Study of sociodemographic variables linked to lifestyle and their possible influence on cognitive reserve

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 874-891

  Sánchez, Juan Luis ^a   Torrellas, Clara ^a   Martín, Javier ^b   Barrera, Inmaculada ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Cognitive reserve; Dementia; Education; Neuropsychology

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITIVE RESERVE; DEMOGRAPHY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LIFESTYLE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OCCUPATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

COGNITIVE RESERVE; DEMOGRAPHY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; LIFE STYLE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OCCUPATIONS; PROBABILITY; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 80053487783     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.567976     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Albert, S. M., & Teresi, J. A. (1999). Reading ability, education, and cognitive status assessment among older adults in Harlem, New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 95-97. (Pubitemid 29281979)
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Amieva, H., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J. M., Le Carret, N., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., et al. (2005). The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: A prospective population based study. Brain, 128, 1093-1101. (Pubitemid 40675464)
4. Andel, R., Crowe, M., Pedersen, N. L.,Mortimer, J., Crimmins, E., Johansson, B., et al. (2005). Complexity of work and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A population-based study of Swedish twins. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P251-P258. (Pubitemid 41242564)
5. Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Rosas, P. (1989). Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: Visuospatial and memory abilities. Brain and Cognition, 11, 147-166.
6. Asada, T. (2007). Prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Putative nutritive factors. Psychogeriatrics, 7, 125-131. (Pubitemid 47382362)
7. Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., et al. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2271-2281.
8. Beck, A. T., Rial, W. Y., & Rickels, K. (1974). Short form of depression inventory (cross-validation). Psychological Reports, 34, 1184-1186.
9. Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., & Arnold, S. E. (2005). Education modifies the association of amyloid but not tangles with cognitive function. Neurology, 65, 953-955. (Pubitemid 41362153)
10. Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Mendes de Leon, F., Arnold, S. E., et al. (2003). Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons. Neurology, 60, 1909-1915. (Pubitemid 36736005)
11. Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. S. (1991). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
12. Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. S., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, V. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
13. Bonaiuto, S., Rocca, W. A., Lippi, A., Giannandrea, E., Mele, M., Cavarzeran, F., et al. (1995). Education and occupation as risk factors for dementia: A population based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology, 14, 101-109.
14. Borenstein, A. R., Copenhaver, C. I., & Mortimer, J. A. (2006). Early-life risk factors for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 20, 63-72. (Pubitemid 44356897)
15. Bowler, J. V., Munoz, D. G., Merskey, H., & Hachinski, V. (1998). Factors affecting the age of onset and rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 65, 184-190. (Pubitemid 28371927)
16. Brian, P. C. (1984). Procedures for comparing samples with multiple endpoints. Biometrics, 40, 1079-1087.
17. Carlson, M. C., Helms, M. J., Steffens, D. C., Burke, J. R., Potter, G. G., & Plassam, B. L. (2008). Midlife activity predicts risk of dementia in older male twin pairs. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 4, 324-331.
18. Chandra, V., Pandav, R., Dogde, H. H., Johnston, J. M., Belle, S. H., DeKosky, et al. (2001). Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a rural community in India: The Indo-US study. Neurology, 57, 985-989. (Pubitemid 32880190)
19. Christensen, H., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Henderson, A. S., Jacomb, P. A., Rodgers, B., et al. (1997). Education and decline in cognitive performance: Compensatory but not protective. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 323-330. (Pubitemid 27148453)
20. Crowe, M., Andel, R., Pedersen, N. L., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2003). Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease? A prospective study of Swedish twins. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, P249-P255. (Pubitemid 37169736)
21. Cummings, J. L., Vinters, H. V., Cole, G. M., & Khachaturian, Z. S. (1998). Alzheimer's disease. Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology, 51, S2-S17. (Pubitemid 28345337)
22. De la Barrera, M. L., Donolo, D., & Rinuado, M. C. (2010). Riesgo de demencia y niveles de educación. Cuando aprender es más saludable que pensamos [Risk of dementia and education levels: when to learn is healthier of that we think]. Anales de Psicología, 26, 34-40.
23. Del Ser, T., Hachinsky, V., Merskey, H., & Munoz, D. G. (1999). An autopsy-verified study of the effect of education on degenerative dementia. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 122, 2309-2319.
24. Feinstein, L. (2003). Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica, 277, 73-98.
25. Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H.-X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. Lancet, 355, 1315-1319. (Pubitemid 30199003)
26. Friedland, R. P. (1993). Epidemiology, education, and the ecology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 246-249. (Pubitemid 23060252)
27. Fritsch, T., McClendon, M. J., Smyth, K. A., Lerner, A. J., Friedland, R. P., & Larsen, J. D. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy aging: The role of reserve and lifestyle factor early in life. The Gerontologist, 47(3), 307-322. (Pubitemid 47308972)
28. Fritsch, T., McClendon, M. J., Smyth, K. A., & Ogrocki, P. K. (2002). Effects of educational attainment and occupational status on cognitive and functional decline in persons with Alzheimer-type dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 14, 347-363. (Pubitemid 36331602)
29. Fritsch, T., Smyth, K. A., McClendon, M. J., Ogrocki, P. K., Santillan, C., Larsen, J. D., et al. (2005). Associations between dementia/mild cognitive impairment and cognitive performance and activity levels in youth. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1191-1196. (Pubitemid 41632520)
30. Gazt, M., Prescott, C. A., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006). Lifestyle risk and delaying factors. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 20, S84-S88. (Pubitemid 44265857)
31. Gold, D. P., Andres, D., Etezadi, J., Arbuckle, T., Schwartzman, A., & Chaikelson, J. (1995). Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men. Psychology and Aging, 10, 294-303.[Erratum in Psychology and Aging, 1998, 13(3), 434].
32. Golden, C. J. (1994). Test de Colores y Palabras de Stroop [Stroop color and word test]. Madrid, Spain: TEA.
33. Hall, C., Derby, C., LeValley, A., Katz, M. J., Verghese, J., & Lipton, R. B. (2007). Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia. Neurology, 69, 1657-1664. (Pubitemid 350287121)
34. Haxby, J. V., Raffaele, K., Gillette, J., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. I. (1992). Individual trajectories of cognitive decline in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 575-592.
35. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtis, C. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
36. Heiser, W. J., & Meulman, J. J. (1994). Homogeneity analysis: Exploring the distribution of variables and their nonlinear relationships. In M. Greenacre & J. Blasius (Eds.), Correspondence analysis in the social sciences: Recent developments and applications (pp. 179-209). New York, NY: Academic Press.
37. Helzner, E. P., Scarmeas, N., Cosentino, S., Portet, F., & Stern, Y. (2007). Leisure activity and cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 64, 1749-1754. (Pubitemid 350254937)
38. Jones, S., Nyberg, L., Sandblom, J., Stigsdotter, A., Ingvar, M., Magnus Petersson, K., et al. (2006). Cognitive and neural plasticity in aging: General and task-specific limitations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 864-871. (Pubitemid 44308557)
39. Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1986). Test de Vocabulario de Boston [Boston naming test]. Madrid, Spain: Médica Panamericana.
40. Katzman, R. (2004). A neurologist's view of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 16, 259-273. (Pubitemid 39445379)
41. Kidron, D., Black, S. E., Stanchev, P., Buck, B., Szalai, J. P., Parker, J., et al. (1997). Quantitative MR volumetry in Alzheimer's disease. Topographic markers and the effects of sex and education. Neurology, 49, 1504-1512. (Pubitemid 28015108)
42. Kittner, S. J.,White, L. R., Farmer,M. E.,Wolz,M.,Kaplan, E., Moes, E., et al. (1986).Methodological issues in screening for dementia: The problem of educational adjustment. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39, 163-170. (Pubitemid 16143716)
43. Koepsell, T. D., Kurland, B. F., Harel, O., Johnson, E. A., Zhou, X.-H., & Kukull, W. A. (2008). Education, cognitive function, and severity of neuropathology in Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 70, 1732-1739. (Pubitemid 351653956)
44. Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Lindsay, J., MacPherson, K., & Rockwood, K. (2001). Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Archives of Neurology, 58, 489-504.
45. Le Carret, N., Auriacombe, S., Letenneur, L., Bergua, V., Dartigues, J. F., & Fabrigoule, C. (2005). Influence of education on the pattern of cognitive deterioration in AD patients: The cognitive reserve hypothesis. Brain and Cognition, 57, 120-126. (Pubitemid 40228916)
46. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
47. Lobo, A., Ezquerra, J., Bugarda, F. G., Sala, J. M., & Seva, A. (1979). El Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo. Un test sencillo y práctico para detectar alteraciones intelectuales en pacientes médicos [Cognitive mini-test: A simple practical test to detect intellectual changes in medical patients]. Actas Luso Espanolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines, 7, 198-202.
48. Manly, J., Touradji, P., Tang, M.-X., & Stern, Y. (2003). Literacy and memory decline among ethnically diverse elders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 680-690. (Pubitemid 36808153)
49. McCutcheon, A. C. (1987). Latent class analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
50. McKhann, G., Drachman, D. D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlen, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDAWork Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944. (Pubitemid 14076461)
51. Moceri, V. M., Kukull, W. A., Emanuel, I., van Belle, G., & Larson, E. B. (2001). Early-life risk factors and the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 54, 415-420.
52. Ngandu, T., von Strauss, E., Helkala, E. L., Winblad, B., Nissinen, A., Tuomilehto, J., et al. (2007). Education and dementia. What lies behind the association? Neurology, 69, 1442-1450. (Pubitemid 47511466)
53. O'Connor,D.W., Pollit, P. A., & Treasure, F. P. (1991). The influence of education and social class on the diagnosis of dementia in a community population. Psychological Medicine, 21, 219-224.
54. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113.
55. Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V., Colacicco, A. M., D'Introno, A., Capurso, C., Torres, F., et al. (2004).Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. Public Health Nutrition, 7, 959-963. (Pubitemid 39389283)
56. Potter, G. G., Helms, M. J., Burke, G., Steffens, D. C., & Plassman, B. L. (2007). Job demands and dementia risk among male twin pairs. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 3, 192-199. (Pubitemid 46825508)
57. Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail Making Test. Manual for administration and scoring. Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory.
58. Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., Miller, J. P., & Morris, J. C. (2007). Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia. Support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology, 68, 223-228. (Pubitemid 46105742)
59. Rovio, S., Kareholt, I., Helkala, E. L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., & Tuomilehto, J. (2005). Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurology, 4, 705-711. (Pubitemid 41457285)
60. Saczynski, J. S., Pfeifer, L. A., Masaki, K., Korf, E. S., Laurin, D., White, L., et al. (2006). The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 433-440.
61. Sánchez, J. L., Rodríguez, M., & Carro, J. (2002). Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychologic functioning in Alzheimer's disease type sporadic in subjects of Spanish nationality. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 15, 113-122. (Pubitemid 34632579)
62. Scarmeas, N., Albert, S. M., Manly, J. J., & Stern, Y. (2006). Education and rates of cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 77, 308-316.
63. Scarmeas, N., Levy, G., Tang, M., Manly, J., & Stern, Y. (2001). Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 57, 2236-2242. (Pubitemid 34016457)
64. Scarmeas, N., Luchsinger, J. A., Schupf, N., Brickman, A. M., Cosentino, S, Tang, M. X., et al. (2009). Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 627-637.
65. Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 625-633. (Pubitemid 36808148)
66. Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2004). Cognitive reserve: Implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 4, 374-380. (Pubitemid 39359935)
67. Schooler, C., & Mulatu, M. S. (2001). The reciprocal effects of leisure time activities and intellectual functioning in older people: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 16, 466-482. (Pubitemid 32816475)
68. Smyth, K. A., Fritsch, T., Cook, T. B., McClendon, M. J., Santillan, E., & Friedland, R. P. (2004). Worker functions and traits associated with occupations and the development of AD. Neurology, 63, 498-503. (Pubitemid 39031380)
69. Springer, M. V., McIntosh, A. R., Winocur, G., & Grady, C. L. (2005). The relation between brain activity during memory task and years of education in young and older adults. Neuropsychology, 19, 181-192. (Pubitemid 40381654)
70. Stern, R. A., Silva, S. G., Chaisson, N., & Evans, D. L. (1996). Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Archives of Neurology, 53, 148-153. (Pubitemid 26055261)
71. Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 448-460. (Pubitemid 34296102)
72. Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015-2028.
73. Stern, Y., Albert, S., Tang, M., & Tsai, W. (1999). Rate of memory decline in Alzheimer disease is related to education and occupation. Cognitive reserve? Neurology, 53, 1942-1947.
74. Teri, L., McCurry, S., Edland, S., Kukull, W., & Larson, E. (1995). Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: Longitudinal investigation of risk factors for accelerated decline. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Science and Medical Sciences, 50A, M49-M55.
75. Tucker-Drob, E. M., Johnson, K. E., & Jones, R. N. (2009). The cognitive reserve hypothesis: A longitudinal examination of age-associated declines in reasoning and processing speed. Developmental Psychology, 45, 431-446.
76. Valenzuela, M. J. (2008). Brain reserve and the prevention of dementia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 296-302. (Pubitemid 351489352)
77. Wang, H.-X, Karp, A., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2002). Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: A longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen Project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 1081-1087. (Pubitemid 34625496)
78. Wechsler, D. (1997a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III). Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
79. Wechsler, D. (1997b). WMS-III. Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
80. Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., Kreugerm, K. R., Hoganson, G., Bienias, J. L., & Bennet, D. A. (2005). Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 400-407. (Pubitemid 41167177)
81. Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., et al. (2002). Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer's disease. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 742-748. (Pubitemid 34250460)