메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 792-806

How stereotypes stifle performance potential

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 80053532245     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17519004     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00390.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (10)

References (83)
  • 4
    • 14544308785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When high-powered people fail: Working memory and "choking under pressure" in math
    • Beilock, S., & Carr, T. (2005). When high-powered people fail: Working memory and "choking under pressure" in math. Psychological Science, 16, 101-105.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 101-105
    • Beilock, S.1    Carr, T.2
  • 5
    • 33745945538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the causal mechanisms of stereotype threat: Can skills that don't rely heavily on working memory still be threatened?
    • Beilock, S., Jellison, W., Rydell, R., McConnell, A., & Carr, T. (2006). On the causal mechanisms of stereotype threat: Can skills that don't rely heavily on working memory still be threatened? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1059-1071.
    • (2006) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.32 , pp. 1059-1071
    • Beilock, S.1    Jellison, W.2    Rydell, R.3    McConnell, A.4    Carr, T.5
  • 7
    • 0019323353 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact?
    • Benbow, C., & Stanley, J. (1980). Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact? Science, 210, 1262-1264.
    • (1980) Science , vol.210 , pp. 1262-1264
    • Benbow, C.1    Stanley, J.2
  • 9
    • 0035345178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat
    • Blascovich, J., Spencer, S., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12, 225-229.
    • (2001) Psychological Science , vol.12 , pp. 225-229
    • Blascovich, J.1    Spencer, S.2    Quinn, D.3    Steele, C.4
  • 10
    • 1542406354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety
    • Bosson, J., Haymovitz, E., & Pinel, E. (2004). When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 247-255.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 247-255
    • Bosson, J.1    Haymovitz, E.2    Pinel, E.3
  • 11
    • 56549119273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of performance-avoidance goals and worry in mediating the relationship between stereotype threat and performance
    • Brodish, A. B., & Devine, P. G. (2009). The role of performance-avoidance goals and worry in mediating the relationship between stereotype threat and performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 180-185.
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 180-185
    • Brodish, A.B.1    Devine, P.G.2
  • 12
    • 23944477328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking
    • Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Rosabianca, A., & Keisner, J. (2005). Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking. Psychological Science, 16, 572-578.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 572-578
    • Cadinu, M.1    Maass, A.2    Rosabianca, A.3    Keisner, J.4
  • 13
    • 0034280144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of "model minority" status
    • Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, B. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of "model minority" status. Psychological Science, 11, 399-402.
    • (2000) Psychological Science , vol.11 , pp. 399-402
    • Cheryan, S.1    Bodenhausen, B.2
  • 14
    • 33748297429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention
    • Cohen, G., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1307-1310
    • Cohen, G.1    Garcia, J.2    Apfel, N.3    Master, A.4
  • 15
    • 65249098952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap
    • Cohen, G., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaugns, V., Apfel, N., & Brzustoski, P. (2009). Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap. Science, 324, 400-403.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 400-403
    • Cohen, G.1    Garcia, J.2    Purdie-Vaugns, V.3    Apfel, N.4    Brzustoski, P.5
  • 16
    • 0032219993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds
    • Croizet, J., & Claire, T. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 588-594.
    • (1998) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 588-594
    • Croizet, J.1    Claire, T.2
  • 17
    • 10644276099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping
    • Dasgupta, N., & Asgari, S. (2004). Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 642-658.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 642-658
    • Dasgupta, N.1    Asgari, S.2
  • 18
    • 10244269773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The commonsense psychology of changing social groups
    • J. Jost, M. Banaji & D. Prentice (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Diekman, A., & Eagly, A. (2004). The commonsense psychology of changing social groups. In J. Jost, M. Banaji & D. Prentice (Eds.), Perspectivism in Social Psychology: The Yin and Yang of Scientific Progress (pp. 201-213). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2004) Perspectivism in Social Psychology: The Yin and Yang of Scientific Progress , pp. 201-213
    • Diekman, A.1    Eagly, A.2
  • 20
    • 77958533193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retraining implicit attitudes and stereotypes to distinguish motivation from performance in a stereotype threatening domain
    • Manuscript under review at
    • Forbes, C., & Schmader, T. (2010). Retraining implicit attitudes and stereotypes to distinguish motivation from performance in a stereotype threatening domain. Manuscript under review at Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 740-754.
    • (2010) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 740-754
    • Forbes, C.1    Schmader, T.2
  • 21
    • 52249094600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of devaluing and discounting in performance monitoring: A neurophyisiological study of minorities under threat
    • Forbes, C., Schmader, T., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008). The role of devaluing and discounting in performance monitoring: A neurophyisiological study of minorities under threat. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 253-261.
    • (2008) Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , vol.3 , pp. 253-261
    • Forbes, C.1    Schmader, T.2    Allen, J.J.B.3
  • 22
  • 23
    • 23044532395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women
    • Gonzales, P., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. (2002). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 659-670.
    • (2002) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 659-670
    • Gonzales, P.1    Blanton, H.2    Williams, K.3
  • 24
    • 33646821732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations
    • Heine, S., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 88-110.
    • (2006) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.10 , pp. 88-110
    • Heine, S.1    Proulx, T.2    Vohs, K.3
  • 26
    • 0031304419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond pleasure and pain
    • Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 1280-1300
    • Higgins, E.T.1
  • 27
    • 78650010158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat spillover: How coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision-making, and attention
    • Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. K (2010). Stereotype threat spillover: How coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision-making, and attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 467-481.
    • (2010) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 467-481
    • Inzlicht, M.1    Kang, S.K.2
  • 28
    • 33644757639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control
    • Inzlicht, M., McKay, L., & Aronson, J. (2006). Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control. Psychological Science, 17, 262-269.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 262-269
    • Inzlicht, M.1    McKay, L.2    Aronson, J.3
  • 31
    • 57349135792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining influence of emotion regulation
    • Johns, M., Inzlicht, M., & Schmader, T. (2008). Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining influence of emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 691-705.
    • (2008) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.137 , pp. 691-705
    • Johns, M.1    Inzlicht, M.2    Schmader, T.3
  • 32
    • 15944403999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance
    • Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance. Psychological Science, 16, 175-179.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 175-179
    • Johns, M.1    Schmader, T.2    Martens, A.3
  • 33
    • 33645046613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity
    • Kaiser, C., Vick, S., & Major, B. (2006). Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity. Psychological Science, 17, 332-338.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 332-338
    • Kaiser, C.1    Vick, S.2    Major, B.3
  • 35
    • 85047685595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Battle of the sexes: Gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations
    • Kray, L., Thompson, L., & Galinsky, A. (2001). Battle of the sexes: Gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 942-958.
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 942-958
    • Kray, L.1    Thompson, L.2    Galinsky, A.3
  • 36
    • 38949210194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The negative consequences of threat: An fMRI investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying women's underperformance in math
    • Krendl, A., Richeson, J., Kelley, W., & Heatherton, T. (2008). The negative consequences of threat: An fMRI investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying women's underperformance in math. Psychological Science, 19, 168-175.
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , pp. 168-175
    • Krendl, A.1    Richeson, J.2    Kelley, W.3    Heatherton, T.4
  • 37
    • 64649087705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes
    • Levy, B., & Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24, 230-233.
    • (2009) Psychology and Aging , vol.24 , pp. 230-233
    • Levy, B.1    Leifheit-Limson, E.2
  • 38
    • 0034340235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?
    • Leyens, J., Désert, M., Croizet, J., & Darcis, C. (2000). Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1189-1199.
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 1189-1199
    • Leyens, J.1    Désert, M.2    Croizet, J.3    Darcis, C.4
  • 40
  • 41
    • 79952422775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the role of group membership in stereotype-based performance effects
    • Marx, D. (2009). On the role of group membership in stereotype-based performance effects. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 77-93.
    • (2009) Social and Personality Psychology Compass , vol.3 , pp. 77-93
    • Marx, D.1
  • 42
    • 23044534555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance
    • Marx, D., & Roman, J. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1183-1193.
    • (2002) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 1183-1193
    • Marx, D.1    Roman, J.2
  • 43
    • 4344699757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coping with a threatened group identity: Psychosocial and neuroendocrine responses
    • Matheson, K., & Cole, B. (2004). Coping with a threatened group identity: Psychosocial and neuroendocrine responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 777-786.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 777-786
    • Matheson, K.1    Cole, B.2
  • 44
    • 75749106963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocrisy on attitude change
    • McConnell, A., & Brown, C. (2009). Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocrisy on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 361-366.
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 361-366
    • McConnell, A.1    Brown, C.2
  • 45
    • 0037273224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements
    • McIntyre, R., Paulson, R., & Lord, C. (2003). Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 83-90.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 83-90
    • McIntyre, R.1    Paulson, R.2    Lord, C.3
  • 47
    • 84872780633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embodied stereotype threat: Exploring brain and body mechanisms underlying performance impairments
    • (forthcoming) M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • Mendes, W. B., & Jamieson, J. (forthcoming). Embodied stereotype threat: Exploring brain and body mechanisms underlying performance impairments. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application
    • Mendes, W.B.1    Jamieson, J.2
  • 48
    • 78649433829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the gender achievement gap in college science: A classroom study of values affirmation
    • Miyake, A., Kost-Smith, L. E., Finkelstein, N.D., Pollock, S. J., Cohen, G. L., & Ito, T. A. (2010). Reducing the gender achievement gap in college science: A classroom study of values affirmation. Science, 330, 1234-1237.
    • (2010) Science , vol.330 , pp. 1234-1237
    • Miyake, A.1    Kost-Smith, L.E.2    Finkelstein, N.D.3    Pollock, S.J.4    Cohen, G.L.5    Ito, T.A.6
  • 49
    • 79955724659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the control over stereotype activation and stereotype inhibition
    • Moskowitz, G. B. (2010). On the control over stereotype activation and stereotype inhibition. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 140-158.
    • (2010) Social and Personality Psychology Compass , vol.4 , pp. 140-158
    • Moskowitz, G.B.1
  • 50
    • 0034154647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?
    • Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
    • (2000) Psychological Bulletin , vol.126 , pp. 247-259
    • Muraven, M.1    Baumeister, R.2
  • 51
    • 34748872004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering
    • Murphy, M., Steele, C., & Gross, J. (2007). Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering. Psychological Science, 18, 879-885.
    • (2007) Psychological Science , vol.18 , pp. 879-885
    • Murphy, M.1    Steele, C.2    Gross, J.3
  • 53
    • 0038793813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and arousal: Effects on women's math performance
    • O'Brien, L., & Crandall, C. (2003). Stereotype threat and arousal: Effects on women's math performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 782-789.
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 782-789
    • O'Brien, L.1    Crandall, C.2
  • 54
    • 42149140597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive emotion regulation: Insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience
    • Ochsner, K., & Gross, J. (2008). Cognitive emotion regulation: Insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 153-158.
    • (2008) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 153-158
    • Ochsner, K.1    Gross, J.2
  • 55
    • 0034276606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool
    • Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410-424.
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 410-424
    • Richards, J.M.1    Gross, J.J.2
  • 56
    • 80053543409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat in interracial interactions
    • (forthcoming) M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (forthcoming). Stereotype threat in interracial interactions. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application
    • Richeson, J.A.1    Shelton, J.N.2
  • 57
    • 65649103727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple social identities and stereotype threat: Imbalance, accessibility, and working memory
    • Rydell, R., McConnell, A., & Bielock, S. (2009). Multiple social identities and stereotype threat: Imbalance, accessibility, and working memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 949-966.
    • (2009) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 949-966
    • Rydell, R.1    McConnell, A.2    Bielock, S.3
  • 58
    • 0742303710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On interpreting stereotype threat as accounting for African American-White differences on cognitive tests
    • Sackett, P. R., Hardison, C. M., & Cullen, M. J. (2004). On interpreting stereotype threat as accounting for African American-White differences on cognitive tests. American Psychologist, 59, 7-13.
    • (2004) American Psychologist , vol.59 , pp. 7-13
    • Sackett, P.R.1    Hardison, C.M.2    Cullen, M.J.3
  • 59
    • 0036122581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance
    • Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 194-201
    • Schmader, T.1
  • 61
    • 65449184964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-cognitive perspective on cognitive deficits experienced in intellectually threatening environments
    • Schmader, T., Forbes, C. E., Zhang, S., & Mendes, W. B. (2009). A meta-cognitive perspective on cognitive deficits experienced in intellectually threatening environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 584-596.
    • (2009) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.35 , pp. 584-596
    • Schmader, T.1    Forbes, C.E.2    Zhang, S.3    Mendes, W.B.4
  • 62
    • 0141483797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity
    • Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 440-452
    • Schmader, T.1    Johns, M.2
  • 63
    • 43449110716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
    • Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356.
    • (2008) Psychological Review , vol.115 , pp. 336-356
    • Schmader, T.1    Johns, M.2    Forbes, C.3
  • 64
    • 3042731989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci
    • Seibt, B., & Forster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 38-56.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.87 , pp. 38-56
    • Seibt, B.1    Forster, J.2
  • 65
    • 38749119068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions
    • Shapiro, J., & Neuberg, S. (2007). From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 107-130.
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.11 , pp. 107-130
    • Shapiro, J.1    Neuberg, S.2
  • 66
    • 0007129111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance
    • Shih, M., Pittinsky, T., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83.
    • (1999) Psychological Science , vol.10 , pp. 80-83
    • Shih, M.1    Pittinsky, T.2    Ambady, N.3
  • 68
    • 77957077319 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self
    • Steele, C. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261-302.
    • (1988) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 261-302
    • Steele, C.1
  • 69
    • 0031155092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
    • Steele, C. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 613-629
    • Steele, C.1
  • 70
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
    • Steele, C., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 71
    • 23044534831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes
    • Stone, J. (2002). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1667-1678.
    • (2002) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 1667-1678
    • Stone, J.1
  • 73
    • 79951566183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STEMing the tide: Using ingroup experts to inoculate women's self-concept in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
    • Stout, J. G., Dasgupta, N., Hunsinger, M., & McManus, M. A. (2011). STEMing the tide: Using ingroup experts to inoculate women's self-concept in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 100, 255-270.
    • (2011) Journal of Personality and social Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 255-270
    • Stout, J.G.1    Dasgupta, N.2    Hunsinger, M.3    McManus, M.A.4
  • 75
  • 76
    • 69549088654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latent ability: Grades and test scores systematically underestimate the intellectual ability of negatively stereotyped students
    • Walton, G. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2009). Latent ability: Grades and test scores systematically underestimate the intellectual ability of negatively stereotyped students. Psychological Science, 20, 1132-1139.
    • (2009) Psychological Science , vol.20 , pp. 1132-1139
    • Walton, G.M.1    Spencer, S.J.2
  • 78
    • 0035514187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms
    • Wheeler, S., & Petty, R. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
    • (2001) Psychological Bulletin , vol.127 , pp. 797-826
    • Wheeler, S.1    Petty, R.2
  • 79
    • 33847669233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype susceptibility narrows the gender gap in imagined self-rotation performance
    • Wraga, M., Duncan, L., Jacobs, E., Helt, M., & Church, J. (2006). Stereotype susceptibility narrows the gender gap in imagined self-rotation performance. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 813-819.
    • (2006) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.13 , pp. 813-819
    • Wraga, M.1    Duncan, L.2    Jacobs, E.3    Helt, M.4    Church, J.5
  • 81
    • 40149094773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat increases likelihood that female drivers in a simulator run over jaywalkers
    • Yeung, N., & von Hippel, C. (2008). Stereotype threat increases likelihood that female drivers in a simulator run over jaywalkers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 667-674.
    • (2008) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.40 , pp. 667-674
    • Yeung, N.1    von Hippel, C.2
  • 82
    • 0039975712 scopus 로고
    • Social facilitation
    • Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.
    • (1965) Science , vol.149 , pp. 269-274
    • Zajonc, R.B.1
  • 83
    • 80052341103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and the choice of career paths
    • M. Barreto, M. Ryan & M. Schmitt (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Zhang, S., Schmader, T., & Forbes, C. (2009). Gender stereotypes and the choice of career paths. In M. Barreto, M. Ryan & M. Schmitt (Eds.), The Glass Ceiling in the 21st Century: Understanding Barriers to Gender Equality (pp. 125-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2009) The Glass Ceiling in the 21st Century: Understanding Barriers to Gender Equality , pp. 125-150
    • Zhang, S.1    Schmader, T.2    Forbes, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.