Mitochondrial genome variation in Eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan

Genome Research

Volumn 14, Issue 10 A, 2004, Pages 1832-1850

  Tanaka, Masashi ^a   Cabrera, Vicente M ^b   González, Ana M ^b   Larruga, José M ^b   Takeyasu, Takeshi ^a,c   Fuku, Noriyuki ^a,d   Guo, Li Jun ^a,c   Hirose, Raita ^a   Fujita, Yasunori ^a   Kurata, Miyuki ^a   Shinoda, Ken Ichi ^e   Umetsu, Kazuo ^f   Yamada, Yoshiji ^a,g   Oshida, Yoshiharu ^c   Sato, Yuzo ^c   Hattori, Nobutaka ^h   Mizuno, Yoshikuni ^h   Arai, Yasumichi ⁱ   Hirose, Nobuyoshi ⁱ   Ohta, Shigeo ^j   Ogawa, Osamu ^h   Tanaka, Yasushi ^h   Kawamori, Ryuzo ^h   Shamoto Nagai, Masayo ^a,d,k   Maruyama, Wakako ^k   Shimokata, Hiroshi ^k   Suzuki, Ryota ^l   Shimodaira, Hidetoshi ^l   more..

^a GIFU INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

^c NAGOYA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

^e DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY   (Japan)

^f YAMAGATA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^g MIE UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^h JUNTENDO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

ⁱ KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^j NIHON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^k NATIONAL CENTER FOR GERIATRICS AND GERONTOLOGY   (Japan)

^l TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AMBIGUITY; ARTICLE; ASIA; ASIAN; CHINA; CLADISTICS; CLASSIFICATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; GENE FLOW; GENETIC LINE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAPLOTYPE; HUMAN; JAPAN; KOREA; MITOCHONDRIAL GENETICS; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POPULATION GENETICS; POPULATION MIGRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; Y CHROMOSOME;

EID: 6344259029     PISSN: 10889051     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gr.2286304     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abe, S., Usami, S., Shinkawa, H., Weston, M.D., Overbeck, L.D., Hoover, D.M., Kenyon, J.B., Horai, S., and Kimberling, W.J. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Japanese pedigrees of sensorineural hearing loss associated with the A1555G mutation. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 6: 563-569.
2. Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrell, B.G., de Bruijn, M.H., Coulson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., et al. 1981. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290: 457-465.
3. Andrews, R.M., Kubacka, I., Chinnery, P.F., Lightowlers, R.N., Turnbull, D.M., and Howell, N. 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat. Genet. 23: 147.
4. Ballinger, S.W., Schurr, T.G., Torroni, A., Gan, Y.Y., Hodge, J.A., Hassan, K., Chen, K.H., and Wallace, D.C. 1992. Southeast Asian mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals genetic continuity of ancient mongoloid migrations. Genetics 130: 139-152.
5. Bamshad, M., Kivisild, T., Watkins, W.S., Dixon, M.E., Ricker, C.E., Rao, B.B., Naidu, J.M., Prasad, B.V., Reddy, P.G., Rasanayagam, A., et al. 2001. Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations. Genome Res. 11: 994-1004.
6. Bandelt, H.-J., Forster, P., and Röhl, A. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 37-48.
7. Bandelt, H.-J., Macaulay, V., and Richards, M. 2000. Median networks: Speedy construction and greedy reduction, one simulation, and two case studies from human mtDNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16: 8-28.
8. Betty, D.J., Chin-Atkins, A.N., Croft, L., Sraml, M., and Easteal, S. 1996. Multiple independent origins of the COII/tRNA(Lys) intergenic 9-bp mtDNA deletion in aboriginal Australians. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58: 428-433.
9. Cann, R.L. and Wilson, A.C. 1983. Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA. Genetics 104: 669-711.
10. Cann, R.L., Stoneking, M., and Wilson, A.C. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325: 31-36.
11. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P., and Piazza, A. 1994. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
12. Chunjie, X., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Minch, E., and Ruofu, D.U. 2000. Principal component analysis of gene frequencies of Chinese populations. Science in China Ser. C 43: 472-481.
13. Comas, D., Calafell, F., Mateu, E., Perez-Lezaun, A., Bosch, E., Martinez-Arias, R., Clarimon, J., Facchini, F., Fiori, G., Luiselli, D., et al. 1998. Trading genes along the silk road: mtDNA sequences and the origin of central Asian populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63: 1824-1838.
14. Derbeneva, O.A., Starikovskaya, E.B., Wallace, D.C., and Sukernik, R.I. 2002a. Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 1009-1014.
15. Derbeneva, O.A., Sukernik, R.I., Volodko, N.V., Hosseini, S.H., Lott, M.T., and Wallace, D.C. 2002b. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Aleuts of the commander islands and its implications for the genetic history of Beringia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71: 415-421.
16. Derenko, M.V., Malyarchuk, B.A., Dambueva, I.K., Shaikhaev, G.O., Dorzhu, C.M., Nimaev, D.D., and Zakharov, I.A. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA variation in two South Siberian Aboriginal populations: Implications for the genetic history of North Asia. Hum. Biol. 72: 945-973.
17. Elson, J.L., Turnbull, D.M., and Howell, N. 2004. Comparative genomics and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: Assessing the effects of selection. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 229-238.
18. Finnilä, S., Lehtonen, M.S., and Majamaa, K. 2001. Phylogenetic network for European mtDNA. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 1475-1484.
19. Forster, P., Harding, R., Torroni, A., and Bandelt, H.J. 1996. Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: A reappraisal. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59: 935-945.
20. Forster, P., Torroni, A., Renfrew, C., and Röhl, A. 2001. Phylogenetic star contraction applied to Asian and Papuan mtDNA evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 1864-1881.
21. Fucharoen, G., Fucharoen, S., and Horai, S. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Thailand. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 115-125.
22. Glover, I.C. 1980. Agricultural origins in East Asia. In The Cambridge encyclopedia of archaeology (ed. A. Sherratt), pp. 152-161. Crown, New York.
23. Hammer, M.F. and Horai, S. 1995. Y chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56: 951-962.
24. Hanihara, K. 1991. Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese. Japan Review 2: 1-33.
25. Helgason, A., Sigureth Ardottir, S., Gulcher, J.R., Ward, R., and Stefansson, K. 2000. mtDNA and the origin of the Icelanders: Deciphering signals of recent population history. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66: 999-1016.
26. Helgason, A., Hickey, E., Goodacre, S., Bosnes, V., Stefánsson, K., Ward, R., and Sykes, B. 2001. mtDNA and the islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the proportions of Norse and Gaelic ancestry. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 723-737.
27. Herrnstadt, C., Elson, J.L., Fahy, E., Preston, G., Turnbull, D.M., Anderson, C., Ghosh, S.S., Olefsky, J.M., Beal, M.F., Davis, R.E., et al. 2002. Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 1152-1171.
28. Horai, S. and Hayasaka, K. 1990. Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences in the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 828-842.
29. Horai, S. and Matsunaga, E. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Japanese. II. Analysis with restriction enzymes of four or five base pair recognition. Hum. Genet. 72: 105-117.
30. Horai, S., Kondo, R., Murayama, K., Hayashi, S., Koike, H., and Nakai, N. 1991. Phylogenetic affiliation of ancient and contemporary humans inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Phil. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B 333: 409-417.
31. Horai, S., Murayama, K., Hayasaka, K., Matsubayashi, S., Hattori, Y., Fucharoen, G., Harihara, S., Park, K.S., Omoto, K., and Pan, I.H. 1996. mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59: 579-590.
32. Imaizumi, K., Parsons, T.J., Yoshino, M., and Holland, M.M. 2002. A new database of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I and II sequences from 162 Japanese individuals. Int. J. Legal. Med. 116: 68-73.
33. Ingman, M. and Gyllensten, U. 2003. Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean Aborigines. Genome Res. 13: 1600-1606.
34. Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S., and Gyllensten, U. 2000. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408: 708-713.
35. Jorde, L.B., Bamshad, M.J., Watkins, W.S., Zenger, R., Fraley, A.E., Krakowiak, P.A., Carpenter, K.D., Soodyall, H., Jenkins, T., and Rogers, A.R. 1995. Origins and affinities of modern humans: A comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 523-538.
36. Kivisild, T., Kaldma, K., Metspalu, M., Parik, J., Papiha, S., and Villems, R. 1999. The place of the Indian mitochondrial DNA variants in the global network of maternal lineages and the peopling of the Old World. In Genomic diversity: Applications in human population genetics (eds. S. Papiha et al.), pp. 135-152. Plenum Press, New York.
37. Kivisild, T., Tolk, H.-V., Parik, J., Wang, Y., Papiha, S.S., Bandelt, H.-J., and Villems, R. 2002. The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1737-1751.
38. Kivisild, T., Rootsi, S., Metspalu, M., Mastana, S., Kaldma, K., Parik, J., Metspalu, E., Adojaan, M., Tolk, H.V., Stepanov, V., et al. 2003. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72: 313-332.
39. Kolman, C.J., Sambuughin, N., and Bermingham, E. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Mongolian populations and implications for the origin of New World founders. Genetics 142: 1321-1334.
40. Kong, Q.-P., Yao, Y.-G., Sun, C., Bandelt, H.-J., Zhu, C.-L., and Zhang, Y.-P. 2003. Phylogeny of East Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 671-676.
41. Koyama, H., Iwasa, M., Maeno, Y., Tsuchimochi, T., Isobe, I., Seko-Nakamura, Y., Monma-Ohtaki, J., Matsumoto, T., Ogawa, S., Sato, B., et al. 2002. Mitochondrial sequence haplotype in the Japanese population. Forensic Sci. Int. 125: 93-96.
42. Kruskal, J.B. and Wish, M. 1978. Multidimensional scaling. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.
43. Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Jakobsen, I.B., and Nei, M. 2001. MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software. Bioinformatics 17: 1244-1245.
44. Lee, S.D., Shin, C.H., Kim, K.B., Lee, Y.S., and Lee, J.B. 1997. Sequence variation of mitochondrial DNA control region in Koreans. Forensic Sci. Int. 87: 99-116.
45. Lee, S.D., Lee, Y.S., and Lee, J.B. 2002. Polymorphism in the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene in Koreans. An additional marker for individual identification. Int. J. Legal Med. 116: 74-78.
46. Maca-Meyer, N., González, A.M., Larruga, J.M., Flores, C., and Cabrera, V.M. 2001. Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions. BMC Genet. 2: 13-20.
47. Macaulay, V., Richards, M., Hickey, E., Vega, E., Cruciani, F., Guida, V., Scozzari, R., Bonne-Tamir, B., Sykes, B., and Torroni, A. 1999. The emerging tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A synthesis of control-region sequences and RFLP. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64: 232-249.
48. Malyarchuk, B.A. and Derenko, M.V. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implication to the origin of the Eastern Slavs. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65: 63-78.
49. Matsumoto, H. 1988. Characteristics of Mongoloid and neighboring populations based on the genetic markers of human immunoglobulins. Hum. Genet. 80: 207-218.
50. Melton, T., Clifford, S., Martinson, J., Balzer, M., and Stoneking, M. 1998. Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63: 1807-1823.
51. Nei, M. 1995. The origins of human populations: Genetic, linguistic, and archeological data. In The origin and past of modern humans as viewed from DNA (eds. S. Brenner and K. Hanihara), pp. 71-91. World Scientific, Singapore.
52. Nishimaki, Y., Sato, K., Fang, L., Ma, M., Hasekura, H., and Boettcher, B. 1999. Sequence polymorphism in the mtDNA HV1 region in Japanese and Chinese. Legal Med. 1: 238-249.
53. Omoto, K. and Saitou, N. 1997. Genetic origins of the Japanese: A partial support for the dual structure hypothesis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 102: 437-446.
54. Oota, H., Kitano, T., Jin, F., Yuasa, I., Wang, L., Ueda, S., Saitou, N., and Stoneking, M. 2002. Extreme mtDNA homogeneity in continental Asian populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118: 146-153.
55. Orito, E., Ichida, T., Sakugawa, H., Sata, M., Horiike, N., Hino, K., Okita, K., Okanoue, T., Iino, S., Tanaka, E., et al. 2001. Geographic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in patients with chronic HBV infection in Japan. Hepatology 34: 590-594.
56. Pfeiffer, H., Steighner, R., Fisher, R., Mornstad, H., Yoon, C.L., and Holland, M.M. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA extraction and typing from isolated dentin-experimental evaluation in a Korean population. Int. J. Legal Med. 111: 309-313.
57. Qian, Y.P., Chu, Z.T., Dai, Q., Wei, C.D., Chu, J.Y., Tajima, A., and Horai, S. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Yunnan nationalities in China. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 211-220.
58. Quintana-Murci, L., Semino, O., Bandelt, H.-J., Passarino, G., McElreavey, K., and Santachiara-Benereccetti, A.S. 1999. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nat. Genet. 23: 437-441.
59. Redd, A.J. and Stoneking, M. 1999. Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA variation in aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65: 808-828.
60. Richards, M., Macaulay, V., Bandelt, H.-J., and Sykes, B. 1998. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in western Europe. Ann. Hum. Genet. 62: 241-260.
61. Richards, M., Macaulay, V., Hickey, E., Vega, E., Sykes, B., Guida, V., Rengo, C., Sellitto, D., Cruciani, F., Kivisild, T., et al. 2000. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67: 1251-1276.
62. Ruiz-Pesini, E., Mishmar, D., Brandon, M., Procaccio, V., and Wallace, D.C. 2004. Effects of purifying and adaptive selection on regional variation in human mtDNA. Science i ] 303: 223-226.
63. Saillard, J., Forster, P., Lynnerup, N., Bandelt, H.J., and Norby, S. 2000. mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: The edge of the Beringian expansion. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67: 718-726.
64. Saitou, N. and Nei. M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 406-425.
65. Schneider, S., Roessli, D., and Excoffier, L. 2000. Arlequin ver. 2000: A software for population genetics data analysis. Genetic and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
66. Schurr, T.G., Sukernik, R.I., Starikovskaya, Y.B., and Wallace, D.C. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Koryaks and Itel'men: Population replacement in Okhotsk Sea-Bering Sea region during the Neolithic. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 108: 1-39.
67. Seo, Y., Stradmann-Bellinghausen, B., Rittner, C., Takahama, K., and Schneider, P.M. 1998. Sequence polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA control region in Japanese. Forensic Sci. Int. 97: 155-164.
68. Shields, G.F., Schmiechen, A.M., Frazier, B.L., Redd, A., Voevoda, M.I., Reed, J.K., and Ward, R.H. 1993. mtDNA sequences suggest a recent evolutionary divergence for Beringian and northern North American populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 549-562.
69. Shinoda, K.-I. and Kanai, S. 1999. Intracemetry genetic analysis at the Nakazuma Jomon site in Japan by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Anthropol. Sci. 107: 129-140.
70. Shiraishi, T. 2002. Wakoku tanjou (The formation of ancient Japanese society). In History of Japan 1 (ed. T. Shiraishi et al. , pp. 8-94. Yoshikawakobunkan, Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese).
71. Snäll, N., Savontaus, M.-L., Kares, S., Lee, M.S., Cho, E.K., Rinne, J.O., and Huoponen, K. 2002. A rare mitochondrial DNA haplotype observed in Koreans. Hum. Biol. 74: 253-262.
72. Soodyall, H., Jenkins, T., and Stoneking, M. 1995. 'Polynesian' mtDNA in the Malagasy. Nat. Genet. 10: 377-378.
73. Stoneking, M., Jorde, L.B., Bhatia, K., and Wilson, A.C. 1990. Geographic variation in human mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea. Genetics 124: 717-733.
74. Su, B., Xiao, C., Deka, R., Seielstad, M.T., Kangwanpong, D., Xiao, J., Lu, D., Underhill, P., Cavalli-Sforza, L., Chakraborty, R., et al. 2000. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Hum. Genet. 107: 582-590.
75. Sykes, B., Leiboff, A., Low-Beer, J., Tetzner, S., and Richards, M. 1995. The origins of the Polynesians: An interpretation from mitochondrial lineage analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 1463-1475.
76. Tajima, A., Sun, C.-S., Pan, L-H., Ishida, T., Saitou, N., and Horai, S. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in nine aboriginal groups of Taiwan: Implications for the population history of aboriginal Taiwanese. Hum. Genet. 113: 24-33.
77. Takahata, N., Lee, S.-H., and Satta, Y. 2001. Testing multiregionality of modern human origins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 172-183.
78. Takeshita, T., Yasuda, Y., Nakashima, K., Mogi, K., Kishi, H., Shiono, K., Sagisaka, I., Yuasa, H., Nishimukai, H., and Kimura, H. 2001. Geographical north-south decline in DNASE*2 in Japanese populations. Hum. Biol. 73: 129-134.
79. Tanaka, M., Hayakawa, M., and Ozawa, T. 1996. Automated sequencing of mitochondrial DNA. Methods Enzymol. 264: 407-421.
80. Torroni, A., Schurr, T.G., Yang, C.C., Szathmary, E.J., Williams, R.C., Schanfield, M.S., Troup, G.A., Knowler, W.C., Lawrence, D.N., Weiss, K.M., et al. 1992. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene populations were founded by two independent migrations. Genetics 130: 153-162.
81. Torroni, A., Sukernik, R.I., Schurr, T.G., Starikorskaya, Y.B., Cabell, M.F., Crawford, M.H., Comuzzie, A.G., and Wallace, D.C. 1993a. mtDNA variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affinities with Native Americans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 591-608.
82. Torroni, A., Schurr, T.G., Cabell, M.F., Brown, M.D., Neel, J.V., Larsen, M., Smith, D.G., Vullo, C.M., and Wallace, D.C. 1993b. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding Native American mtDNAs. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 563-590.
83. Torroni, A., Miller, J.A., Moore, L.G., Zamudio, S., Zhuang, J., Droma, T., and Wallace, D.C. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA analysis in Tibet: Implications for the origin of the Tibetan population and its adaptation to high altitude. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93: 189-199.
84. Torroni, A., Huoponen, K., Francalacci, P., Petrozzi, M., Morelli, L., Scozzari, R., Obinu, D., Savontaus, M.-L., and Wallace, D.C. 1996. Classification of European mtDNAs from an analysis of three European populations. Genetics 144: 1835-1850.
85. Torroni, A., Rengo, C., Guida, V., Cruciani, F., Sellitto, D., Coppa, A., Calderon, F.L., Simionati, B., Valle, G., Richards, M., et al. 2001. Do the four clades of the mtDNA haplogroup L2 evolve at different rates? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1348-1356.
86. Tsai, L.C., Lin, C.Y., Lee, J.C., Chang, J.G., Linacre, A., and Goodwin, W. 2001. Sequence polymorphism of mitochondrial D-loop DNA in the Taiwanese Han population. Forensic Sci. Int. 119: 239-247.
87. Voevoda, M.I., Avksentyuk, A.V., Ivanova, A.V., Astakhova, T.I., Babenko, V.N., Kurilovich, S.A., Duffy, L.K., Segal, B., and Shields, G.F. 1994. Molecular genetic studies in the population of native inhabitants of Chukchee Peninsula. Analysis of polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA and of genes controlling alcohol metabolizing enzymes. Sibirskii Ekolog. Z. 1: 139-151.
88. Watson, E., Forster, P., Richards, M., and Bandelt, H.J. 1997. Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61: 691-704.
89. Yao, Y.G., Lu, X.M., Luo, H.R., Li, W.H., and Zhang, Y.P. 2000a. Gene admixture in the silk road region of China: Evidence from mtDNA and melanocortin 1 receptor polymorphism. Genes Genet. Syst. 75: 173-178.
90. Yao, Y.G., Watkins, W.S., and Zhang, Y.P. 2000b. Evolutionary history of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in Chinese populations and its relevance to the peopling of east and southeast Asia. Hum. Genet. 107: 504-512.
91. Yao, Y.G., Kong, Q.P., Bandelt, H.J., Kivisild, T., and Zhang, Y.P. 2002a. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 635-651.
92. Yao, Y.-G., Nie, L., Harpending, H., Fu, Y.-X., Yuan, Z.-G., and Zhang, Y.-P. 2002b. Genetic relationship of Chinese ethnic populations revealed by mtDNA sequence diversity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118: 63-76.