메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 2185-2201

Skeletal muscle unweighting: Spaceflight and ground-based models

Author keywords

Atrophy; Bed rest; Immobilization; Limb suspension; Unloading

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; AIRPLANE CREW; BED REST; DATA BASE; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; GRAVITY; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; LEG; MICROGRAVITY; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPACE FLIGHT; VELOCITY;

EID: 0344845330     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00346.2003     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (348)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 85046912321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human unilateral lower limb suspension as a model for spaceflight effects on skeletal muscle
    • Adams GR. Human unilateral lower limb suspension as a model for spaceflight effects on skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 93: 1563-1565, 2002.
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol , vol.93 , pp. 1563-1565
    • Adams, G.R.1
  • 2
    • 0027970860 scopus 로고
    • Effect of short-term unweighting on human skeletal muscle strength and size
    • Adams GR, Hather BM, and Dudley GA. Effect of short-term unweighting on human skeletal muscle strength and size. Aviat Space Environ Med 65: 1116-1121, 1994.
    • (1994) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.65 , pp. 1116-1121
    • Adams, G.R.1    Hather, B.M.2    Dudley, G.A.3
  • 3
    • 0034842808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivity and muscle: Effect of resistance training during bed rest on muscle size in the lower limb
    • Akima H, Kubo K, Imai M, Kanehisa H, Suzuki Y, Gunji A, and Fukunaga T. Inactivity and muscle: effect of resistance training during bed rest on muscle size in the lower limb. Acta Physiol Scand 172: 269-278, 2001.
    • (2001) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.172 , pp. 269-278
    • Akima, H.1    Kubo, K.2    Imai, M.3    Kanehisa, H.4    Suzuki, Y.5    Gunji, A.6    Fukunaga, T.7
  • 4
    • 0030622180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of 20 days of bed rest on physiological cross-sectional area of human thigh and leg muscles evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging
    • Akima H, Kuno S, Suzuki Y, Gunji A, and Fukunaga T. Effects of 20 days of bed rest on physiological cross-sectional area of human thigh and leg muscles evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. J Gravit Physiol 4: S15-S21, 1997.
    • (1997) J Gravit Physiol , vol.4
    • Akima, H.1    Kuno, S.2    Suzuki, Y.3    Gunji, A.4    Fukunaga, T.5
  • 8
    • 0025727193 scopus 로고
    • Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in man
    • Berg HE, Dudley GA, Haggmark T, Ohlsen H, and Tesch PA. Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in man. J Appl Physiol 70: 1882-1885, 1991.
    • (1991) J Appl Physiol , vol.70 , pp. 1882-1885
    • Berg, H.E.1    Dudley, G.A.2    Haggmark, T.3    Ohlsen, H.4    Tesch, P.A.5
  • 9
    • 0027250891 scopus 로고
    • Work capacity and metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the human quadriceps muscle in response to unloading
    • Berg HE, Dudley GA, Hather B, and Tesch PA. Work capacity and metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the human quadriceps muscle in response to unloading. Clin Physiol 13: 337-347, 1993.
    • (1993) Clin Physiol , vol.13 , pp. 337-347
    • Berg, H.E.1    Dudley, G.A.2    Hather, B.3    Tesch, P.A.4
  • 10
    • 0031028476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest
    • Berg HE, Larsson L, and Tesch PA. Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest. J Appl Physiol 82: 182-188, 1997.
    • (1997) J Appl Physiol , vol.82 , pp. 182-188
    • Berg, H.E.1    Larsson, L.2    Tesch, P.A.3
  • 11
    • 0029880850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in muscle function in response to 10 days of lower limb unloading in humans
    • Berg HE and Tesch PA. Changes in muscle function in response to 10 days of lower limb unloading in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 157: 63-70, 1996.
    • (1996) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.157 , pp. 63-70
    • Berg, H.E.1    Tesch, P.A.2
  • 12
    • 0014792189 scopus 로고
    • Summary of medical experience in the Apollo 7 through 11 manned spaceflights
    • Berry CA. Summary of medical experience in the Apollo 7 through 11 manned spaceflights. Aerospace Med 41: 500-519, 1970.
    • (1970) Aerospace Med , vol.41 , pp. 500-519
    • Berry, C.A.1
  • 13
    • 0027245774 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lower limb muscles during bed rest - A microgravity simulation model
    • Berry P, Berry I, and Manelfe C. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lower limb muscles during bed rest-a microgravity simulation model. Aviat Space Environ Med 64: 212-218, 1993.
    • (1993) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.64 , pp. 212-218
    • Berry, P.1    Berry, I.2    Manelfe, C.3
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0029977960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of limb immobilization on cytochrome-c oxidase activity and GLUT4 and GLUT5 protein expression in human skeletal muscle
    • Blakemore SJ, Rickhuss PK, Watt PW, Rennie MJ, and Hundal HS. Effects of limb immobilization on cytochrome-c oxidase activity and GLUT4 and GLUT5 protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 91: 591-599, 1996.
    • (1996) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.91 , pp. 591-599
    • Blakemore, S.J.1    Rickhuss, P.K.2    Watt, P.W.3    Rennie, M.J.4    Hundal, H.S.5
  • 16
    • 0028281614 scopus 로고
    • Effect of spaceflight on skeletal muscle: Mechanical properties and myosin isoform content of a slow muscle
    • Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Tao M, and Baldwin KM. Effect of spaceflight on skeletal muscle: mechanical properties and myosin isoform content of a slow muscle. J Appl Physiol 76: 1764-1773, 1994.
    • (1994) J Appl Physiol , vol.76 , pp. 1764-1773
    • Caiozzo, V.J.1    Baker, M.J.2    Herrick, R.E.3    Tao, M.4    Baldwin, K.M.5
  • 17
    • 0030055292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microgravity-induced transformations of myosin isoforms and contractile properties of skeletal muscle
    • Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Prietto N, and Baldwin KM. Microgravity-induced transformations of myosin isoforms and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 81: 123-132, 1996.
    • (1996) J Appl Physiol , vol.81 , pp. 123-132
    • Caiozzo, V.J.1    Haddad, F.2    Baker, M.J.3    Herrick, R.E.4    Prietto, N.5    Baldwin, K.M.6
  • 18
    • 0025177614 scopus 로고
    • Physiological adaptations to weightlessness: Effects on exercise and work performance
    • Convertino VA. Physiological adaptations to weightlessness: effects on exercise and work performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 18: 119-165, 1990.
    • (1990) Exerc Sport Sci Rev , vol.18 , pp. 119-165
    • Convertino, V.A.1
  • 19
    • 0024392820 scopus 로고
    • Changes in volume, muscle compartment, and compliance of the lower extremities in man following 30 days of exposure to simulated microgravity
    • Convertino VA, Doerr DF, Mathes KL, Stein SL, and Buchanan P. Changes in volume, muscle compartment, and compliance of the lower extremities in man following 30 days of exposure to simulated microgravity. Avait Space Environ Med 60: 653-658, 1989.
    • (1989) Avait Space Environ Med , vol.60 , pp. 653-658
    • Convertino, V.A.1    Doerr, D.F.2    Mathes, K.L.3    Stein, S.L.4    Buchanan, P.5
  • 20
    • 0023157120 scopus 로고
    • Electrically evoked contractions of the triceps surae during and following 21 days of voluntary leg immobilization
    • Davies CT, Rutherford IC, and Thomas DO. Electrically evoked contractions of the triceps surae during and following 21 days of voluntary leg immobilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 56: 306-312, 1987.
    • (1987) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.56 , pp. 306-312
    • Davies, C.T.1    Rutherford, I.C.2    Thomas, D.O.3
  • 24
    • 0024379102 scopus 로고
    • Alterations of the in vivo torque-velocity relationship of human skeletal muscle following 30 days exposure to simulated microgravity
    • Dudley GA, Duvoisin MR, Convertino MR, and Buchanan P. Alterations of the in vivo torque-velocity relationship of human skeletal muscle following 30 days exposure to simulated microgravity. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 659-663, 1989.
    • (1989) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.60 , pp. 659-663
    • Dudley, G.A.1    Duvoisin, M.R.2    Convertino, M.R.3    Buchanan, P.4
  • 26
    • 0024311309 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of preliminary observations of the influence of electromyo-stimulation on the size and function of human skeletal muscle during 30 days
    • Duvoisin MR, Convertino VA, Buchanan P, Gollnick PD, and Dudley GA. Characteristics of preliminary observations of the influence of electromyo-stimulation on the size and function of human skeletal muscle during 30 days. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 671-678, 1989.
    • (1989) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.60 , pp. 671-678
    • Duvoisin, M.R.1    Convertino, V.A.2    Buchanan, P.3    Gollnick, P.D.4    Dudley, G.A.5
  • 28
    • 0029148980 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging quantitation of changes in muscle volume during 7 days of strict bed rest
    • Ferrando AA, Stuart CA, Brunder DG, and Hillman GR. Magnetic resonance imaging quantitation of changes in muscle volume during 7 days of strict bed rest. Aviat Space Environ Med 66: 976-981, 1995.
    • (1995) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.66 , pp. 976-981
    • Ferrando, A.A.1    Stuart, C.A.2    Brunder, D.G.3    Hillman, G.R.4
  • 30
    • 0036670278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibre-type specific concentration of focal adhesion kinase at the sarcolemma: Influence of fibre innervation and regeneration
    • Fluck M, Ziemiecki A, Billeter R, and Muntener M. Fibre-type specific concentration of focal adhesion kinase at the sarcolemma: influence of fibre innervation and regeneration. J Exp Biol 205: 2337-2348, 2002.
    • (2002) J Exp Biol , vol.205 , pp. 2337-2348
    • Fluck, M.1    Ziemiecki, A.2    Billeter, R.3    Muntener, M.4
  • 31
    • 0030622196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in force-velocity and power output of upper and lower extremity musculature in young subjects following 20 days bed rest
    • Funato K, Matsuo A, Yata H, Akima H, Suzuki Y, Gunji A, and Fukunaga T. Changes in force-velocity and power output of upper and lower extremity musculature in young subjects following 20 days bed rest. J Gravit Physiol 4: S22-S30, 1997.
    • (1997) J Gravit Physiol , vol.4
    • Funato, K.1    Matsuo, A.2    Yata, H.3    Akima, H.4    Suzuki, Y.5    Gunji, A.6    Fukunaga, T.7
  • 34
    • 0007840598 scopus 로고
    • Human capabilities in the space environment
    • edited by Nicogssian AE, Huntoon CL, and Pool SL. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger
    • Greenisen MC and Edgerton VR. Human capabilities in the space environment. In: Space Physiology and Medicine, edited by Nicogssian AE, Huntoon CL, and Pool SL. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994, p. 194-210.
    • (1994) Space Physiology and Medicine , pp. 194-210
    • Greenisen, M.C.1    Edgerton, V.R.2
  • 36
    • 0031054834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive exercise training during bed rest attenuates deconditioning
    • Greenleaf JE. Intensive exercise training during bed rest attenuates deconditioning. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: 207-215, 1997.
    • (1997) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.29 , pp. 207-215
    • Greenleaf, J.E.1
  • 38
    • 0026589341 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle responses to lower limb suspension in humans
    • Hather BM, Adams GR, Tesch PA, and Dudley GA. Skeletal muscle responses to lower limb suspension in humans. J Appl Physiol 72: 1493-1498, 1992.
    • (1992) J Appl Physiol , vol.72 , pp. 1493-1498
    • Hather, B.M.1    Adams, G.R.2    Tesch, P.A.3    Dudley, G.A.4
  • 40
    • 0024327076 scopus 로고
    • Structural and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle following 30 days of simulated microgravity
    • Hikida RS, Gollnick PD, Dudley GA, Convertino VA, and Buchanan P. Structural and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle following 30 days of simulated microgravity. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 664-670, 1989.
    • (1989) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.60 , pp. 664-670
    • Hikida, R.S.1    Gollnick, P.D.2    Dudley, G.A.3    Convertino, V.A.4    Buchanan, P.5
  • 41
    • 0343133874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans
    • Hortobágyi T, Dempsey L, Fraser D, Zheng D, Hamilton G, Lambert J, and Dohm L. Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J Physiol 524: 293-304, 2000.
    • (2000) J Physiol , vol.524 , pp. 293-304
    • Hortobágyi, T.1    Dempsey, L.2    Fraser, D.3    Zheng, D.4    Hamilton, G.5    Lambert, J.6    Dohm, L.7
  • 42
    • 0001800343 scopus 로고
    • Muscle structure and function
    • edited by Nicogssian AE, Huntoon CL, and SL Pool. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger
    • Jaweed MM. Muscle structure and function In: Space Physiology and Medicine, edited by Nicogssian AE, Huntoon CL, and SL Pool. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994, p. 317-326.
    • (1994) Space Physiology and Medicine , pp. 317-326
    • Jaweed, M.M.1
  • 43
    • 0025317119 scopus 로고
    • Running during recovery from hindlimb suspension induces transient muscle injury
    • Kasper CE, White TP, and Maxwell LC. Running during recovery from hindlimb suspension induces transient muscle injury. J Appl Physiol 68: 533-539, 1990.
    • (1990) J Appl Physiol , vol.68 , pp. 533-539
    • Kasper, C.E.1    White, T.P.2    Maxwell, L.C.3
  • 46
    • 0035059504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of monkey triceps muscle fibers in microgravity conditions
    • Kischel P, Stevens L, Montel V, Picquet F, and Mounier Y. Plasticity of monkey triceps muscle fibers in microgravity conditions. J Appl Physiol 90: 1825-1832, 2001.
    • (2001) J Appl Physiol , vol.90 , pp. 1825-1832
    • Kischel, P.1    Stevens, L.2    Montel, V.3    Picquet, F.4    Mounier, Y.5
  • 47
    • 0029069555 scopus 로고
    • Contractile properties of the human triceps surae muscle during simulated weightlessness
    • Koryak Y. Contractile properties of the human triceps surae muscle during simulated weightlessness. Eur J Appl Physiol 70: 344-350, 1995.
    • (1995) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.70 , pp. 344-350
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 48
    • 0029760243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical and electrical changes in human muscle after dry immersion
    • Koryak Y. Mechanical and electrical changes in human muscle after dry immersion. Eur J Appl Physiol 74: 133-140, 1996.
    • (1996) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.74 , pp. 133-140
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 49
    • 0031872383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of 120 days of bed-rest with and without countermeasures on the mechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle in young women
    • Koryak Y. Effect of 120 days of bed-rest with and without countermeasures on the mechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle in young women. Eur J Appl Physiol 78: 128-135, 1998.
    • (1998) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.78 , pp. 128-135
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 50
    • 0032958154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical and contractile parameters of muscle in man: Effects of 7-day "dry" water immersion
    • Koryak Y. Electrical and contractile parameters of muscle in man: effects of 7-day "dry" water immersion. Aviat Space Environ Med 70: 459-464, 1999.
    • (1999) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.70 , pp. 459-464
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 51
    • 0032917164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of long-term simulated microgravity on neuromuscular performance in men and women
    • Koryak Y. The effects of long-term simulated microgravity on neuromuscular performance in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 79: 168-175, 1999.
    • (1999) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.79 , pp. 168-175
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 52
    • 0035233391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrically evoked and voluntary properties of the human triceps surae muscle: Effects of long-term spaceflights
    • Koryak Y. Electrically evoked and voluntary properties of the human triceps surae muscle: effects of long-term spaceflights. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 26: 21-27, 2001.
    • (2001) Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg , vol.26 , pp. 21-27
    • Koryak, Y.1
  • 53
    • 0031904973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of 120-days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest on the functional properties of the neuromuscular system in man
    • Koryak YA. Influence of 120-days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest on the functional properties of the neuromuscular system in man. Aviat Space Environ Med 69: 766-770, 1998.
    • (1998) Aviat Space Environ Med , vol.69 , pp. 766-770
    • Koryak, Y.A.1
  • 55
    • 0345581785 scopus 로고
    • Reactions of human skeletal muscle fibers to a 370-day period of hypokinesia with head down tilt combined with physical exercise
    • Kuznetsov SL and Stepantsov W. Reactions of human skeletal muscle fibers to a 370-day period of hypokinesia with head down tilt combined with physical exercise. USSR Space Life Sci Digest 30: 48-52, 1991.
    • (1991) USSR Space Life Sci Digest , vol.30 , pp. 48-52
    • Kuznetsov, S.L.1    Stepantsov, W.2
  • 56
    • 0035173124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term spaceflight on mechanical properties of muscles in humans
    • Lambertz D, Perot C, Kaspranski R, and Goubel F. Effects of long-term spaceflight on mechanical properties of muscles in humans. J Appl Physiol 90: 179-188, 2001.
    • (2001) J Appl Physiol , vol.90 , pp. 179-188
    • Lambertz, D.1    Perot, C.2    Kaspranski, R.3    Goubel, F.4
  • 57
    • 0031015448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ground-based and space flight energy expenditure and water turnover in middle-aged healthy male US astronauts
    • Lane HW, Gretebeck RJ, Schoeller DA, Davis-Street J, Socki RA, and Gibson EK. Comparison of ground-based and space flight energy expenditure and water turnover in middle-aged healthy male US astronauts. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 4-12, 1997.
    • (1997) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.65 , pp. 4-12
    • Lane, H.W.1    Gretebeck, R.J.2    Schoeller, D.A.3    Davis-Street, J.4    Socki, R.A.5    Gibson, E.K.6
  • 58
    • 0021075581 scopus 로고
    • The endocrine and metabolic responses to space flight
    • Leach CS and Altchuler SI. The endocrine and metabolic responses to space flight. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15: 432-440, 1983.
    • (1983) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.15 , pp. 432-440
    • Leach, C.S.1    Altchuler, S.I.2
  • 64
    • 0030854092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning: A nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance
    • Levine BD, Zuckerman JH, and Pawelczyk JA. Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning: a nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance. Circulation 96: 517-525, 1997.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 517-525
    • Levine, B.D.1    Zuckerman, J.H.2    Pawelczyk, J.A.3
  • 66
    • 0027501854 scopus 로고
    • Changes in markers of bone formation and resorption in a bed rest model of weightlessness
    • Lueken SA, Arnaud SB, Taylor AK, and Baylink DJ. Changes in markers of bone formation and resorption in a bed rest model of weightlessness. Bone Miner 8: 1433-1438, 1993.
    • (1993) Bone Miner , vol.8 , pp. 1433-1438
    • Lueken, S.A.1    Arnaud, S.B.2    Taylor, A.K.3    Baylink, D.J.4
  • 70
    • 0030667284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in electrically evoked skeletal muscle contractions during 17-day spaceflight and bed rest
    • Narici MV, Kayser B, Barattini P, and Cerretelli P. Changes in electrically evoked skeletal muscle contractions during 17-day spaceflight and bed rest. Int J Sports Med 18: S290-S292, 1997.
    • (1997) Int J Sports Med , vol.18
    • Narici, M.V.1    Kayser, B.2    Barattini, P.3    Cerretelli, P.4
  • 82
    • 0018319890 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of atrophy by isometric exercise of a casted leg
    • Rozier CK, Elder JD, and Brown M. Prevention of atrophy by isometric exercise of a casted leg. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 19: 191-194, 1979.
    • (1979) J Sports Med Phys Fitness , vol.19 , pp. 191-194
    • Rozier, C.K.1    Elder, J.D.2    Brown, M.3
  • 83
    • 0035948579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase
    • Schaller MD. Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1540: 1-21, 2001.
    • (2001) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1540 , pp. 1-21
    • Schaller, M.D.1
  • 84
    • 0036165649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans
    • Schulze K, Gallagher P, and Trappe S. Resistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 303-313, 2002.
    • (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.34 , pp. 303-313
    • Schulze, K.1    Gallagher, P.2    Trappe, S.3
  • 85
    • 0034040305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyrotropin regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells
    • Sellitti DF, Dennison D, Akamizu T, Doi SQ, Kohn LD, and Koshiyama H. Thyrotropin regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Thyroid 10: 219-225, 2000.
    • (2000) Thyroid , vol.10 , pp. 219-225
    • Sellitti, D.F.1    Dennison, D.2    Akamizu, T.3    Doi, S.Q.4    Kohn, L.D.5    Koshiyama, H.6
  • 88
    • 0033256941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and muscle loss in humans during spaceflight
    • Stein TP. Nutrition and muscle loss in humans during spaceflight. Adv Space Biol Med 7: 49-97, 1999.
    • (1999) Adv Space Biol Med , vol.7 , pp. 49-97
    • Stein, T.P.1
  • 89
    • 0034973584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition in the space station era
    • Stein TP. Nutrition in the space station era. Nutr Res Rev 14: 87-117, 2001.
    • (2001) Nutr Res Rev , vol.14 , pp. 87-117
    • Stein, T.P.1
  • 91
    • 0034976747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of the human endocrine system to microgravity in the context of integrative physiology and ageing. Pflügers
    • Strollo F. Adaptation of the human endocrine system to microgravity in the context of integrative physiology and ageing. Pflügers Arch 441: R85-R90, 2000.
    • (2000) Arch , vol.441
    • Strollo, F.1
  • 92
    • 0033020149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance training affects GLUT-4 content in skeletal muscle of humans after 19 days of head-down bed rest
    • Tabata I, Suzuki Y, Fukunaga T, Yokozeki T, Akima H, and Funato K. Resistance training affects GLUT-4 content in skeletal muscle of humans after 19 days of head-down bed rest. J Appl Physiol 86: 909-914, 1999.
    • (1999) J Appl Physiol , vol.86 , pp. 909-914
    • Tabata, I.1    Suzuki, Y.2    Fukunaga, T.3    Yokozeki, T.4    Akima, H.5    Funato, K.6
  • 94
    • 0001458303 scopus 로고
    • Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in space flight
    • edited by Johnson RS and Deitlein LF. Washington, DC: NASA
    • Thorton WE and Rummel JA. Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in space flight. In: Biomedical Results From Skylab, edited by Johnson RS and Deitlein LF. Washington, DC: NASA, 1977, p. 191-197.
    • (1977) Biomedical Results from Skylab , pp. 191-197
    • Thorton, W.E.1    Rummel, J.A.2
  • 95
    • 0032959327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage invasion does not contribute to muscle membrane injury during inflammation
    • Tidball JG, Berchenko E, and Frenette J. Macrophage invasion does not contribute to muscle membrane injury during inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 65: 492-498, 1999.
    • (1999) J Leukoc Biol , vol.65 , pp. 492-498
    • Tidball, J.G.1    Berchenko, E.2    Frenette, J.3
  • 96
    • 0029791313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine and immune system responses with spaceflights
    • Tipton CM, Greenleaf JE, and Jackson CG. Neuroendocrine and immune system responses with spaceflights. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 988-998, 1996.
    • (1996) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.28 , pp. 988-998
    • Tipton, C.M.1    Greenleaf, J.E.2    Jackson, C.G.3
  • 100
    • 0021684003 scopus 로고
    • The effects of short-term voluntary immobilization on the contractile properties of the human triceps surae
    • White MJ, Davies CT, and Brooksby P. The effects of short-term voluntary immobilization on the contractile properties of the human triceps surae. Q J Exp Physiol 69: 685-691, 1984.
    • (1984) Q J Exp Physiol , vol.69 , pp. 685-691
    • White, M.J.1    Davies, C.T.2    Brooksby, P.3
  • 105
    • 0035986076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unilateral lower limb suspension does not mimic bed rest or spaceflight effects on human muscle fiber function
    • Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Romatowski JG, Riley DA, Costill DL, and Fitts RH. Unilateral lower limb suspension does not mimic bed rest or spaceflight effects on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol 93: 354-360, 2002.
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol , vol.93 , pp. 354-360
    • Widrick, J.J.1    Trappe, S.W.2    Romatowski, J.G.3    Riley, D.A.4    Costill, D.L.5    Fitts, R.H.6
  • 107
    • 0033205183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased after prolonged bed rest with low-dose T3 administration
    • Zachwieja JJ, Smith SR, Sinha-Hikim I, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, and Bhasin S. Plasma myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased after prolonged bed rest with low-dose T3 administration. J Gravit Physiol 6: 11-15, 1999.
    • (1999) J Gravit Physiol , vol.6 , pp. 11-15
    • Zachwieja, J.J.1    Smith, S.R.2    Sinha-Hikim, I.3    Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.4    Bhasin, S.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.