Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Kumar, Satish ^a   Bellis, Claire ^a   Zlojutro, Mark ^a   Melton, Phillip E ^a   Blangero, John ^a   Curran, Joanne E ^a  

^a SOUTHWEST FOUNDATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAYESIAN ANALYSIS; COALESCENCE; COLONIZATION; DECADAL VARIATION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOUNDER EFFECT; GENOME; HUMAN EVOLUTION; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; MUTATION; NATIVE SPECIES; NEW WORLD ORDER; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

ASIA; CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; SIBERIA; SOUTH AMERICA;

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AMERICAN INDIAN; ARTICLE; ASIAN; BAYES THEOREM; CENTRAL AMERICA; GENETICS; HAPLOTYPE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; MUTATION RATE; NORTH AMERICA; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SOUTH AMERICA;

ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BAYES THEOREM; CENTRAL AMERICA; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; GENOME, MITOCHONDRIAL; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; MEXICAN AMERICANS; MUTATION RATE; NORTH AMERICA; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; SIBERIA; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 80053525593     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712148     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-293     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Dramatic founder effects in Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs. Wallace DC, Garrison K, Knowler WC, Am J Phys Anthropol 1985 68 149 155 10.1002/ajpa. 1330680202 2998196
2. The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence. Greenberg JH, Turner CG, Zegura SL, Curr Anthropol 1986 27 477 497 10.1086/203472
3. Crawford MH, The Origin of Native Americans Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 1998
4. Pleistocene human colonization of Siberia and peopling of the Americas: An ecological approach. Goebel T, Evol Anthropol 1999 8 208 227 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:6<208::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-M (Pubitemid 129335228)
5. Old World sources of the first New World human inhabitants: A comparative Craniofacial view. Brace CL, Nelson AR, Seguchi N, Oe H, Sering L, Qifeng P, Yongyi L, Tumen D, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 98 10017 10022 10.1073/pnas.171305898 11481450 (Pubitemid 32769420)
6. The peopling of the New World: perspectives from molecular anthropology. Schurr TG, Ann Rev Anthropol 2004 33 551 583 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203. 143932 (Pubitemid 39547431)
7. Linguistic diversity and the first settlement of the New World. Nichols J, Language 1990 66 475 521 10.2307/414609
8. Y chromosome polymorphisms in native American and Siberian populations: Identification of native American Y chromosome haplotypes. Lell JT, Brown MD, Schurr TG, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Torroni A, Moore LG, Troup GM, Wallace DC, Hum Genet 1997 100 536 543 10.1007/s004390050548 9341867 (Pubitemid 28072351)
9. mtDNA diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: Implications for the genetic history of Ancient Beringia and the peopling of the New World. Starikovskaya YB, Sukernik RI, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Wallace DC, Am J Hum Genet 1998 63 1473 1491 10.1086/302087 9792876 (Pubitemid 30418546)
10. Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization. Nettle D, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96 3325 3329 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3325 10077683 (Pubitemid 29148890)
11. The peopling of the New World: Present evidence, new theories, and future directions. Fiedel SJ, J Archaeol Res 2000 8 39 103 10.1023/A:1009400309773 (Pubitemid 30250182)
12. The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes. Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, Underhill PA, Wallace DC, Am J Hum Genet 2002 70 192 206 10.1086/338457 11731934 (Pubitemid 34031708)
13. The peopling of the Americas: A second major 'migration? Tarazona-Santos E, Santos FR, Am J Hum Genet 2002 70 1377 1380 10.1086/340388 11951181 (Pubitemid 34450590)
14. The archaeology of Ushki Lake, Kamchatka, and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Goebel T, Waters MR, Dikova M, Science 2003 301 501 505 10.1126/science.1086555 12881567 (Pubitemid 36900304)
15. Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome diversity and the peopling of the Americas: Evolutionary and demographic evidence. Schurr TG, Sherry ST, Am J Hum Biol 2004 16 420 439 10.1002/ajhb.20041 15214060 (Pubitemid 39004157)
16. Identification of Native American founder mtDNAs through the analysis of complete mtDNA sequences: Some caveats. Bandelt HJ, Herrnstadt C, Yao YG, Kong QP, Kivisild T, Rengo C, Scozzari R, Richards M, Villems R, Macaulay V, Howell N, Torroni A, Zhang YP, Ann Hum Genet 2003 67 512 524 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003. 00049.x 14641239 (Pubitemid 38016712)
17. Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages. Schurr TG, Ballinger SW, Gan Y, Hodge JA, Merriwether DA, Lawrence DN, Knowler WC, Weiss KM, Wallace DC, Am J Hum Genet 1990 46 613 623 1968708
18. mtDNA variation indicates Mongolia may have been the source for the founding population for the New World. Merriwether DA, Hall WW, Vahlne A, Ferrell RE, Am J Hum Genet 1996 59 204 212 8659526 (Pubitemid 26189746)
19. Distribution of the four-founding lineage haplotypes in Native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World. Merriwether DA, Rothhammer F, Ferrell RE, Am J Phys Anthropol 1995 98 411 430 10.1002/ajpa.1330980404 8599378
20. Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: A reappraisal. Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ, Am J Hum Genet 1996 59 935 945 8808611 (Pubitemid 26328092)
21. A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Bonatto SL, Salzano FM, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 1866 1871 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866 9050871 (Pubitemid 27113928)
22. mtDNA analysis of a prehistoric Oneota population: Implications for the peopling of the New World. Stone AC, Stoneking M, Am J Hum Genet 1998 62 1153 1170 10.1086/301838 9545408 (Pubitemid 28199018)
23. Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Glenn Smith D, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS, PLoS ONE 2007 2 829 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 17786201 (Pubitemid 351420089)
24. Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas. Fagundes NJ, Kanitz R, Eckert R, Valls AC, Bogo MR, Salzano FM, Smith DG, Silva WA Jr, Zago MA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AK, Santos SEB, Petzl-Erler ML, Bonatto SL, Am J Hum Genet 2008 82 583 592 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 18313026
25. A three-stage colonization model for the peopling of the Americas. Kitchen A, Miyamoto MM, Mulligan CJ, PLoS ONE 2008 3 1596 10.1371/journal.pone. 0001596 18270583 (Pubitemid 351850573)
26. Updated three stage model for the peopling of the Americas. Mulligan CJ, Kitchen A, Miyamoto MM, PLoS ONE 2008 3 3199 10.1371/journal.pone.0003199 18797500
27. 1998. MtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America? Brown MD, Hosseini SH, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ, Allen JC, Schurr TG, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Wallace DC, Am J Hum Genet 1998 63 1852 1861 10.1086/302155 9837837 (Pubitemid 30415747)
28. Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups. Perego UA, Achilli A, Angerhofer N, Accetturo M, Pala M, Olivieri A, Kashani BH, Ritchie KH, Scozzari R, Kong QP, Myres NM, Salas A, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Woodward SR, Torroni A, Curr Biol 2009 19 1 8 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058 19135370
29. The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the last glacial maximum. Pitulko VV, Nikolsky PA, Girya EY, Basilyan AE, Tumskoy VE, Koulakov SA, Astakhov SN, Pavlova EYu, Anisimov MA, Science 2004 303 52 56 10.1126/science.1085219 14704419 (Pubitemid 38055765)
30. The late Pleistocene cultures of South America. Dillehay TD, Evol Anthropol 1999 7 206 216 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:6<206::AID- EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-G (Pubitemid 129332878)
31. Routes: Alternate migration corridors for early man in North America. Fladmark KR, Am Antiq 1979 44 55 69 10.2307/279189
32. Dixon EJ, Quest for the Origins of the First Americans Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press 1993
33. The coast road. Dalton R, Nature 2003 422 10 12 10.1038/422010a 12621405 (Pubitemid 36323273)
34. The human genetic history of Americas: Review the final frontier. O'Rourke DH, Raff JA, Current Biology 2010 20 202 R207 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 20178768
35. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas. Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI, Am J Hum Genet 2008 82 1084 1100 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008. 03.019 18452887
36. Mitochondrial DNA variation and the origins of the Aleutes. Rubicz R, Schurr T, Babb P, Crawford MH, Hum Biol 2003 75 809 835 10.1353/hub.2004.0009 15018033 (Pubitemid 38233772)
37. Genetic structure of the Aleuts and Circumpolar populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: a synthesis. Zlojutro M, Rubicz R, Devor EJ, Spitsyn VA, Makarov S, Wilson K, Crawford MH, Am J Phy Anthropol 2006 129 446 464 10.1002/ajpa.20287 (Pubitemid 43269842)
38. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations. Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Dambueva I, Perkova M, Dorzhu C, Luzina F, Lee H, Vanecek T, Villems R, Zakharov I, Am J Hum Genet 2007 81 1025 1041 10.1086/522933 17924343 (Pubitemid 47580254)
39. Paleo-Eskimo mtDNA Genome Reveals Matrilineal Discontinuity in Greenland. Gilbert MTP, Kivisild T, Grønnow B, Andersen PK, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Tamm E, Axelsson E, Götherström A, Campos PF, Rasmussen M, Metspalu M, Higham TFG, Nathan R, Hoog C-JD, Koch A, Møller LN, Andreasen C, Meldgaard M, Villems R, Bendixen C, Willerslev E, Science 2008 320 1787 1789 10.1126/science.1159750 18511654 (Pubitemid 351931295)
40. Los extranjeros en Mexico, la immigracion y el gobierno: Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?, 1821-1830. Enciso A, Fernando S, Historia Mexicana XLV 3 539 566
41. The slave trade in Mexico. Beltrán AG, Hispanic Am Hist Rev 1944 24 412 431 10.2307/2508494
42. Curtin PD, The Atlantic Slave Trade Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press 1969
43. Mexico and Central America. Muhammad JS, No longer invisible: Afro-Latin Americans today London: Minority Rights Publications, Minority Rights Group, 1995 163 180
44. Genetic structure of autochthonous populations of Meso-America: Mexico. Lisker R, Ramírez E, Babinsky V, Hum Biol 1996 68 395 404 8935320 (Pubitemid 126448365)
45. Human biology in Mexico. II. A comparison of blood group, serum and red cell enzyme frequencies, and genetic distances of the Indian populations of Mexico. Crawford MH, Leyshon WC, Brown K, Lees F, Taylor L, Am J Phys Anthropol 1974 41 251 268 4413711
46. Genetic microdifferentiation of two transplanted Tlaxcaltecan populations. Crawford MH, Lisker R, Pérez-Bricẽo R, The Tlaxcaltecans: prehistory, demography, morphology and genetics University of Kansas, Lawrence: Publications in anthropology, Crawford MH, 1976 7 169 175
47. Gene frequencies and racial intermixture in a Mestizo population from Mexico City. Tiburcio V, Romero A, De Garay AL, Ann Hum Biol 1978 5 131 138 10.1080/03014467800002721 655624 (Pubitemid 8338471)
48. Admixture estimates in nine Mexican Indian groups and five east coast localities. Lisker R, Babinsky V, Rev Invest Clin 1986 38 14 149
49. Gene frequencies and admixture estimates in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Lisker R, Pérez-Bricẽo R, Granados J, Babinsky V, Am J Phys Anthropol 1988 76 331 335 10.1002/ajpa.1330760307 3414796
50. Variation in the gene frequencies of three generations of humans from Monterrey, Nuevo Leán, Mexico. Cerda-Flores RM, Garza-Chapa R, Hum Biol 1989 61 249 261 2767673 (Pubitemid 19193395)
51. Gene frequencies and admixture estimates in four Mexican urban centers. Lisker R, Ramírez E, Pérez-Bricẽo R, Granados J, Babinsky V, Hum Biol 1990 62 791 801 2262203 (Pubitemid 20364299)
52. Racial admixture in a Mestizo population from Mexico City. Lisker R, Rameriz E, Gonzalez-Villapando C, Stern MP, Am J Hum Biol 1995 7 213 216 10.1002/ajhb.1310070210
53. Mitochondrial versus nuclear admixture estimates demonstrate a past history of directional mating. Merriwether DA, Huston S, Iyengar S, Hamman R, Norris JM, Shetterly SM, Kamboh MI, Ferrell RE, Am J Phys Anthropol 1997 102 153 159 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199702)102:2<153::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-# 9066897 (Pubitemid 27131746)
54. mtDNA affinities of the peoples of North-Central Mexico. Green LD, Derr JN, Knight A, Am J Hum Genet 2000 66 989 998 10.1086/302801 10712213 (Pubitemid 30470500)
55. Wide disparity in genetic admixture among Mexican Americans from San Antonio, TX. Beuten J, Halder I, Fowler SP, Goring HH, Duggirala R, Arya R, Thompson IM, Leach RJ, Lehman DM, Ann Hum Genet 2011 75 529 538 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00655.x 21592109
56. African-derived South American populations: a history of symmetrical and asymmetrical matings according to sex revealed by bi and uniparental genetic markers. Bortolini MC, Silva WA, Castro-de-Guerra D, Remonatto G, Mirandola RM, Hutz MH, Weimer TA, Zago MA, Salzano FM, Am J Hum Biol 1999 11 551 563 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:4<551::AID-AJHB15>3.0.CO;2-Z 11533975 (Pubitemid 129726322)
57. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. van Oven M, Kayser M, Hum Mutat 2009 30 386 E394 10.1002/humu.20921 18853457
58. Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans. Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark A, Hosseini S, Brandon M, Easley K, Chen E, Brown M, Sukerniki RI, Olckersj A, Wallace DC, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 171 176 10.1073/pnas.0136972100 12509511 (Pubitemid 36078047)
59. Correcting for purifying selection: An improved human mitochondrial molecular clock. Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, Mormina M, Rito T, Rohl A, Salas A, Oppenheimer S, Macaulay V, Richards MB, Am J Hum Genet 2009 84 740 759 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 19500773
60. Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as the founding genome in the Americas. Malhi RS, Cybulski JS, Tito RY, Johnson J, Harry H, Dan C, Am J Phy Anthropol 2010 141 494 497
61. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Kets and Nganasans and the early peoples of Northern Eurasia. Derbeneva O, Starikovskaia E, Volodko N, Wallace D, Sukernik R, Genetika 2002 38 1554 1560 12500682 (Pubitemid 44406598)
62. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups. Starikovskaya E, Sukernik R, Derbeneva O, Volodko N, Ruiz-Pesini E, Torroni A, Brown M, Lott M, Hosseini S, Huoponen K, Wallace D, Ann Hum Genet 2005 69 67 89 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x 15638829 (Pubitemid 40202009)
63. Coalescent simulations of Yakut mtDNA variation suggest small founding population. Zlojutro M, Tarskaia LA, Sorensen M, Snodgrass JJ, Leonard WR, Crawford MH, Am J Phy Anthopol 2009 139 474 482 10.1002/ajpa.21003
64. Mitochondrial genome variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan. Tanaka M, Cabrera V, Conzales A, Larruga J, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, Shinoda K-I, Umetsu K, Yamada Y, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Arai Y, Hirose N, Ohta S, Ogawa O, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Shamoto-Nagai M, Maruyama W, Shimokata H, Suzuki R, Genet Res 2004 14 1832 1850 (Pubitemid 39386497)
65. The phylogeny of the four pan-American mtDNA haplogroups: Implications for evolutionary and disease studies. Achilli A, Perego UA, Bravi CM, Coble MD, Kong QP, Woodward SR, Salas A, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ, PLoS ONE 2008 3 1764 10.1371/journal.pone.0001764 18335039 (Pubitemid 351903296)
66. Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG, Mol Biol Evol 2005 22 1185 1192 10.1093/molbev/msi103 15703244 (Pubitemid 40577756)
67. Environmental processes of the ice age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Mix AC, Bard E, Schneider R, Quaternary Science Reviews 2001 20 627 657 10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00145-1 (Pubitemid 32176543)
68. Late Quaternary ice sheet of Northern Eurasia. Grosswald MG, Quaternary Research 1980 13 1 32 10.1016/0033-5894(80)90080-0 (Pubitemid 10252895)
69. Denton GH, Hughes TJ, The Last Great Ice Sheets Wiley-Interscience 1981
70. 1995: Shifts of ranges of spruce, linden and black alder in West Siberia and Kazakhstan in Late Glacial and Holocene. Kremenetski CV, Palynology in Russia Moscow. Part. 2, p 56-71. (In Russian), sited from Adams and Faure, 1997.
71. QEN members. Review and Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary land ecosystem maps of the world since the Last Glacial Maximum. Adams JM, Faure H, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA 1997 http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/ qen/adams1.html
72. The initial peopling of the Americas: Agrowing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia. Perego UA, Angerhofer N, Pala M, Olivieri A, Lancioni H, Kashani BH, Carossa V, Ekins JE, Gomez-Carballa A, Huber G, Zimmermann B, Corach D, Babudri N, Panara F, Myres NM, Parson W, Semino O, Salas A, Woodward SR, Achilli A, Torroni A, Genome Res 2010 20 1174 1179 10.1101/gr.109231.110 20587512
73. Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans. Ingman M, Gyllensten U, Hum Mol Genet 2007 16 2281 2287 10.1093/hmg/ddm180 17617636 (Pubitemid 47423894)
74. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Paabo S, Gyllensten U, Nature 2000 408 708 713 10.1038/35047064 11130070 (Pubitemid 32015984)
75. Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. Herrnstadt C, Elson J, Fahy E, Preston G, Turnbull D, Anderson C, Ghosh S, Olefsky J, Beal M, Davis R, Howell N, Am J Hum Genet 2002 70 1152 1171 10.1086/339933 11938495 (Pubitemid 34450567)
76. The role of selection in the evolution of human mitochondrial genomes. Kivisild T, Shen P, Wall DP, Do B, Sung R, Davis K, Passarino G, Underhill PA, Scharfe C, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Modiano D, Coppa A, Knijff PD, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ, Genetics 2006 172 373 387 16172508 (Pubitemid 43345499)
77. Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 975 979 10.1073/pnas.0308064100 14732681 (Pubitemid 38160569)
78. The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas. Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH, Science 2008 319 1497 1502 10.1126/science.1153569 18339930 (Pubitemid 351398171)
79. Fagan BM, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America, Updated Edition Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida 2004
80. Evidence for cryptic glacial refugia from North American mountain sheep mitochondrial DNA. Loehr J, Worley K, Grapputo A, Carey J, Veitch A, Coltman DW, J Evol Biol 2006 19 419 430 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01027.x 16599918
81. Lohse JC, Valdez FJ, Ancient Maya Commoners Austin, USA: University of Texas Press 2004
82. Country of origin profiles: 2008 American Community Survey. Pew Hispanic Centre, Pew Hispanic Centre 2008 http://pewhispanic.org/data/origins/ Last accessed 2010
83. "Shades of Belonging". Tafoya S, Pew Hispanic Center 2004 http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf Last accessed 2010
84. Genetic and environmental contributions to cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans. The San Antonio Family Heart Study. Mitchell BD, Kammerer CM, Blangero J, Mahaney MC, Rainwater DL, Dyke B, Hixson JE, Henkel RD, Sharp RM, Comuzzie AG, VandeBerg JL, Stern MP, MacCluer JW, Circulation 1996 94 2159 2170 8901667 (Pubitemid 26360509)
85. Phylogeny of East Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences. Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Bandelt HJ, Zhu CL, Zhang YP, Am J Hum Genet 2003 73 671 676 10.1086/377718 12870132 (Pubitemid 37076281)
86. Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis T, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1989
87. Automating the identification of DNA variations using quality-based fluorescence re-sequencing: analysis of the human mitochondrial genome. Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Tobe VO, Nickerson DA, Nucleic Acids Res 1998 26 967 973 10.1093/nar/26.4.967 9461455 (Pubitemid 28291649)
88. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N, Nat Genet 1999 23 147 10.1038/13779 10508508 (Pubitemid 29455385)
89. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A, Mol Biol Evol 1999 16 37 48 10331250 (Pubitemid 29024937)
90. mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: the edge of the Beringian expansion. Saillard J, Forster P, Lynnerup N, Bandelt HJ, Norby S, Am J Hum Genet 2000 67 718 726 10.1086/303038 10924403 (Pubitemid 30659601)
91. The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles. Ewens WJ, Theor Popul Biol 1972 3 87 112 10.1016/0040-5809(72)90035-4 4667078
92. On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination. Watterson G, Theor Popul Biol 1975 7 256 276 10.1016/0040- 5809(75)90020-9 1145509
93. Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations. Tajima F, Genetics 1983 105 437 460 6628982 (Pubitemid 14247444)
94. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Tajima F, Genetics 1989 123 585 595 2513255 (Pubitemid 19274682)
95. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and backgroud selection. Fu YX, Genetics 1997 147 915 925 9335623
96. Arlequin (ver. 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 2005 1 47 50
97. The effects of subdivision on the genetic divergence of populations and species. Wakeley J, Evolution 2000 54 1092 1101 11005279
98. Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence. Drummond AJ, Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Rambaut A, PLoS Biology 2006 4 88 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088 16683862
99. Equations of state calculations by fast computing machines. Metropolis N, Rosenbluth AW, Rosenbluth MN, Teller AH, Teller E, J Chem Phy 1953 21 1087 1091 10.1063/1.1699114
100. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, BMC Evol Biol 2007 7 214 10.1186/1471-2148-7-214 17996036 (Pubitemid 351253125)
101. Tracer v1.4. Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, 2007 http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/ Tracer