메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 153, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 205-217

Clostridium difficile infection in humans and animals, differences and similarities

Author keywords

Clinical signs; Clostridium difficile; Diagnosis; Pathogenesis; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; METRONIDAZOLE; TOXIN; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 80053132801     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.020     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (80)

References (159)
  • 1
    • 34548471823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on emerging infections from the centers for disease control and prevention severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005
    • Abrahamian F.M., Talan D.A., Moran G.J., Pinner R. Update on emerging infections from the centers for disease control and prevention severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2006, 48:55-59.
    • (2006) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.48 , pp. 55-59
    • Abrahamian, F.M.1    Talan, D.A.2    Moran, G.J.3    Pinner, R.4
  • 3
    • 0029742398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales
    • al Saif N., Brazier J.S. The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. J. Med. Microbiol. 1996, 45:133-137.
    • (1996) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.45 , pp. 133-137
    • al Saif, N.1    Brazier, J.S.2
  • 4
    • 0033113360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian Tertiary-Care Hospital
    • al-Barrak A., Embil J., Dyck B., Olekson K., Nicoll D., Alfa M., Kabani A. An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian Tertiary-Care Hospital. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 1999, 25:65-69.
    • (1999) Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. , vol.25 , pp. 65-69
    • al-Barrak, A.1    Embil, J.2    Dyck, B.3    Olekson, K.4    Nicoll, D.5    Alfa, M.6    Kabani, A.7
  • 5
    • 77956539682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved Eradication of Clostridium difficile spores from toilets of hospitalized patients using an accelerated hydrogen peroxide as the cleaning agent
    • Alfa M.J., Lo E., Wald A., Dueck C., DeGagne P., Harding G.K. Improved Eradication of Clostridium difficile spores from toilets of hospitalized patients using an accelerated hydrogen peroxide as the cleaning agent. BMC Infect. Dis. 2010, 10:268.
    • (2010) BMC Infect. Dis. , vol.10 , pp. 268
    • Alfa, M.J.1    Lo, E.2    Wald, A.3    Dueck, C.4    DeGagne, P.5    Harding, G.K.6
  • 7
    • 38849158425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of two enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in swine
    • Anderson M.A., Songer J.G. Evaluation of two enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in swine. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 128:204-206.
    • (2008) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.128 , pp. 204-206
    • Anderson, M.A.1    Songer, J.G.2
  • 8
    • 6444227507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals
    • Arroyo L.G., Weese J.S., Staempfli H.R. Experimental Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2004, 18:734-738.
    • (2004) J. Vet. Intern. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 734-738
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Weese, J.S.2    Staempfli, H.R.3
  • 10
    • 33646263104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses
    • Arroyo L.G., Stampfli H.R., Weese J.S. Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 55:605-608.
    • (2006) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.55 , pp. 605-608
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Stampfli, H.R.2    Weese, J.S.3
  • 11
    • 33846451108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea
    • Arroyo L.G., Staempfli H., Weese J.S. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea. Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 120:179-183.
    • (2007) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.120 , pp. 179-183
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Staempfli, H.2    Weese, J.S.3
  • 12
    • 75549085302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile ribotypes 001017, and 027 are associated with lethal C. difficile infection in Hesse, Germany
    • Arvand M., Hauri A.M., Zaiss N.H., Witte W., Bettge-Weller G. Clostridium difficile ribotypes 001017, and 027 are associated with lethal C. difficile infection in Hesse, Germany. Euro Surveill. 2009, 14:19403.
    • (2009) Euro Surveill. , vol.14 , pp. 19403
    • Arvand, M.1    Hauri, A.M.2    Zaiss, N.H.3    Witte, W.4    Bettge-Weller, G.5
  • 16
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett J.G. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:334-339.
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 18
    • 7444257543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile diarrhea: infection control in horses
    • Båverud V. Clostridium difficile diarrhea: infection control in horses. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 2004, 20:615-630.
    • (2004) Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. , vol.20 , pp. 615-630
    • Båverud, V.1
  • 19
    • 0000617054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mature horses treated with antibiotics
    • Båverud V., Gustafsson A., Franklin A., Lindholm A., Gunnarsson A. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mature horses treated with antibiotics. Equine Vet. J. 1997, 29:279-284.
    • (1997) Equine Vet. J. , vol.29 , pp. 279-284
    • Båverud, V.1    Gustafsson, A.2    Franklin, A.3    Lindholm, A.4    Gunnarsson, A.5
  • 20
    • 0642283365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility
    • Båverud V., Gustafsson A., Franklin A., Aspan A., Gunnarsson A. Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Equine Vet. J. 2003, 35:465-471.
    • (2003) Equine Vet. J. , vol.35 , pp. 465-471
    • Båverud, V.1    Gustafsson, A.2    Franklin, A.3    Aspan, A.4    Gunnarsson, A.5
  • 21
    • 0023056408 scopus 로고
    • Chronic diarrhoea in dogs associated with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Berry A.P., Levett P.N. Chronic diarrhoea in dogs associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Vet. Rec. 1986, 118:102-103.
    • (1986) Vet. Rec. , vol.118 , pp. 102-103
    • Berry, A.P.1    Levett, P.N.2
  • 22
    • 0031752883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bignardi G.E. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 1998, 40:1-15.
    • (1998) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.40 , pp. 1-15
    • Bignardi, G.E.1
  • 23
    • 33747334107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Bojesen A.M., Olsen K.E., Bertelsen M.F. Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 116:329-335.
    • (2006) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.116 , pp. 329-335
    • Bojesen, A.M.1    Olsen, K.E.2    Bertelsen, M.F.3
  • 24
    • 0032065412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Borriello S.P. Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1998, 41(Suppl. C):13-19.
    • (1998) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 13-19
    • Borriello, S.P.1
  • 25
    • 0020693946 scopus 로고
    • Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Borriello S.P., Honour P., Turner T., Barclay F. Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 1983, 36:84-87.
    • (1983) J. Clin. Pathol. , vol.36 , pp. 84-87
    • Borriello, S.P.1    Honour, P.2    Turner, T.3    Barclay, F.4
  • 28
    • 0018695989 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity assay in antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Chang T.W., Lauermann M., Bartlett J.G. Cytotoxicity assay in antibiotic-associated colitis. J. Infect. Dis. 1979, 140:765-770.
    • (1979) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.140 , pp. 765-770
    • Chang, T.W.1    Lauermann, M.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 29
    • 33645346207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs
    • Chouicha N., Marks S.L. Evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006, 18:182-188.
    • (2006) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.18 , pp. 182-188
    • Chouicha, N.1    Marks, S.L.2
  • 30
    • 41949117132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit
    • Clooten J., Kruth S., Arroyo L., Weese J.S. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 129:209-214.
    • (2008) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.129 , pp. 209-214
    • Clooten, J.1    Kruth, S.2    Arroyo, L.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 31
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Cohen S.H., Gerding D.N., Johnson S., Kelly C.P., Loo V.G., McDonald L.C., Pepin J., Wilcox M.H. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2010, 31:431-455. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America.
    • (2010) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Loo, V.G.5    McDonald, L.C.6    Pepin, J.7    Wilcox, M.H.8
  • 32
    • 0026089562 scopus 로고
    • Protection against experimental pseudomembranous colitis in gnotobiotic mice by use of monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxin A
    • Corthier G., Muller M.C., Wilkins T.D., Lyerly D., L'Haridon R. Protection against experimental pseudomembranous colitis in gnotobiotic mice by use of monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxin A. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59:1192-1195.
    • (1991) Infect. Immun. , vol.59 , pp. 1192-1195
    • Corthier, G.1    Muller, M.C.2    Wilkins, T.D.3    Lyerly, D.4    L'Haridon, R.5
  • 33
    • 0020659377 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats
    • Czuprynski C.J., Johnson W.J., Balish E., Wilkins T. Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats. Infect. Immun. 1983, 39:1368-1376.
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.39 , pp. 1368-1376
    • Czuprynski, C.J.1    Johnson, W.J.2    Balish, E.3    Wilkins, T.4
  • 35
    • 58549107018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans
    • Debast S.B., van Leengoed L.A., Goorhuis A., Harmanus C., Kuijper E.J., Bergwerff A.A. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 11:505-511.
    • (2009) Environ. Microbiol. , vol.11 , pp. 505-511
    • Debast, S.B.1    van Leengoed, L.A.2    Goorhuis, A.3    Harmanus, C.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Bergwerff, A.A.6
  • 36
    • 15544364761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a plea for culture
    • Delmee M., Van Broeck J., Simon A., Janssens M., Avesani V. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a plea for culture. J. Med. Microbiol. 2005, 54:187-191.
    • (2005) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.54 , pp. 187-191
    • Delmee, M.1    Van Broeck, J.2    Simon, A.3    Janssens, M.4    Avesani, V.5
  • 38
    • 0027672176 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of enteritis and enterotoxemia due to Clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (Struthio camelus)
    • Frazier K.S., Herron A.J., Hines M.E., Gaskin J.M., Altman N.H. Diagnosis of enteritis and enterotoxemia due to Clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (Struthio camelus). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1993, 5:623-625.
    • (1993) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.5 , pp. 623-625
    • Frazier, K.S.1    Herron, A.J.2    Hines, M.E.3    Gaskin, J.M.4    Altman, N.H.5
  • 39
    • 50849139510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical risk index for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics
    • Garey K.W., Dao-Tran T.K., Jiang Z.D., Price M.P., Gentry L.O., Dupont H.L. A clinical risk index for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 70:142-147.
    • (2008) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.70 , pp. 142-147
    • Garey, K.W.1    Dao-Tran, T.K.2    Jiang, Z.D.3    Price, M.P.4    Gentry, L.O.5    Dupont, H.L.6
  • 40
    • 56249107224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey K.W., Sethi S., Yadav Y., DuPont H.L. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 70:298-304.
    • (2008) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.70 , pp. 298-304
    • Garey, K.W.1    Sethi, S.2    Yadav, Y.3    DuPont, H.L.4
  • 41
    • 39749111479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gerding D.N., Muto C.A., Owens R.C. Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46(Suppl. 1):S43-49.
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Muto, C.A.2    Owens, R.C.3
  • 42
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • Geric B., Carman R.J., Rupnik M., Genheimer C.W., Sambol S.P., Lyerly D.M., Gerding D.N., Johnson S. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193:1143-1151.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1151
    • Geric, B.1    Carman, R.J.2    Rupnik, M.3    Genheimer, C.W.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Lyerly, D.M.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Johnson, S.8
  • 43
    • 0032962874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters
    • Giannasca P.J., Zhang Z.X., Lei W.D., Boden J.A., Giel M.A., Monath T.P., Thomas W.D. Serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67:527-538.
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.67 , pp. 527-538
    • Giannasca, P.J.1    Zhang, Z.X.2    Lei, W.D.3    Boden, J.A.4    Giel, M.A.5    Monath, T.P.6    Thomas, W.D.7
  • 46
    • 2542595557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of faecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in horses treated with penicillin
    • Gustafsson A., Båverud V., Gunnarsson A., Pringle J., Franklin A. Study of faecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in horses treated with penicillin. Equine Vet. J. 2004, 36:180-182.
    • (2004) Equine Vet. J. , vol.36 , pp. 180-182
    • Gustafsson, A.1    Båverud, V.2    Gunnarsson, A.3    Pringle, J.4    Franklin, A.5
  • 47
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall I.C., O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1935, 49:390-402.
    • (1935) Am. J. Dis. Child. , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 50
    • 33947584592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era
    • Hookman P., Barkin J.S. Review: Clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2007, 52:1071-1075.
    • (2007) Dig. Dis. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1071-1075
    • Hookman, P.1    Barkin, J.S.2
  • 58
    • 23044471902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of polymerase chain reaction ribotypes of Clostridium difficile commonly isolated from symptomatic hospital patients in the UK
    • John R., Brazier J.S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of polymerase chain reaction ribotypes of Clostridium difficile commonly isolated from symptomatic hospital patients in the UK. J. Hosp. Infect. 2005, 61:11-14.
    • (2005) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.61 , pp. 11-14
    • John, R.1    Brazier, J.S.2
  • 59
    • 0023217658 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment
    • Jones R.L., Adney W.S., Shideler R.K. Isolation of Clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987, 25:1225-1227.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.25 , pp. 1225-1227
    • Jones, R.L.1    Adney, W.S.2    Shideler, R.K.3
  • 61
    • 0000757854 scopus 로고
    • Association of Clostridium difficile with foal diarrhea
    • University Press of Kentucky, KY, D.G. Powell (Ed.)
    • Jones R., Shideler R., Cockerell G. Association of Clostridium difficile with foal diarrhea. Equine Infectious Disease V. Lexington 1988, 236-240. University Press of Kentucky, KY. D.G. Powell (Ed.).
    • (1988) Equine Infectious Disease V. Lexington , pp. 236-240
    • Jones, R.1    Shideler, R.2    Cockerell, G.3
  • 62
    • 33646439545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comparative pathology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Keel M.K., Songer J.G. The comparative pathology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Vet. Pathol. 2006, 43:225-240.
    • (2006) Vet. Pathol. , vol.43 , pp. 225-240
    • Keel, M.K.1    Songer, J.G.2
  • 63
    • 37149044966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution and density of Clostridium difficile toxin receptors on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs
    • Keel M.K., Songer J.G. The distribution and density of Clostridium difficile toxin receptors on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs. Vet. Pathol. 2007, 44:814-822.
    • (2007) Vet. Pathol. , vol.44 , pp. 814-822
    • Keel, M.K.1    Songer, J.G.2
  • 64
    • 34250660545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs calves, and other species
    • Keel K., Brazier J.S., Post K.W., Weese S., Songer J.G. Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs calves, and other species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007, 45:1963-1964.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.45 , pp. 1963-1964
    • Keel, K.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Post, K.W.3    Weese, S.4    Songer, J.G.5
  • 65
    • 77749306405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in swine thought to have Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in eleven swine operations in the Netherlands
    • Keessen E.C., Leengoed L.A., Bakker D., van den Brink K.M., Kuijper E.J., Lipman L.J. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in swine thought to have Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in eleven swine operations in the Netherlands. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 2010, 135:134-137.
    • (2010) Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. , vol.135 , pp. 134-137
    • Keessen, E.C.1    Leengoed, L.A.2    Bakker, D.3    van den Brink, K.M.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Lipman, L.J.6
  • 66
    • 0001889931 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis
    • W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, M.M. Wolfe (Ed.)
    • Kelly C.P., LaMont J.T. Treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis. Gastrointestinal Pharmacotherapy 1993, 199-212. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. M.M. Wolfe (Ed.).
    • (1993) Gastrointestinal Pharmacotherapy , pp. 199-212
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 68
    • 0023503051 scopus 로고
    • Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters
    • Kim P.H., Iaconis J.P., Rolfe R.D. Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. Infect. Immun. 1987, 55:2984-2992.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 2984-2992
    • Kim, P.H.1    Iaconis, J.P.2    Rolfe, R.D.3
  • 69
    • 0031948840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-associated disease in a hamster model of infection
    • Kink J.A., Williams J.A. Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-associated disease in a hamster model of infection. Infect. Immun. 1998, 66:2018-2025.
    • (1998) Infect. Immun. , vol.66 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Kink, J.A.1    Williams, J.A.2
  • 70
    • 0018316798 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin
    • Knoop F.C. Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin. Infect. Immun. 1979, 23:31-33.
    • (1979) Infect. Immun. , vol.23 , pp. 31-33
    • Knoop, F.C.1
  • 72
    • 54349087993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of Clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities
    • Kuijper E.J., van Dissel J.T. Spectrum of Clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities. CMAJ 2008, 179:747-748.
    • (2008) CMAJ , vol.179 , pp. 747-748
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    van Dissel, J.T.2
  • 73
    • 33748563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
    • ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile, EU Member States European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
    • Kuijper E.J., Coignard B., Tull P. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2006, 12(Suppl. 6):2-18. ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile, EU Member States European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
    • (2006) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 2-18
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Tull, P.3
  • 74
    • 33646562852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 toxinotype III, the Netherlands
    • Kuijper E.J., van den Berg R.J., Debast S. Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 toxinotype III, the Netherlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12:827-882.
    • (2006) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.12 , pp. 827-882
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    van den Berg, R.J.2    Debast, S.3
  • 76
    • 67651230886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Clostridium Difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions
    • Lefebvre S.L., Reid-Smith R.J., Waltner-Toews D., Weese J.S. Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Clostridium Difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009, 234:1404-1417.
    • (2009) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.234 , pp. 1404-1417
    • Lefebvre, S.L.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Waltner-Toews, D.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 79
    • 0019053382 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated cecitis in guinea pigs exposed to penicillin
    • Lowe B.R., Fox J.G., Bartlett J.G. Clostridium difficile-associated cecitis in guinea pigs exposed to penicillin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1980, 41:1277-1279.
    • (1980) Am. J. Vet. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 1277-1279
    • Lowe, B.R.1    Fox, J.G.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 81
    • 0035015081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: usefulness of Premier Cytoclone A+B enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic C. difficile strains
    • Lozniewski A., Rabaud C., Dotto E., Weber M., Mory F. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: usefulness of Premier Cytoclone A+B enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic C. difficile strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39:1996-1998.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.39 , pp. 1996-1998
    • Lozniewski, A.1    Rabaud, C.2    Dotto, E.3    Weber, M.4    Mory, F.5
  • 82
  • 83
    • 0032615694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital
    • Madewell B.R., Bea J.K., Kraegel S.A., Winthrop M., Tang Y.J., Silva J. Clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1999, 11:50-54.
    • (1999) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.11 , pp. 50-54
    • Madewell, B.R.1    Bea, J.K.2    Kraegel, S.A.3    Winthrop, M.4    Tang, Y.J.5    Silva, J.6
  • 85
    • 0036138621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997)
    • Magdesian K.G., Hirsh D.C., Jang S.S., Hansen L.M., Madigan J.E. Characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002, 220:67-73.
    • (2002) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.220 , pp. 67-73
    • Magdesian, K.G.1    Hirsh, D.C.2    Jang, S.S.3    Hansen, L.M.4    Madigan, J.E.5
  • 86
    • 33644795034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type
    • Magdesian K.G., Dujowich M., Madigan J.E., Hansen L.M., Hirsh D.C., Jang S.S. Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2006, 228:751-755.
    • (2006) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.228 , pp. 751-755
    • Magdesian, K.G.1    Dujowich, M.2    Madigan, J.E.3    Hansen, L.M.4    Hirsh, D.C.5    Jang, S.S.6
  • 87
    • 0012918580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs
    • Marks S.L., Kather E.J., Kass P.H., Melli A.C. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2002, 16:533-540.
    • (2002) J. Vet. Intern. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 533-540
    • Marks, S.L.1    Kather, E.J.2    Kass, P.H.3    Melli, A.C.4
  • 91
    • 77954374771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in feces of horses with acute diarrhea
    • Medina-Torres C.E., Weese J.S., Staempfli H.R. Validation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in feces of horses with acute diarrhea. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010, 24:628-632.
    • (2010) J. Vet. Intern. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 628-632
    • Medina-Torres, C.E.1    Weese, J.S.2    Staempfli, H.R.3
  • 92
    • 0347950950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of fatal Clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters
    • Merrigan M.M., Sambol S.P., Johnson S., Gerding D.N. Prevention of fatal Clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188:1922-1927.
    • (2003) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.188 , pp. 1922-1927
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 95
    • 0020508158 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile in a Kodiak Bear
    • Orchard J.L., Fekety R., Smith J.R. Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile in a Kodiak Bear. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983, 44:1547-1548.
    • (1983) Am. J. Vet. Res. , vol.44 , pp. 1547-1548
    • Orchard, J.L.1    Fekety, R.2    Smith, J.R.3
  • 96
    • 58849105967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV)
    • Otter J.A., French G.L. Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV). J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47:205-207.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 205-207
    • Otter, J.A.1    French, G.L.2
  • 97
    • 70350018031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile
    • Oughton M.T., Loo V.G., Dendukuri N., Fenn S., Libman M.D. Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2009, 30:939-944.
    • (2009) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.30 , pp. 939-944
    • Oughton, M.T.1    Loo, V.G.2    Dendukuri, N.3    Fenn, S.4    Libman, M.D.5
  • 98
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin J., Valiquette L., Alary M.E., Villemure P., Pelletier A., Forget K., Pepin K., Chouinard D. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 2004, 171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3    Villemure, P.4    Pelletier, A.5    Forget, K.6    Pepin, K.7    Chouinard, D.8
  • 101
    • 45249086113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animals in Slovenia
    • Pirs T., Ocepek M., Rupnik M. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animals in Slovenia. J. Med. Microbiol. 2008, 57:790-792.
    • (2008) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.57 , pp. 790-792
    • Pirs, T.1    Ocepek, M.2    Rupnik, M.3
  • 103
    • 1642418376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from neonatal pigs with enteritis
    • Post K.W., Songer J.G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from neonatal pigs with enteritis. Anaerobe 2004, 10:47-50.
    • (2004) Anaerobe , vol.10 , pp. 47-50
    • Post, K.W.1    Songer, J.G.2
  • 105
    • 0036583558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a test for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B for the diagnosis of neonatal swine enteritis
    • Post K.W., Jost B.H., Songer J.G. Evaluation of a test for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B for the diagnosis of neonatal swine enteritis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2002, 14:258-259.
    • (2002) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.14 , pp. 258-259
    • Post, K.W.1    Jost, B.H.2    Songer, J.G.3
  • 106
    • 3142680740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Poutanen S.M., Simor A.E. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ 2004, 171:51-58.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 51-58
    • Poutanen, S.M.1    Simor, A.E.2
  • 107
    • 0020403875 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile typhlitis in hamsters not associated with antibiotic therapy
    • Rehg J.E., Lu Y.S. Clostridium difficile typhlitis in hamsters not associated with antibiotic therapy. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982, 181:1422-1423.
    • (1982) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.181 , pp. 1422-1423
    • Rehg, J.E.1    Lu, Y.S.2
  • 108
    • 0026347074 scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics
    • Riley T.V., Adams J.E., O'Neill G.L., Bowman R.A. Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. Epidemiol. Infect. 1991, 107:659-665.
    • (1991) Epidemiol. Infect. , vol.107 , pp. 659-665
    • Riley, T.V.1    Adams, J.E.2    O'Neill, G.L.3    Bowman, R.A.4
  • 113
    • 77955245344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended for cooking ground meats
    • Rodriguez-Palacios A., Reid-Smith R.J., Staempfli H.R., Weese J.S. Clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended for cooking ground meats. Anaerobe 2010, 16:540-542.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , pp. 540-542
    • Rodriguez-Palacios, A.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Staempfli, H.R.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 115
    • 63749097441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of clinical microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Ruby R., Magdesian K.G., Kass P.H. Comparison of clinical microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009, 234:777-784.
    • (2009) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.234 , pp. 777-784
    • Ruby, R.1    Magdesian, K.G.2    Kass, P.H.3
  • 116
    • 34147093284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?
    • Rupnik M. Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2007, 13:457-459.
    • (2007) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.13 , pp. 457-459
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 117
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M., Wilcox M.H., Gerding D.N. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7:526-536.
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 118
    • 0031156868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants
    • Rutala W.A., Stiegel M.M., Sarubbi F.A., Weber D.J. Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1997, 18:417-421.
    • (1997) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.18 , pp. 417-421
    • Rutala, W.A.1    Stiegel, M.M.2    Sarubbi, F.A.3    Weber, D.J.4
  • 119
    • 0035877043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of hamsters with epidemiologically important strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Sambol S.P., Tang J.K., Merrigan M.M., Johnson S., Gerding D.N. Infection of hamsters with epidemiologically important strains of Clostridium difficile. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 183:1760-1766.
    • (2001) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.183 , pp. 1760-1766
    • Sambol, S.P.1    Tang, J.K.2    Merrigan, M.M.3    Johnson, S.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 120
    • 0037115014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonization for the prevention of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters
    • Sambol S.P., Merrigan M.M., Tang J.K., Johnson S., Gerding D.N. Colonization for the prevention of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 2002, 186:1781-1789.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.186 , pp. 1781-1789
    • Sambol, S.P.1    Merrigan, M.M.2    Tang, J.K.3    Johnson, S.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 122
    • 40049090649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and chlorine-releasing disinfectants
    • Settle C.D., Wilcox M.H. Clostridium difficile and chlorine-releasing disinfectants. Lancet 2008, 371:810.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 810
    • Settle, C.D.1    Wilcox, M.H.2
  • 123
    • 50849110800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental Clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards
    • Shapey S., Machin K., Levi K., Boswell T.C. Activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental Clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 70:136-141.
    • (2008) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.70 , pp. 136-141
    • Shapey, S.1    Machin, K.2    Levi, K.3    Boswell, T.C.4
  • 124
    • 33749248315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe
    • Simango C. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 100:1146-1150.
    • (2006) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.100 , pp. 1146-1150
    • Simango, C.1
  • 125
    • 43849106225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility
    • Simango C., Mwakurudza S. Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 124:268-270.
    • (2008) Int. J. Food Microbiol. , vol.124 , pp. 268-270
    • Simango, C.1    Mwakurudza, S.2
  • 126
    • 0014320482 scopus 로고
    • Fatal enterocolitis in hamsters given lincomycin hydrochloride
    • Small J.D. Fatal enterocolitis in hamsters given lincomycin hydrochloride. Lab. Anim. Care 1968, 18:411-420.
    • (1968) Lab. Anim. Care , vol.18 , pp. 411-420
    • Small, J.D.1
  • 127
    • 24044474684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of Clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals
    • Songer J.G. The emergence of Clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals. Anim. Health. Res. Rev. 2004, 5:321-326.
    • (2004) Anim. Health. Res. Rev. , vol.5 , pp. 321-326
    • Songer, J.G.1
  • 128
    • 28844494379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals
    • Songer J.G., Anderson M.A. Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. Anaerobe 2006, 12:1-4.
    • (2006) Anaerobe , vol.12 , pp. 1-4
    • Songer, J.G.1    Anderson, M.A.2
  • 130
    • 34547950896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of porcine Clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms
    • Songer J.G., Jones R., Anderson M.A., Barbara A.J., Post K.W., Trinh H.T. Prevention of porcine Clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms. Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 124:358-361.
    • (2007) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.124 , pp. 358-361
    • Songer, J.G.1    Jones, R.2    Anderson, M.A.3    Barbara, A.J.4    Post, K.W.5    Trinh, H.T.6
  • 132
    • 0036708347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates
    • Spigaglia P., Mastrantonio P. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:3470-3475.
    • (2002) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.40 , pp. 3470-3475
    • Spigaglia, P.1    Mastrantonio, P.2
  • 134
    • 60849136597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples
    • Stamper P.D., Alcabasa R., Aird D., Babiker W., Wehrlin J., Ikpeama I., Carroll K.C. Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47:373-378.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 373-378
    • Stamper, P.D.1    Alcabasa, R.2    Aird, D.3    Babiker, W.4    Wehrlin, J.5    Ikpeama, I.6    Carroll, K.C.7
  • 135
    • 75649147869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piglet models of acute or chronic Clostridium difficile illness
    • Steele J., Feng H., Parry N., Tzipori S. Piglet models of acute or chronic Clostridium difficile illness. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 201:428-434.
    • (2010) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.201 , pp. 428-434
    • Steele, J.1    Feng, H.2    Parry, N.3    Tzipori, S.4
  • 136
    • 0028471103 scopus 로고
    • Fecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in dogs: a period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital
    • Struble A.L., Tang Y.J., Kass P.H., Gumerlock P.H., Madewell B.R., Silva J. Fecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in dogs: a period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1994, 6:342-347.
    • (1994) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.6 , pp. 342-347
    • Struble, A.L.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Kass, P.H.3    Gumerlock, P.H.4    Madewell, B.R.5    Silva, J.6
  • 137
    • 20644443513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Tonna I., Welsby P.D. Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Postgrad. Med. J. 2005, 81:367-369.
    • (2005) Postgrad. Med. J. , vol.81 , pp. 367-369
    • Tonna, I.1    Welsby, P.D.2
  • 138
    • 1542723582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of toxin a-negative toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR ribotyping
    • van den Berg R.J., Claas E.C., Oyib D.H., Klaassen C.H., Dijkshoorn L., Brazier J.S., Kuijper E.J. Characterization of toxin a-negative toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR ribotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:1035-1041.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.42 , pp. 1035-1041
    • van den Berg, R.J.1    Claas, E.C.2    Oyib, D.H.3    Klaassen, C.H.4    Dijkshoorn, L.5    Brazier, J.S.6    Kuijper, E.J.7
  • 139
    • 33845938587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional diagnostic methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a prospective multicentre study
    • van den Berg R.J., Vaessen N., Endtz H.P., Schulin T., van der Vorm E.R., Kuijper E.J. Evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional diagnostic methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a prospective multicentre study. J. Med. Microbiol. 2007, 56:36-42.
    • (2007) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.56 , pp. 36-42
    • van den Berg, R.J.1    Vaessen, N.2    Endtz, H.P.3    Schulin, T.4    van der Vorm, E.R.5    Kuijper, E.J.6
  • 142
    • 0032829877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin A from Clostridium difficile
    • Ward S.J., Douce G., Dougan G., Wren B.W. Local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin A from Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67:5124-5132.
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.67 , pp. 5124-5132
    • Ward, S.J.1    Douce, G.2    Dougan, G.3    Wren, B.W.4
  • 143
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M., Pepin J., Fang A., Killgore G., Thompson A., Brazier J., Frost E., McDonald L.C. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005, 366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 145
    • 0024747792 scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of dogs and cats
    • Weber A., Kroth P., Heil G. The occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of dogs and cats. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B 1989, 36:568-576.
    • (1989) Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B , vol.36 , pp. 568-576
    • Weber, A.1    Kroth, P.2    Heil, G.3
  • 146
    • 71849085180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food - innocent bystander or serious threat?
    • Weese J.S. Clostridium difficile in food - innocent bystander or serious threat?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010, 16:3-10.
    • (2010) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.16 , pp. 3-10
    • Weese, J.S.1
  • 147
    • 0034277476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of environmental Clostridium difficile from a veterinary teaching hospital
    • Weese J.S., Staempfli H.R., Prescott J.F. Isolation of environmental Clostridium difficile from a veterinary teaching hospital. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2000, 12:449-452.
    • (2000) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.12 , pp. 449-452
    • Weese, J.S.1    Staempfli, H.R.2    Prescott, J.F.3
  • 148
    • 0035403329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea
    • Weese J.S., Staempfli H.R., Prescott J.F. A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. Equine Vet. J. 2001, 33:403-409.
    • (2001) Equine Vet. J. , vol.33 , pp. 403-409
    • Weese, J.S.1    Staempfli, H.R.2    Prescott, J.F.3
  • 151
    • 0347625736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital
    • Weese J.S., Armstrong J. Outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2003, 17:813-816.
    • (2003) J. Vet. Intern. Med. , vol.17 , pp. 813-816
    • Weese, J.S.1    Armstrong, J.2
  • 152
    • 33744472256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome
    • Weese J.S., Toxopeus L., Arroyo L. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. Equine Vet. J. 2006, 38:185-188.
    • (2006) Equine Vet. J. , vol.38 , pp. 185-188
    • Weese, J.S.1    Toxopeus, L.2    Arroyo, L.3
  • 154
  • 155
    • 0034649081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile
    • Wilcox M.H., Fawley W.N. Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 2000, 356:1324.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1324
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2
  • 157
    • 0036653379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in Iowa swine including Clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
    • Yaeger M., Funk N., Hoffman L. A survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in Iowa swine including Clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2002, 14:281-287.
    • (2002) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.14 , pp. 281-287
    • Yaeger, M.1    Funk, N.2    Hoffman, L.3
  • 158
    • 35748967025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective case control study evaluating the association between Clostridium difficile toxins in the colon of neonatal swine and gross and microscopic lesions
    • Yaeger M.J., Kinyon J.M., Glenn Songer J. A prospective case control study evaluating the association between Clostridium difficile toxins in the colon of neonatal swine and gross and microscopic lesions. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2007, 19:52-59.
    • (2007) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.19 , pp. 52-59
    • Yaeger, M.J.1    Kinyon, J.M.2    Glenn Songer, J.3
  • 159
    • 60149085427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens
    • Zidaric V., Zemljic M., Janezic S., Kocuvan A., Rupnik M. High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. Anaerobe 2008, 14:325-327.
    • (2008) Anaerobe , vol.14 , pp. 325-327
    • Zidaric, V.1    Zemljic, M.2    Janezic, S.3    Kocuvan, A.4    Rupnik, M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.