Characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997)

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Volumn 220, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 67-73

  Magdesian, K Gary ^a   Hirsh, Dwight C ^a   Jang, Spencer S ^a   Hansen, Lori M ^a   Madigan, John E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; DIARRHEA; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; GENE SEQUENCE; HORSE; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; MALE; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; NONHUMAN; TACHYPNEA; UREMIA; ANIMAL; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFECT; FECES; GENETICS; HORSE DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIAL TOXIN; ENTEROTOXIN; METRONIDAZOLE; TCDA PROTEIN, CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; TOXB PROTEIN, CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; DIARRHEA; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; ENTEROTOXINS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FECES; FEMALE; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; MALE; METRONIDAZOLE; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 0036138621     PISSN: 00031488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.67     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:257-262.
2. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RYY, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320: 204-210.
3. Nakamura S, Mikawa M, Nakashio S, et al. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the feces and the antibody in sera of young and elderly adults. Microbiol Immunol 1981;25:345-351.
4. Niyogi SK, Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, et al. Frequency of isolation of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from healthy adults. Indian J Med Res 1997;106:497-499.
5. Davis MS, Murray MJ, Carman RJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of clostridial colitis in a mare. Vet Med 1999;94:363-366.
6. Orchard JC, Fekety R, Smith JR. Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile in a Kodiak bear. Am J Vet Res 1983;44: 1547-1548.
7. Frazier KS, Herron AJ, Hines ME II, et al. Diagnosis of enterotoxemia due to Clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (Struthio camelus). J Vet Diagn Invest 1993;5:623-625.
8. Hines RS, Dickerson S. Pseudomembranous enteritis associated with ciprofloxacin and Clostridium difficile in a penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus). J Zoo Wildl Med 1993;24:553-556.
9. Jones RL, Adney WS, Shideler RK. Isolation of Clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25: 1225-1227.
10. Jones RL. Diagnostic procedures for isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile associated with enterocolitis in foals. J Vet Diagn Invest 1989;1:84-86.
11. Jones RL, Shideler RK, Cockerell GL. Association of Clostridium difficile with foal diarrhea, in Proceedings. 5th Int Conf Equine Infect Dis 1988;236-240.
12. Jones RL, Adney WS, Alexander AF, et al. Hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile infection in four foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;193:76-79.
13. Mastrantonio P, Pantosti A, Cerquetti M, et al. Clostridium difficile: an update on virulence mechanisms. Anaerobe 1996;2: 337-343.
14. Kuhl SJ, Tang YJ, Navarro L, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of Clostridium difficile infections with the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(suppl 4):S234-S238.
15. Samore M, Killgore G, Johnson S, et al. Multicenter typing comparison of sporadic and outbreak Clostridium difficile isolates from geographically diverse hospitals. J Infect Dis 1997;176: 1233-1238.
16. Madewell BR, Tang YJ, Jang SS, et al. Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995;7:343-346.
17. Jang SS, Hansen LM, Breher JE, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine isolates of Clostridium difficile and molecular characterization of metronidazole-resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25(suppl 2):S266-S267.
18. Burdon DW, Brown JD, Youngs DJ, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother 1979;5: 307-310.
19. Shuttleworth R, Taylor M, Jones DM, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Pathol 1981;3: 1002-1005.
20. Ingham HR, Selkon JB, Hale JH, et al. The antibacterial activity of metronidazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1975;1:355-361.
21. Poilane I, Cruaud P, Torlotin JC, et al. Comparison of the F test to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6: 155-156.
22. Levett PN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile determined by disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988;22:167-173.
23. Anderson J, Korver J, Luchsinger I. Use of fatty acid analysis (microbial identification system) for the identification of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(suppl 2):S202.
24. Hibbs CM, Johnson DR, Reynolds K, et al. Clostridium sordelli isolated from foals. Equine Pract 1977;72:256-258.
25. Dickie CW, Klinkerman DL, Petrie RJ. Enterotoxemia in two foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;173:306-307.
26. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:358-361.
27. Baverud V, Gustafsson A, Franklin A, et al. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mature horses treated with antibiotics. Equine Vet J 1997;29:279-284.
28. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, et al. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 1998;30:482-488.
29. Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, et al. Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000;186:307-312.
30. Braun M, Herholz C, Straub R, et al. Detection of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin gene (cdt A) and its activity in Clostridium difficile isolates from Equidae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000;184:29-33.
31. Weese JS, Parsons DA, Staempfli HR. Association of Clostridium difficile with enterocolitis and lactose intolerance in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:229-232.
32. Fedorko DP, Williams EC. Use of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and i-proline-aminopeptidase (PRO Discs) in the rapid identification of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1258-1259.
33. Barbut F, Lalande V, Daprey G, et al. Usefulness of simultaneous detection of toxin A and glutamate dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:481-484.
34. Fedorko DP, Engler HD, O'Shaughnessy EM, et al. Evaluation of two rapid assays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:3044-3047.
35. Merz CS, Kramer C, Forman M, et al. Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1142-1147.
36. Lyerly DM, Neville LM, Evans DT, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Clostridium difficile TOX A/B TEST. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:184-190.
37. Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. Survival of Clostridium difficile and its toxins in equine feces: implications for diagnostic test selection and interpretation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000;12:332-336.
38. East LM, Savage CJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection in neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1751-1756.
39. Kader HA, Piccoli DA, Jawad AF, et al. Single toxin detection is inadequate to diagnose Clostridium difficile diarrhea in pediatric patients. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1329-1334.
40. Alfa MJ, Kabani A, Lyerly D, et al. Characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2706-2714.
41. Moncrief JS, Zheng L, Neville LM, et al. Genetic characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3072-3075.
42. Dallas SD, Rolfe RD. Binding of Clostridium difficile toxin A to human milk secretory component. J Med Microbiol 1998;47:879-888.
43. Pierce PF, Wilson R, Silva J, et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: an epidemiologic investigation of a cluster of cases. J Infect Dis 1982;145:269-274.
44. Fainstein V, Bodey GP, Fekety R. Relapsing pseudomembranous colitis associated with cancer chemotherapy. J Infect Dis 1981; 143:865.
45. Yamamoto-Osaki T, Kamiya S, Sawamura S, et al. Growth inhibition of Clostridium difficile by intestinal flora of infant faeces in continuous flow culture. J Med Microbiol 1994;40:179-187.
46. Bolton RP, Tait SK, Dear PR, et al. Asymptomatic neonatal colonization by Clostridium difficile. Arch Dis Child 1984;59: 466-472.
47. Stark PL, Lee A, Parsonage BD. Colonization of the large bowel by Clostridium difficile in healthy infants: quantitative study. Infect Immun 1982;35:895-899.
48. Gryboski JD, Pellerano R, Young N. Positive role of Clostridium difficile infection in diarrhea in infants and children. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:685-689.
49. Silva J Jr, Tang YJ, Gumerlock PH. Genotyping of Clostridium difficile isolates. J Infect Dis 1994;169:661-664.
50. Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. Isolation of environmental Clostridium difficile from a veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000;12:449-452.