immersion". Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 10:82-84 (in Russian, English summary)
166. Shulzhenko EB, Vil-Vilyams IF, Grigoryev AI, Gogolev KI, Khudyakova MA (1977) Prevention of human deconditioning during prolonged immersion in water. Life Sci Space Res 15:219-224
167. Shulzhenko EB, Tigranyan RA, Panfilov VE, Bzhalava II (1980) Physiological reactions during acute adaptation to reduced gravity. Life Sci Space Res 18:175-179
168. Sigaudo D, Fortrat JO, Allevard AM, Maillet A, Cottet-Emard JM, Vouillarmet A, Hughson RL, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C (1998) Changes in the sympathetic nervous system induced by 42 days of head-down bed rest. Am J Physiol 274:H1875-H1884
169. Sigaudo-Roussel D, Custaud MA, Maillet A, Güell A, Kaspranski R, Hughson RL, Gharib C, Fortrat JO (2002) Heart rate variability after prolonged spaceflights. Eur J Appl Physiol 86:258-265 (Pubitemid 36067480)
170. Somody L, El Fazaa S, Gharbi N, Gharib C, Gauquelin-Koch G (1999) Immersion physiology: a current look at an ancient treatment. Presse Thermale et Climatique 136:181-187
171. Sonkin V, Zaitseva V, Bourtchik M (1996) Physiological cost of standard physical load after 7-day dry immersion. J Gravit Physiol 3:20-21
172. Sonkin VD, Kozlovskaya IB, Zaitseva VV, Bourchick MV, Stepantsov VI (1998) Certain approaches to the development of onboard automated training system. Acta Astronaut 43:291-311 (Pubitemid 128674501)
173. Stoida Y, Vinogradova OL (1996) Acute effects of dry immersion upon blood supply of calf muscles during upright exercise. J Gravit Physiol 3:18-19
174. Stoida IuM, Vinogradova OL, Golovachev AI (1998) Effect of 3-day immersion on calf blood flow during physical loading test. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 32:24-27 (in Russian, English summary)
175. Struhal W, Berger M, Gerstenbrand F, Golaszewski S, Lechner- Steinleitner S (2002) Changes of reflex amplitude in dry water immersion. In: 5th international head-out water immersion symposium: research simulations to model microgravity. 8-9 October 2002. Available via http://www.dsls.usra.edu/meetings/ howi/pdf/1051.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2010
176. Sukhanov YuV (1985) The state of antidiuretic system in human during space flights and modeled studies of different duration. PhD dissertation, Moscow, Russia (in Russian)
177. Sula AS, Ryabykina GV, Grishin VG (2007) Dispersion mapping is a new method for ECG analysis. Biophysical bases of an electrodynamic cardiac biogenerator model. Kardiologicheskii Vestnik, Bulleten' Rossiiskogo Kardiologicheskogo Nauchno- Proizvodstvennogo Kompleksa, vol 2, no 1. Available via http://old.consilium-medicum.com/media/cardio/07-01/49.shtml Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian, English summary)
178. Tikhonov MA, Kondakov AV, Asiamolova NM, Volkov MIu (1983) Effect of water immersion as a model of weightlessness on lung closing volume. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 17:37-40 (in Russian, English summary)
179. Tomilovskaya ES (2007) Mechanisms of adaptation of agreed movements of eyes and head in microgravity. PhD dissertation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia. Available via http://www.imbp.ru/webpages/win1251/ Science/DisserSov/ Abstracts/Tomilovskaya.html Accessed 6 November 2010 (in Russian)
180. Tomilovskaya ES, Kirenskaya AV, Novototski-Vlasov VY, Kozlovskaya IB (2004) Event-related EEG changes preceding saccadic eye movements before and after dry immersion. J Gravit Physiol 11:P33-P34
181. Tomilovskaya ES,KirenskayaAV, Lazarev IE, Novototskiǐ-Vlasov VIu, Kozlovskaia IB (2008) Effect of support removal on pre-saccadic EEG potentials in test-subjects with various asymmetry profiles. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 42:14-18 (in Russian, English summary)
182. Traon AP, Vasseur P, Arbeille P, Güell A, Bes A, Gharib C (1995) Effects of 28-day head-down tilt with and without countermeasures on lower body negative pressure responses. Aviat Space Environ Med 66:982-991
183. Vil'-Vil'iams IF, Shul'zhenko EB (1980) Functional state of the cardiovascular system during combined exposure to 28-day immersion, rotation in a short radius centrifuge, and physical loading on a bicycle ergometer. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 14:42-45 (in Russian, English summary)
184. Vil'-Viliams IF, Shul'zhenko EB (1978) Cardiac arrhythmias in exposure to +Gz loads after immersion. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 12:50-56 (in Russian, English summary)
185. Vil-Viliams IF (1994) Principle approaches to selection of the shortarm centrifuge regimens for extended space flight. Acta Astronaut 33:221-229
186. Vil-Viliams IF, Kotovskaya AR, Lukjanuk VJu, Gavrilova LN, Chjuk MI, Nikolashin GF, Yarov AS, Krjutchenko SG, Klejev VV (1996) Study of the effectiveness of the "Centaur" anti-G suit during exposure to +Gz accelerations after immersion. J Gravit Physiol 3:24-25
187. Vil-Viliams IF, Kotovskaya AR, Nikolashin GF, Lukjanuk VJ (2001) Modern view on the short-arm centrifuge as a potential generator of artificial gravity in piloted missions. J Gravit Physiol 8:145-146
188. Vinogradova OL, Popov DV, Saenko IV, Kozlovskaya IB (2002a) Muscle transverse stiffness and venous compliance under conditions of simulated supportlessness. J Gravit Physiol 9:327-329
189. Vinogradova OL, Stoida IuM, Mano T, Iwase S (2002b) Effects of gravitational unloading on blood supply of working muscles. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 36:39-46 (in Russian, English summary)
190. Watenpaugh DE, Hargens AR (1996) The cardiovascular system in microgravity. In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds) Handbook of physiology, chapter 29. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 631-674
191. White RJ, Blomqvist CG (1998) Central venous pressure and cardiac function during spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 85:738-746 (Pubitemid 28365845)
192. Williams D, Kuipers A, Mukai C, Thirsk R (2009) Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology. CMAJ 180:1317-1323
193. Yatsyk GV (2002) Algorithms of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of perinatal pathology of underweighted infants. Pedagogika- Press, Moscow (in Russian)