Procedural pain management for neonates using nonpharmacological strategies

Advances in Neonatal Care

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 235-241

  Fernandes, Ananda ^a   Campbell Yeo, Marsha ^b,c   Johnston, C Celeste ^b,c  

^a ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE ENFERMAGEM DE COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Containment; Developmental care; Neonatal intensive care unit; Neonates; Nonnutritive sucking; Nonpharmacological interventions; Oral sucrose; Pain; Pain management; Preterm neonates; Procedural pain; Swaddling

Indexed keywords

SUCROSE;

ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NURSING; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATIENT POSITIONING; PREMATURITY;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INTENSIVE CARE, NEONATAL; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PATIENT POSITIONING; SUCROSE;

EID: 80053636465     PISSN: 15360903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e318225a2c2     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Simons SH, van DM, Anand KS, Roofthooft D, van Lingen RA, Tibboel D. Do we still hurt newborn babies? A prospective study of procedural pain and analgesia in neonates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(11):1058-1064. (Pubitemid 37433169)
2. Johnston CC, Collinge JM, Henderson SJ, Anand KJ. A cross-sectional survey of pain and pharmacological analgesia in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. Clin J Pain. 1997;13(4):308-312. (Pubitemid 28028095)
3. Stevens B, McGrath P, Gibbins S, et al. Procedural pain in newborns at risk for neurologic impairment. Pain. 2003;105(1,2):27-35. (Pubitemid 37162470)
4. Barker DP, Rutter N. Exposure to invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995;72(1):F47-F48.
5. Gharavi B, Schott C, Nelle M, Reiter G, Linderkamp O. Pain management and the effect of guidelines in neonatal units in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Pediatr Int. 2007;49(5):652-658. (Pubitemid 47414923)
6. Lago P, Guadagni A, Merazzi D, Ancora G, Bellieni CV, Cavazza A. Pain management in the neonatal intensive care unit: a national survey in Italy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15(11):925-931. (Pubitemid 43961307)
7. Harrison D, Loughnan P, Johnston L. Pain assessment and procedural pain management practices in neonatal units in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(1,2):6-9.
8. Porter FL, Wolf CM, Gold J, Lotsoff D, Miller JP. Pain and pain management in newborn infants: a survey of physicians and nurses. Pediatr. 1997;100(4):626-632. (Pubitemid 27425986)
9. Carbajal R, Rousset A, Danan C, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of painful procedures in neonates in intensive care units. JAMA. 2008;300(1):60-70. (Pubitemid 351920405)
10. Johnston CC, Stevens BJ. Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response. Pediatr. 1996;98(5):925-930. (Pubitemid 26398777)
11. Grunau RE, Oberlander TF, Whitfield MF, Fitzgerald C, Lee SK. Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional age. Pediatr. 2001;107(1):105-112. (Pubitemid 32055423)
12. Grunau RV, Whitfield MF, Petrie JH. Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low-birth-weight premature toddlers and preterm and full-term controls. Pain. 1994;58(3):341-346. (Pubitemid 24284076)
13. Oberlander TF, Grunau RE, Whitfield MF, Fitzgerald C, Pitfield S, Saul JP. Biobehavioral pain responses in former extremely low birth weight infants at four months' corrected age. Pediatr. 2000;105(1):e6.
14. Grunau RE, Holsti L, Haley DW, et al. Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU. Pain. 2005;113(3):293-300. (Pubitemid 40127510)
15. Slater R, Fitzgerald M, Meek J. Can cortical responses following noxious stimulation inform us about pain processing in neonates? Semin Perinatol. 2007;31(5):298-302. (Pubitemid 47464603)
16. Slater R, Cantarella A, Gallella S, et al. Cortical pain responses in human infants. J Neurosci. 2006;26(14):3662-3666.
17. Larsson BA, Norman M, Bjerring P, Egekvist H, Lagercrantz H, Olsson GL. Regional variations in skin perfusion and skin thickness may contribute to varying efficacy of topical, local anaesthetics in neonates. Paediatr Anaesth. 1996;6(2):107-110. (Pubitemid 126439104)
18. Stevens B, Johnston C, Taddio A, et al. Management of pain from heel lance with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream: is it safe and efficacious in preterm infants? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1999;20(4):216-221.
19. Carbajal R, Lenclen R, Jugie M, Paupe A, Barton BA, Anand KJ. Morphine does not provide adequate analgesia for acute procedural pain among preterm neonates. Pediatr. 2005;115(6):1494-1500. (Pubitemid 43843156)
20. Shah V, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Randomised controlled trial of paracetamol for heel prick pain in neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998;79(3):F209-F211. (Pubitemid 28500679)
21. Aita M, Snider L. The art of developmental care in the NICU: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2003;41(3):223-232. (Pubitemid 37260245)
22. Als H, Gilkerson L. The role of relationship-based developmentally supportive newborn intensive care in strengthening outcome of preterm infants. Semin Perinatol. 1997;21(3):178-189. (Pubitemid 27264179)
23. Als H. Towards a synactive theory of development: promise for the assessment of infant individuality. Infant Mental Health J. 1982;(3):229-243.
24. Westrup Br. Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)-family-centered developmentally supportive care. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(7):443-449.
25. Sizun J, Ansquer H, Browne J, Tordjman S, Morin JF. Developmental care decreases physiologic and behavioral pain expression in preterm neonates. J Pain. 2002;3(6):446-450. (Pubitemid 35462620)
26. Huang C, Tung W, Kuo L, Chang Y. Comparison of pain responses of premature infants to the heelstick between containment and swaddling. J Nurs Research. 2004;12(1):31-40.
27. Axelin A, Salantera S, Lehtonen L. "Facilitated tucking by parents" in pain management of preterm infants-a randomized crossover trial. Early Hum Dev. 2006;82(4):241-247.
28. Corff KE, Seideman R, Venkataraman PS, Lutes L, Yates B. Facilitated tucking: a nonpharmacologic comfort measure for pain in preterm neonates. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1995;24(2):143-147.
29. Axelin A, Salantera S, Kirjavainen J, Lehtonen L. Oral glucose and parental holding preferable to opioid in pain management in preterm infants. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(2):138-145.
30. Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A. Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996 ;12(1):13-22. (Pubitemid 26128581)
31. Lawrence J, Alcock D, McGrath P, Kay J, MacMurray SB, Dulberg C. The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain. Neonatal Netw. 1993;12(6):59-66.
32. Ward-Larson C, Horn RA, Gosnell F. The efficacy of facilitated tucking for relieving procedural pain of endotracheal suctioning in very low birthweight infants. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2004;29(3):151-156.
33. Aucott S, Donohue PK, Atkins E, Allen MC. Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(4):298-308. (Pubitemid 35453801)
34. van Sleuwen BE, Engelberts AC, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Kuis W, Schulpen TWJ, L' Hoir MP. Swaddling: a systematic review. Pediatr. 2007;120(4): e1097-e1106. (Pubitemid 47549575)
35. Campos RG. Soothing pain-elicited distress in infants with swaddling and pacifiers. Child Dev. 1989;60(4):781-792.
36. Fearon I, Kisilevsky BS, Hains SM, Muir DW, Tranmer J. Swaddling after heel lance: age-specific effects on behavioral recovery in preterm infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1997;18(4):222-232. (Pubitemid 127454829)
37. Prasopkittikun T, Tilokskulchai F. Management of pain from heel stick in neonates: an analysis of research conducted in Thailand. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2003;17(4):304-312.
38. Hutchison AA, Ross KR, Russell G. The effect of posture on ventilation and lung mechanics in preterm and light-for-date infants. Pediatr. 1979;64(4):429-432. (Pubitemid 9247599)
39. Martin RJ, Herrell N, Rubin D, Fanaroff A. Effect of supine and prone positions on arterial oxygen tension in the preterm infant. Pediatr. 1979;63(4):528-531. (Pubitemid 9125458)
40. Masterson J, Zucker C, Schulze K. Prone and supine positioning effects on energy expenditure and behavior of low birth weight neonates. Pediatr. 1987;80(5):689-692. (Pubitemid 18060589)
41. Brackbill Y, Douthitt TC, West H. Psychophysiologic effects in the neonate of prone versus supine placement. J Pediatr. 1973;82(1):82-84.
42. Goto K, Mirmiran M, Adams MM, et al. More awakenings and heart rate variability during supine sleep in preterm infants. Pediatr, 1999;103(3):603-609. (Pubitemid 29274508)
43. Stevens B, Johnston C, Franck L, Petryshen P, Jack A, Foster G. The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates. Nurs Res. 1999;48(1):35-43.
44. Grunau RE, Linhares MB, Holsti L, Oberlander TF, Whitfield MF. Does prone or supine position influence pain responses in preterm infants at 32 weeks gestational age? Clin J Pain. 2004;20(2):76-82. (Pubitemid 38252752)
45. Campos RG. Rocking and pacifiers: two comforting interventions for heelstick pain. Res Nurs Health. 1994;17(5):321-331.
46. Mathai S, Natrajan N, Rajalakshmi NR. A comparative study of nonpharmacological methods to reduce pain in neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2006;43(12):1070-1075. (Pubitemid 46021076)
47. Carbajal R, Paupe A, Hoenn E, Lenclen R, Olivier-Martin M. DAN: une échelle comportamentale d' évaluation de la douleur aigue du nouveau-né. Arch Pediatr. 1997;4:623-628. (Pubitemid 27287262)
48. Barnard KE, Bee HL. The impact of temporally patterned stimulation on the development of preterm infants. Child Dev. 1983;54(5):1156-1167.
49. Johnston CC, Stremler RL, Stevens BJ, Horton LJ. Effectiveness of oral sucrose and simulated rocking on pain response in preterm neonates. Pain. 1997;72(1,2):193-199. (Pubitemid 27321917)
50. Jain S, Kumar P, McMillan DD. Prior leg massage decreases pain responses to heel stick in preterm babies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(9):505-508. (Pubitemid 44252520)
51. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Procedural pain heart rate responses in massaged preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2009;32(2):226-229.
52. Lund I, Ge Y, Yu LC et al. Repeated massage-like stimulation induces long-term effects on nociception: contribution of oxytocinergic mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;16(2):330-338. (Pubitemid 36160251)
53. Field T, Goldson E. Pacifying effects of nonnutritive sucking on term and preterm neonates during heelstick procedures. Pediatr. 1984;74(6):1012.
54. Corbo MG, Mansi G, Stagni A, et al. Nonnutritive sucking during heelstick procedures decreases behavioral distress in the newborn infant. Biol Neonate. 2000;77(3):162-167. (Pubitemid 30166965)
55. Shiao SY, Chang YJ, Lannon H, Yarandi H. Meta-analysis of the effects of nonnutritive sucking on heart rate and peripheral oxygenation: research from the past 30 years. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 1997;20(1):11-24. (Pubitemid 127458287)
56. Carbajal R, Chauvet X, Couderc S, Olivier-Martin M. Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates. BMJ. 1999;319(7222):1393-1397.
57. Boyle EM, Freer Y, Khan-Orakzai Z, et al. Sucrose and non-nutritive sucking for the relief of pain in screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91(3):F166-F168. (Pubitemid 43667612)
58. Blass EM, Ciaramitaro V. A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: taste and tactile determinants of state, affect, and action. Res Child Dev. 1994;59(1):I.
59. Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants. Pediatr. 1991;87(2):215-218.
60. Akman I, Ozek E, Bilgen H, Ozdogan T, Cebeci D. Sweet solutions and pacifiers for pain relief in newborn infants. J Pain. 2002;3(3):199-202. (Pubitemid 34663608)
61. Gibbins S, Stevens B, Hodnett E, Pinelli J, Ohlsson A, Darlington G. Efficacy and safety of sucrose for procedural pain relief in preterm and term neonates. Nurs Res. 2002;51(6):375-382.
62. Stevens B, Yamada J, Beyene J, et al. Consistent management of repeated procedural pain with sucrose in preterm neonates: is it effective and safe for repeated use over time? Clin J Pain. 2005;21(6):543-548. (Pubitemid 41527744)
63. Carbajal R, Lenclen R, Gajdos V, Jugie M, Paupe A. Crossover trial of analgesic efficacy of glucose and pacifier in very preterm neonates during subcutaneous injections. Pediatr. 2002;110(2, pt 1):389-393. (Pubitemid 34833028)
64. Akcam M. Oral fructose solution as an analgesic in the newborn: a randomized, placebo-controlled and masked study. Pediatr Int. 2004;46(4):459-462. (Pubitemid 39119162)
65. Blass EM, Smith BA. Differential effects of sucrose, fructose, glucose, and lactose on crying in 1- to 3-day-old human infants. Dev Psychol. 1992;28(5):804.
66. Bucher HU, Baumgartner R, Bucher N, Seiler M, Fauchere JC. Artificial sweetener reduces nociceptive reaction in term newborn infants. Early Hum Dev. 2000;59(1):51-60. (Pubitemid 30658012)
67. Ramenghi LA, Griffith GC, Wood CM, Levene MI. Effect of non-sucrose sweet tasting solution on neonatal heel prick responses. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996;74(2):F129-F131.
68. Gaspardo CM, Linhares MB, Martinez FE. [The efficacy of sucrose for the relief of pain in neonates: a systematic review of the literature]. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(6):435-442.
69. Tsao JC, Evans S, Meldrum M, Altman T, Zeltzer LK. A review of CAM for procedural pain in infancy: part I. sucrose and non-nutritive sucking. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(4):371-381.
70. Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD001069.
71. Abad F, Diaz NM, Domenech E, Robayna M, Rico J. Oral sweet solution reduces pain-related behavior in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85(7):854-858. (Pubitemid 26267025)
72. Acharya AB, Annamali S, Taub NA, Field D. Oral sucrose analgesia for preterm infant venepuncture. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89(1):F17-F18. (Pubitemid 38125471)
73. Allen KD, White DD, Walburn JN. Sucrose as an Analgesic Agent for Infants During Immunization Injections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150(3):270-274. (Pubitemid 26086089)
74. Deshmukh LS, Udani RH. Analgesic effect of oral glucose in preterm infants during venipuncture-a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2002;48(3):138-141. (Pubitemid 34692818)
75. Grunau RE, Oberlander T, Holsti L, Whitfield MF. Bedside application of the Neonatal Facial Coding System in pain assessment of premature neonates. Pain. 1998;76(3):277-286. (Pubitemid 28342737)
76. Taddio A, Shah V, Hancock R, et al. Effectiveness of sucrose analgesia in newborns undergoing painful medical procedures. CMAJ. 2008;179(1):37-43. (Pubitemid 351969810)
77. Taddio A, Shah V, Gilbert-MacLeod C, Katz J. Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances. JAMA. 2002;288(7):857-861.
78. Akcam M, Ormeci AR. Oral hypertonic glucose spray: a practical alternative for analgesia in the newborn. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93(10):1330-1333. (Pubitemid 39273905)
79. Guala A, Pastore G, Liverani ME et al. Glucose or sucrose as an analgesic for newborns: a randomised controlled blind trial. Minerva Pediatr. 2001;53(4):271-274. (Pubitemid 33009605)
80. Bucher HU, Moser T, von SK, Keel M, Wolf M, Duc G. Sucrose reduces pain reaction to heel lancing in preterm infants: a placebo-controlled, randomized and masked study. Pediatr Res. 1995;38(3):332-335.
81. Abad F, Díaz-Gomez NM, Domenech E, Gonzalez D, Robayna M, Feria M. Oral sucrose compares favourably with lidocaine-prilocaine cream for pain relief during venepuncture in neonates. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(2):160-165. (Pubitemid 32222800)
82. Gradin M, Eriksson M, Holmqvist G, Holstein A, Schollin J. Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose compared with local anesthetic cream. Pediatr. 2002;110(6):1053-1057. (Pubitemid 35425177)
83. Blass EM, Shah A. Pain-reducing properties of sucrose in human newborns. Chem Senses. 1995;20(1):29-35.
84. Boyer K, Johnston C, Walker CD, Filion F, Sherrard A. Does sucrose analgesia promote physiologic stability in preterm neonates? Biol Neonate. 2004;85(1):26-31. (Pubitemid 38437644)
85. Johnston CC, Filion F, Snider L et al. Routine sucrose analgesia during the first week of life in neonates younger than 31 weeks' postconceptional age. Pediatr. 2002;110(3):523-528. (Pubitemid 34976680)
86. Gormally S, Barr RG, Wertheim L, Alkawaf R, Calinoiu N, Young SN. Contact and nutrient caregiving effects on newborn infant pain responses. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43(1):28-38. (Pubitemid 32123773)
87. Mucignat V, Ducrocq S, Lebas F, Mochel F, Baudon JJ, Gold F. [Analgesic effects of Emla cream and saccharose solution for subcutaneous injections in preterm newborns: a prospective study of 265 injections]. Arch Pediatr. 2004;11(8):921-925. (Pubitemid 39006248)
88. Johnston CC, Filion F, Snider L, et al. How much sucrose is too much sucrose? Pediatr. 2007;119(1):226.
89. Harrison D, Loughnan P, Manias E, Gordon I, Johnston L. Repeated doses of sucrose in infants continue to reduce procedural pain during prolonged hospitalizations. Nurs Res. 2009;58(6):427-434.
90. Gaspardo CM, Miyase CI, Chimello JT, Martinez FE, Linhares MB. Is pain relief equally efficacious and free of side effects with repeated doses of oral sucrose in preterm neonates? Pain. 2008;137(1):16-25. (Pubitemid 351794395)
91. Ramenghi LA, Evans DJ, Levene MI. "Sucrose analgesia": absorptive mechanism or taste perception? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.1999;80(2):F146-F147. (Pubitemid 29122219)
92. Blass E, Fitzgerald E, Kehoe P. Interactions between sucrose, pain and isolation distress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1987;26(3):483-489. (Pubitemid 17047718)
93. Gradin M, Schollin J. The role of endogenous opioids in mediating pain reduction by orally administered glucose among newborns. Pediatr. 2005;115(4):1004-1007.
94. Bach FW. Beta-endorphin in the brain. A role in nociception. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41(1, pt 2):133-140.
95. Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Stoffel L, et al. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(2):139-152. (Pubitemid 44820901)
96. Tsao JC, Evans S, Meldrum M, Altman T, Zeltzer LK. A Review of CAM for Procedural Pain in Infancy: Part II. Other Interventions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(4):399-407.
97. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Surgery, Canadian Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Prevention and management of pain in the neonate: an update. Pediatr. 2006;118(5):2231-2241.