Polymer hydrogels: A review

Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering

Volumn 50, Issue 14, 2011, Pages 1475-1486

  Laftah, Waham Ashaier ^a   Hashim, Shahrir ^a   Ibrahim, Akos N ^a  

^a Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Absorption capacity; Polymer hydrogels; Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels; Swelling

Indexed keywords

ABSORBENT CAPACITIES; ABSORPTION CAPACITY; APPLICATION OF POLYMERS; NETWORK STRUCTURES; POLYMER HYDROGELS; PREPARATION TECHNIQUE; SUPERABSORBENT POLYMER; SWELLING PROPERTIES;

DRIERS (MATERIALS); HYDROGELS; SWELLING;

POLYMERS;

EID: 80053606136     PISSN: 03602559     EISSN: 15256111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2011.593082     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Mailra, N.M.S.a.U. 2005 Supramolecular gels: Function and uses. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2005, 34, 821-836.
2. Zhang, J.; Wang, A. Study on superabsorbent composites. IX: Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/clay composites based on various clays. React. Funct. Polym. 2007, 67 (8), 737-745.
3. Wu, L.; Liu, M.; Rui, L. Preparation and properties of a doublecoated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99 (3), 547-554.
4. Guilherme, M.R.; Reis, A.V.; Takahashi, S.H.; Rubira, A.F.; Feitosa, J.P.A.; Muniz, E.C. Synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel by copolymerization of acrylamide and cashew gum modified with glycidyl methacrylate. Carbohydr. Polym. 2005, 61 (4), 464-471.
5. Liang, R.; Yuan, H.; Xi, G.; Zhou, Q. Synthesis of wheat straw-gpoly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent composites and release of urea from it. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 77 (2), 181-187.
6. Tang, Q.; Wu, J.; Sun, H.; Fan, S.; Hu, D.; Lin, J. Superabsorbent conducting hydrogel from poly(acrylamide-aniline) with thermosensitivity and release properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 2008, 73 (3), 473-481.
7. Qiu, Y.; Park, K. Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Advan. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 53 (3), 321-339.
8. Karadag, E.; Üzüm, Ö.B.; Saraydin, D.; Güven, O. Dynamic swelling behavior of [gamma]-radiation induced polyelectrolyte poly (AAm-co-CA) hydrogels in urea solutions. Intern. J. Pharmaceut. 2005, 301 (1-2), 102-111.
9. Patachia, S.; Valente, A.J.M.; Baciu, C. Effect of non-associated electrolyte solutions on the behaviour of poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels. Euro. Polym. J. 2007, 43 (2), 460-467.
10. Raj Singh, T.R.; McCarron, P.A.; Woolfson, A.D.; Donnelly, R.F. Investigation of swelling and network parameters of poly(ethylene glycol)-crosslinked poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) hydrogels. Euro. Polym. J. 2009, 45 (4), 1239-1249.
11. Xuequan, L.; Maolin, Z.; Jiuqiang, L.; Hongfei, H. Radiation preparation and thermo-response swelling of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of PNIPAAm and PMMA. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2000, 57 (3-6), 477-480.
12. Liu, P.; Peng, J.; Li, J.; Wu, J. Radiation crosslinking of CMC-Na at low dose and its application as infstitute for hydrogel. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2005, 72 (5), 635-638.
13. Tian, Y. Characterization of nitrate ions adsorption and diffusion in P(DMAEMA/HEMA) hydrogels. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2008, 19 (9), 1111-1114.
14. Katime, I., Novoa, R.; Díaz de Apodaca, E.; Mendizábal, E.; Puig, J. Theophylline release from poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels. Polym. Test. 1999, 18 (7), 559-566.
15. Farris, S., Schaich, K.M.; Liu, L.; Piergiovanni, L.; Yam, K.L. Development of polyion-complex hydrogels as an alternative approach for the production of bio-based polymers for food packaging applications: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 20 (8), 316-332.
16. Davies, L.C.; Novais, J.M.; Martins-Dias, S. Influence of salts and phenolic compounds on olive mill wastewater detoxification using superabsorbent polymers. Bioresour. Technol. 2004, 95 (3), 259-268.
17. Rokhade, A.P.; Agnihotri, S.A.; Patil, S.A.; Mallikarjuna, N.N.; Kulkarni, P.V.; Aminabhavi, T.M. Semi-interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of gelatin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for controlled release of ketorolac tromethamine. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 65 (3), 243-252.
18. Hamidi, M.; Azadi, A.; Rafiei, P. Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Advan. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60 (15), 1638-1649.
19. Yoshimura, T.; Matsuo, K.; Fujioka, R. Novel biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels derived from cotton cellulose and succinic anhydride: Synthesis and characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 99 (6), 3251-3256.
20. Vervoort, L.; Van den Mooter, G.; Augustijns, P.; Kinget, R. Inulin hydrogels. I. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling properties. Inter. J. Pharmaceut. 1998, 172 (1-2), 127-135.
21. Hoffman, A.S. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Advan. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002, 54 (1), 3-12.
22. Peppas, N.A.; Bures, P.; Leobandung, W.; Ichikawa, H. Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Euro. J. Pharmaceut. Biopharmaceut. 2000, 50 (1), 27-46.
23. Censi, R.V.; Vermonden, T.; van Steenbergen, M.J.; Deschout, H.; Braeckmans, K.; De Smedt, S.C.; van Nostrum, C.F.; di Martino, P.; Hennink, W.E. Photopolymerized thermosensitive hydrogels for tailorable diffusion-controlled protein delivery. J. Control. Rel. 2009, 140 (3), 230-236.
24. Saraydin, D.; Karadaǧ, E.; Güven, O. The releases of agrochemicals from radiation induced acrylamide/crotonic acid hydrogels. Polym. Bull. 1998, 41 (5), 577-584.
25. Katime, I.; Novoa, R.; Zuluaga, F. Swelling kinetics and release studies of theophylline and aminophylline from acrylic acid/n-alkyl methacrylate hydrogels. Euro. Polym. J. 2001, 37 (7), 1465-1471.
26. Chen, S.-C.; Wu, Y.-C.; Mi, F.-L.; Lin, Y.-H.; Yu, L.-C.; Sung, H.-W. Anovel pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan and alginate cross-linked by genipin for protein drug delivery. J. Control. Rel. 2004, 96 (2), 285-300.
27. Karadag, E.; Ü züm, Ö.B.; SaraydIn, D.; Güven, O. Swelling characterization of gamma-radiation induced crosslinked acrylamide/maleic acid hydrogels in urea solutions. Mater. Des. 2006, 27 (7), 576-584.
28. Byrne, M.E.; Park, K.; Peppas, N.A. Molecular imprinting within hydrogels. Advan. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2000, 54 (1), 149-161.
29. Teodorescu, M.; Lungu, A.; Stanescu, P.O.; Neamtu, C. Preparation and properties of novel slow-release NPK agrochemical formulations based on poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels and liquid fertilizers. Indust. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48 (14), 6527-6534.
30. El-Saied, H.; Basta, A.H.; El-Hadi, O.; Waley, A.I. High water absorbents from lignocelluloses. Part III: Upgrading the utilization of old newspaper [ONP] in agronomic application. Polym.- Plast. Technol. Eng. 2007, 46 (3), 311-319.
31. Zhang, J.T.; Cheng, S.X.; Huang, S.W.; Zhuo, R.X. Temperaturesensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with macroporous structure and fast response rate. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2003, 24 (7), 447-451.
32. Chang, C.; Duan, B.; Cai, J.; Zhang, L. Superabsorbent Hydrogels based on Cellulose for Smart Swelling and Controllable Delivery. Euro. Polym. J. In Press, Accepted Manuscript.
33. Zheng, T.; Liang, Y.; Ye, S.; He, Z. Superabsorbent hydrogels as carriers for the controlled-release of urea: Experiments and a mathematical model describing the release rate. Biosyst. Eng. 2009, 102 (1), 44-50.
34. Singh, B.; Sharma, D.K.; Gupta, A. In vitro release dynamics of thiram fungicide from starch and poly(methacrylic acid)-based hydrogels. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154 (1-3), 278-286.
35. Al-Manasir, N.; Kjoniksen, A.L.; Nystrom, B. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 113 (3), 1916-1924.
36. Chen, J.-P.; Chiu, S.-H. A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co- N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) composite hydrogel membrane for urease immobilization to enhance urea hydrolysis rate by temperature swing[small star, filled]. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2000, 26 (5-6), 359-367.
37. Li, P.; Siddaramaiah; Kim, N.H.; Heo, S.-B.; Lee, J.-H. NovelPAAm/Laponite clay nanocomposite hydrogels with improved cationic dye adsorption behavior. Compos. Pt. B: Eng. 2008, 39 (5), 756-763.
38. Kang, G.D.; Cheon, S.H.; Khang, G.; Song, S.-C. Thermosensitive poly(organophosphazene) hydrogels for a controlled drug delivery. Euro. J. Pharmaceut. Biopharmaceut. 2006, 63 (3), 340-346.
39. Nho, Y.C.; Mook Lim, Y.; Moo Lee, Y. Preparation, properties and biological application of pH-sensitive poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogels grafted with acrylic acid(AAc) using gamma-ray irradiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2004, 71 (1-2), 239-242.
40. West, J.L.H.; Jeffrey, A. Photopolymerized hydrogel materials for drug delivery applications. React. Polym. 1995, 25 (2-3), 139-147.
41. 3 nanoparticles. Acta Biomaterialia. In Press, Corrected Proof.
42. Zeng, J.; Shi, K.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, X.; Deng, L.; Guo, X.; Du, Z.; Zhang, B. Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) block copolymers via RAFT polymerization and micellization behavior in aqueous solution. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 2008, 322 (2), 654-659.
43. Wack, H.; Ulbricht, M. Effect of synthesis composition on the swelling pressure of polymeric hydrogels. Polymer 2009, 50 (9), 2075-2080.
44. Yue, Y.; Sheng, X.; Wang, P. Fabrication and characterization of microstructured and pH sensitive interpenetrating networks hydrogel films and application in drug delivery field. Euro. Polym. J. 2009, 45 (2), 309-315.
45. Seko, N.; Tamada, M.; Yoshii, F. Current status of adsorbent for metal ions with radiation grafting and crosslinking techniques. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. Sect. B: Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 2005, 236 (1-4), 21-29.
46. Pourjavadi, A.; Sadeghi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Modified carrageenan. 5. Preparation, swelling behavior, salt- and pH-sensitivity of partially hydrolyzed crosslinked carrageenan-graft-polymethacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel. Polym. Advan. Technol. 2004, 15 (11), 645-653.
47. Chang, C.; Duan, B.; Cai, J.; Zhang, L. Superabsorbent hydrogels based on cellulose for smart swelling and controllable delivery. Euro. Polym. J. 46 (1), 92-100.
48. Abd El-Rehim, H.A.; Hegazy, E.S.A.; Abd El-Mohdy, H.L. Effect of various environmental conditions on the swelling property of PAAm/PAAcK superabsorbent hydrogel prepared by ionizing radiation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 101 (6), 3955-3962.
49. Bajpai, A.K.; Giri, A. Swelling dynamics of a macromolecular hydrophilic network and evaluation of its potential for controlled release of agrochemicals. React. Funct. Polym. 2002, 53 (2-3), 125-141.
50. Chen, Z.; Liu, M.; Ma, S. Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers. React. Funct. Polym. 2005, 62 (1), 85-92.
51. Kiatkamjornwong, S.; Phunchareon, P. Influence of reaction parameters on water absorption of neutralized poly(acrylic acid-coacrylamide) synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 72 (10), 1349-1366.
52. Askari, F.; Nafisi, S.; Omidian, H.; Hashemi, S.A. Synthesis and characterization of acrylic-based superabsorbents. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 50 (10), 1851-1855.
53. Tomic, S.L.J.; Micic, M.M.; Filipovic, J.M.; Suljovrujic, E.H. Swelling and thermodynamic studies of temperature responsive 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/itaconic acid copolymeric hydrogels prepared via gamma radiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76 (8-9), 1390-1394.
54. Park, S.-E.; Nho, Y.-C.; Kim, H.-I. Preparation of poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels by radiation and their physical properties. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2004, 69 (3), 221-227.
55. Luo, W.; Zhang, W.; Chen, P.; Fang, Y. Synthesis and properties of starch grafted poly[acrylamide-co-(acrylic acid)]/montmorillonite nanosuperabsorbent viaI ˆ3-ray irradiation technique. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 96 (4), 1341-1346.
56. Richter, A.; Wenzel, J.; Kretschmer, K. Mechanically adjustable chemostats based on stimuli-responsive polymers. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2007, 125 (2), 569-573.
57. Hongyan He, M.S. Multifunctional medical device based on pH-sensitive hydeogels for controlled drug delivery. Chemistry department, Ohio State University, Canton, Ohio, 2006; 198.
58. Schild, H.G. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, theory and application. Progr. Polym. Sci. (Oxford). 1992, 17 (2), 163-249.
59. Kim, S.J.; Yoon, S.G.; Lee, Y.M.; Kim, S.I. Electrical sensitive behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) IPN hydrogel. Sens. Actua. B: Chem. 2003, 88 (3), 286-291.
60. Xiong, Z.C.; Huang, H.C.; Xu, L.A.; Zhang, L.F.; Xiong, C.D. Preparation and properties of thermo-sensitive hydrogels of konjac glucomannan grafted N-isopropylacrylamide for controlled drug delivery. Iran. Polym. J. 2007, 6 (16), 425-431.
61. Chun, C.; Lee, S.M.; Kim, S.Y.; Yang, H.K.; Song, S.-C. Thermosensitive poly(organophosphazene)-paclitaxel conjugate gels for antitumor applications. Biomaterials 2009, 30 (12), 2349-2360.
62. Athawale, V.D.; Lele, V. Factors influencing absorbent properties of saponified starch-g-(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77 (11), 2480-2485.
63. Xie, J.J., Liu, X.R.; Liang, J.F.; Luo, Y.S. Swelling properties of superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) with different crosslinkers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 112 (2), 602-608.
64. Chen, Y.; Tan, H.-M. Crosslinked carboxymethylchitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) copolymer as a novel superabsorbent polymer. Carbohyd. Res. 2006, 341 (7), 887-896.
65. Karadag, E.; Saraydin, D. Swelling of superabsorbent acrylamide/sodium acrylate hydrogels prepared using multifunctional crosslinkers. Turk. J. Chem. 2002, 26 (6), 863-875.
66. Li, A.; Wang, A.Q.; Chen, J.M. Studies on poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite. I. Synthesis and characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92 (3), 1596-1603.
67. Lin, J.; Tang, Q.; Wu, J. The synthesis and electrical conductivity of a polyacrylamide/Cu conducting hydrogel. React. Funct. Polym. 2007, 67 (6), 489-494.
68. Chen, X.P.; Shan, G.R.; Huang, J.; Huang, Z.M.; Weng, Z.X. Synthesis and properties of acrylic-based superabsorbent. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92 (1), 619-624.
69. Pourjavadi, A.; Harzandi, A.M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Modified carrageenan 3. Synthesis of a novel polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogel via graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto kappacarrageenan in air. Euro. Polym. J. 2004, 40 (7), 1363-1370.
70. Liang, R.; Liu, M.Z. Preparation of poly(acrylic acid-coacrylamide)/kaolin and release kinetics of urea from it. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106, 3007-3015.
71. Chen, Y.; Tan, H.M. Crosslinke d carboxymethylchitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymer as a novel superabsorbent polymer. Carbohydr. Res. 2006, 341 (7), 887-896.
72. Elliott, J.E.; Anseth, J.W.; Bowman, C.N. Kinetic modeling of the effect of solvent concentration on primary cyclization during polymerization of multifunctional monomers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56 (10), 3173-3184.
73. Elliott, J.E.; Bowman, C.N. Effects of solvent quality during polymerization on network structure of cross-linked methacrylate copolymers. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106 (11), 2843-2847.
74. Ibrahim, N.A.; Abu-Ilaiwi, F.; Rahman, M.Z.A.; Ahmad, M.B.; Dahlan, K.Z.M.; Yunus, W. Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber. J. Polym. Res. 2005, 12 (3), 173-179.
75. Wu, J., Wei, Y.; Lin, J.; Lin, S. Study on starch-graft-acrylamide/mineral powder superabsorbent composite. Polymer 2003, 44 (21), 6513-6520.
76. Pourjavadi, A.; Barzegar, S.; Mahdavinia, G.R. MBA-crosslinked Na-Alg/CMC as a smart full-polysaccharide superabsorbent hydrogels. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 66 (3), 386-395.
77. Pourjavadi, A.; Hosseinzadeh, H.; Mahdavinia, G.R.; Zohuriaan- Mehr, M.J. Carrageenan-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites: Synthesis, characterisation and swelling behaviour. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2007, 15 (1), 43-51.
78. Sadeghi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Synthesis and superswelling behavior of carboxymethylcellulose-poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) hydrogel. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 108 (2), 1142-1151.
79. Sadeghi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Synthesis and swelling behavior of starch-poly (sodium acrylate-co- acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel. Turk. J. Chem. 2008, 32 (3), 375-388.
80. Sadeghi, M.; Koutchakzadeh, G. Swelling kinetics study of hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose - poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel with salt-sensitivity properties. Sci I. A. U (JSIAU). 2007, 17 (64), 19-26.
81. Shang, J.; Shao, Z.; Chen, X. Chitosan-based electroactive hydrogel. Polymer 2008, 49 (25), 5520-5525.
82. Wu, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Irie, S.; Sakurai, K. A novel biomass-ionic liquid platform for the utilization of native chitin. Polymer 2008, 49 (9), 2321-2327.
83. Pourjavadi, A.; Hosseinzadeh, H.; Sadeghi, M. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior of gelatin-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites. J. Compos. Mater. 2007, 41 (17), 2057-2069.
84. Adhikari, B.; Majumdar, S. Polymers in sensor applications. Progr. Polym. Sci. (Oxford) 2004, 29 (7), 699-766.
85. Devine, D.M.; Devery, S.M.; Lyons, J.G.; Geever, L.M.; Kennedy, J.E.; Higginbotham, C.L. Multifunctional polyvinylpyrrolidinonepolyacrylic acid copolymer hydrogels for biomedical applications. Inter. J. Pharmaceut. 2006, 326 (1-2), 50-59.
86. Kim, J.; Lee, K.W.; Hefferan, T.E.; Currier, B.L.; Yaszemski, M.J.; Lu, L. Synthesis and evaluation of novel biodegradable hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) and sebacic acid as tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9 (1), 149-157
87. Landers, R.; Huibner, U.; Schmelzeisen, R.; Muilhaupt, R. Rapid prototyping of scaffolds derived from thermoreversible hydrogels and tailored for applications in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2002, 23 (23), 4437-4447.
88. Zhang, X.Z.; Yang, Y.Y.; Chung, T.S. The influence of cold treatment on properties of temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 2002, 246 (1), 105-111.
89. Suzuki, A.; Tanaka, T. Phase transition in polymer gels induced by visible light. Nature 1990, 346 (6282), 345-347.
90. Uchida, R.; Sato, T.; Tanigawa, H.; Uno, K. Azulene incorporation and release by hydrogel containing methacrylamide propyltrimenthylammonium chloride, and its application to soft contact lens. J. Control. Rel. 2003, 92 (3), 259-264.
91. Cheng, C.-J.; Chu, L.-Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, M.-Y.; Xie, R. Preparation of monodisperse poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microspheres and microcapsules via Shirasu-porous-glass membrane emulsification. Desalination 2008, 234 (1-3), 184-194.
92. Office of Industrial Technologies, E.E.R.E., U.S, Department of Energy, Water recycle/removal using temperature-sensitive hydrogels. Washington, DC; 1998.
93. Liu, B.H.; Hu, J.L. The application of temperature-sensitive hydrogels to textiles: A review o;f chinese and Japanese investigations. Fibr. Text. East. Eur. 2005, 13 (6), 45-49.
94. 2+ from water with excellent performance. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 105 (5), 2903-2909.
95. El-Hag Ali, A.; Shawky, H.A.; Abd El Rehim, H.A.; Hegazy, E.A. Synthesis and characterization of PVP/AAc copolymer hydrogel and its applications in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Euro. Polym. J. 2003, 39 (12), 2337-2344.
96. Shavit, U.; Shaviv, A.; Shalit, G.; Zaslavsky, D. Release characteristics of a new controlled release fertilizer. J. Control. Rel. 1997, 43 (2-3), 131-138.
97. Wang, W.; Wang, A. Synthesis, swelling behaviors, and slow-release characteristics of a guar gum-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/sodium humate superabsorbent. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 112 (4), 2102-2111.
98. Guo, M.; Liu, M.; Hu, Z.; Zhan, F.; Wu, L. Preparation and properties of a slow release NP compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 96 (6), 2132-2138.
99. Zhan, F.; Liu, M.; Guo, M.; Wu, L. Preparation of superabsorbent polymer with slow-release phosphate fertilizer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92 (5), 3417-3421.
100. He, X.-S.; Liao, Z.-W.; Huang, P.-Z.; Duan, J.-X.; Ge, R.-S.; Li, H.-B.; Geng, Z.-C. Characteristics and performance of novel water-absorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizers. Agri. Sci. China 2007, 6 (3), 338-346.
101. Shavit, U.; Reiss, M.; Shaviv, A. Wetting mechanisms of gel-based controlled-release fertilizers. J. Control. Rel. 2003, 88 (1), 71-83.
102. Abd El-Rehim, H.A. Characterization and possible agricultural application of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate crosslinked hydrogels prepared by ionizing radiation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 101 (6), 3572-3580.
103. Abd El-Rehim, H.A. Swelling of radiation crosslinked acrylamidebased microgels and their potential applications. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2005, 74 (2), 111-117.
104. Bignotti, F.; Lebon, F.; Peroni, I. Effect of filler networking on the response of thermosensitive composite hydrogels. Euro. Polym. J. 2007, 43 (5), 1996-2006.
105. Aalaie, J., Vasheghani-Farahani, E.; Rahmatpour, A.; Semsarzadeh, M.A. Effect of montmorillonite on gelation and swelling behavior of sulfonated polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels in electrolyte solutions. Euro. Polym. J. 2008, 44 (7), 2024-2031.
106. Li, P., Kim, N.H.; Hui, D.; Rhee, K.Y.; Lee, J.H. Improved mechanical and swelling behavior of the composite hydrogels prepared by ionic monomer and acid-activated Laponite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 46 (4), 414-417.
107. Zheng, Y.; Huang, X.; Wang, Y.; Xu, H.; Chen, X. Performance and characterization of irradiated Poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite hydrogels used as cartilages replacement. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 113 (2), 736-741.
108. Dalaran, M.; Emik, S.; Guçlu, G.; Iyim, T.B.; Özgumuş, S. Removal of acidic dye from aqueous solutions using poly(DMAEMA-AMPSHEMA) terpolymer/MMT nanocomposite hydrogels. Polym. Bull. 2009, 63 (2), 159-171.
109. Huang, X., Zuo, Y.; Li, J.D.; Li, Y.B. Study on crystallisation of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel. Mater. Res. Innov. 2009, 13 (2), 98-102.
110. Kundakci, S.; Üzüm, Ö.B.; Karadag, E. Swelling and dye sorption studies of acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/bentonite highly swollen composite hydrogels. React. Funct. Polym. 2008, 68 (2), 458-473.
111. Li, P.; Kim, N.H.; Siddaramaiah; Lee, J.H. Swelling behavior of polyacrylamide/laponite clay nanocomposite hydrogels: pH-sensitive property. Compos. Pt. B: Eng. 2009, 40 (4), 275-283.
112. Zhang, Y.T.; Fan, L.H.; Zhi, T.T.; Zhang, L.; Huang, H.; Chen, H.L. Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid-coacrylamide)/hydrotalcite nanocomposite hydrogels for carbonic anhydrase immobilization. J. Polym. Sci. Pt. A-Polym. Chem. 2009, 47 (13), 3232-3240.
113. Mc Gann, M.J.; Higginbotham, C.L.; Geever, L.M.; Nugent, M.J.D. The synthesis of novel pH-sensitive poly(vinyl alcohol) composite hydrogels using a freeze/thaw process for biomedical applications. Inter. J. Pharmaceut. 2009, 372 (1-2), 154-161.