Different neural pathways to negative affect in youth with pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 45, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1283-1294

  Rich, Brendan A ^a   Carver, Frederick W ^b   Holroyd, Tom ^b   Rosen, Heather R ^a   Mendoza, Jennifer K ^c   Cornwell, Brian R ^c   Fox, Nathan A ^d   Pine, Daniel S ^c   Coppola, Richard ^b   Leibenluft, Ellen ^c  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA   (United States)

^b MEG Core Facility   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Frustration; Irritability; Magnetoencephalography; Mood dysregulation; Pediatric

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADOLESCENT; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN REGION; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FRONTAL GYRUS; HUMAN; INSULA; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL; PEDIATRICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTION TIME; SCHOOL CHILD;

EID: 80053102730     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abler B., Walter H., Erk S. Neural correlates of frustration. Neuroreport 2005, 16:669-672.
2. Adler C.M., Adams J., DelBello M.P., Holland S.K., Schmithorst V., Levine A., et al. Evidence of white matter pathology in bipolar disorder adolescents experiencing their first episode of mania: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:322-324.
3. Adler C.M., Delbello M.P., Mills N.P., Schmithorst V., Holland S., Strakowski S.M. Comorbid ADHD is associated with altered patterns of neuronal activation in adolescents with bipolar disorder performing a simple attention task. Bipolar Disorder 2005, 7:577-588.
4. Aftanas L.I., Varlamov A.A., Pavlov S.V., Makhnev V.P., Reva N.V. Affective picture processing: event-related synchronization within individually defined human theta band is modulated by valence dimension. Neuroscience Letters 2001, 303:115-118.
5. Aftanas L.I., Varlamov A.A., Reva N.V., Pavlov S.V. Disruption of early event-related theta synchronization of human EEG in alexithymics viewing affective pictures. Neuroscience Letters 2003, 340:57-60.
6. Amodio D.M., Frith C.D. Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2006, 7:268-277.
7. Blader J.C., Carlson G.A. Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses Among U.S. Child, adolescent, and adult Inpatients, 1996-2004. Biological Psychiatry 2007.
8. Blumberg H.P., Donegan N.H., Sanislow C.A., Collins S., Lacadie C., Skudlarski P., et al. Preliminary evidence for medication effects on functional abnormalities in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 183:308-313.
9. Blumberg H.P., Fredericks C., Wang F., Kalmar J.H., Spencer L., Papademetris X., et al. Preliminary evidence for persistent abnormalities in amygdala volumes in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2005, 7:570-576.
10. Boussaoud D. Attention versus intention in the primate premotor cortex. Neuroimage 2001, 14:S40-S45.
11. Brem S., Halder P., Bucher K., Summers P., Martin E., Brandeis D. Tuning of the visual word processing system: distinct developmental ERP and fMRI effects. Human Brain Mapping 2009, 30:1833-1844.
12. Brooks J.O., Wang P.W., Bonner J.C., Rosen A.C., Hoblyn J.C., Hill S.J., et al. Decreased prefrontal, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatal metabolism in medication-free depressed outpatients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009, 43:181-188.
13. Brotman M.A., Kassem L., Reising M.M., Guyer A.E., Dickstein D.P., Rich B.A., et al. Parental diagnoses in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:1238-1241.
14. Brotman M.A., Rich B.A., Guyer A.E., Lunsford J.R., Horsey S.E., Reising M.M., et al. Amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus ADHD or bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 167:61-69.
15. Brotman M.A., Schmajuk M., Rich B.A., Dickstein D.P., Guyer A.E., Costello E.J., et al. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 60:991-997.
16. Brunetti M., Della P.S., Ferretti A., Del Gratta C., Cianflone F., Belardinelli P., et al. A Frontoparietal network for spatial attention Reorienting in the auditory domain: a human fMRI/MEG study of functional and temporal dynamics. Cerebal Cortex 2007.
17. Caligiuri M.P., Brown G.G., Meloy M.J., Eberson S.C., Kindermann S.S., Frank L.R., et al. An fMRI study of affective state and medication on cortical and subcortical brain regions during motor performance in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 2003, 123:171-182.
18. Callicott J.H., Mattay V.S., Verchinski B.A., Marenco S., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:2209-2215.
19. Callicott J.H., Weinberger D.R. Neuropsychiatric dynamics: the study of mental illness using functional magnetic resonance imaging. European Journal of Radiology 2000, 30:95-104.
20. Carlson G.A., Jensen P.S., Findling R.L., Meyer R.E., Calabrese J., Delbello M.P., et al. Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a consensus conference. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2003, 13:13-27.
21. Chang K., Adleman N.E., Dienes K., Simeonova D.I., Menon V., Reiss A. Anomalous prefrontal-subcortical activation in familial pediatric bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:781-792.
22. Chang K., Karchemskiy A., Barnea-Goraly N., Garrett A., Simeonova D.I., Reiss A. Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005, 44:565-573.
23. Chen B.K., Sassi R., Axelson D., Hatch J.P., Sanches M., Nicoletti M., et al. Cross-sectional study of abnormal amygdala development in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:399-405.
24. Chiu P.H., Deldin P.J. Neural evidence for enhanced error detection in major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:608-616.
25. Cox R.W. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research 1996, 29:162-173.
26. Craig A.D. How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:59-70.
27. Delbello M.P., Zimmerman M.E., Mills N.P., Getz G.E., Strakowski S.M. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2004, 6:43-52.
28. Dickstein D.P., Nelson E.E., McClure E.B., Grimley M.E., Knopf L., Brotman M.A., et al. Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007, 46:341-355.
29. Donovan S.J., Nunes E.V., Stewart J.W., Ross D., Quitkin F.M., Jensen P.S., et al. " Outer-directed irritability": a distinct mood syndrome in explosive youth with a disruptive behavior disorder?. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003, 64:698-701.
30. Drabycz S., Stockwell R.G., Mitchell J.R. Image texture characterization using the discrete orthonormal S-transform. Journal of Digital Imaging 2009, 22:696-708.
31. Ellison-Wright I., Bullmore E. Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Research 2010, 117:1-12.
32. Esposito F., Mulert C., Goebel R. Combined distributed source and single-trial EEG-fMRI modeling: application to effortful decision making processes. Neuroimage 2009, 47:112-121.
33. Etkin A., Egner T., Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2011, 15:85-93.
34. Fernandez A., Quintero J., Hornero R., Zuluaga P., Navas M., Gomez C., et al. Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic implications. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:571-577.
35. Frazier J.A., Breeze J.L., Makris N., Giuliano A.S., Herbert M.R., Seidman L., et al. Cortical gray matter differences identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2005, 7:555-569.
36. Frazier J.A., Breeze J.L., Papadimitriou G., Kennedy D.N., Hodge S.M., Moore C.M., et al. White matter abnormalities in children with and at risk for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2007, 9:799-809.
37. Frazier J.A., Chiu S., Breeze J.L., Makris N., Lange N., Kennedy D.N., et al. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:1256-1265.
38. Geller B., Williams M., Zimerman B., Frazier J., Beringer L., Warner K.L. Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling. Journal of Affective Disorders 1998, 51:81-91.
39. Genovese C.R., Lazar N.A., Nichols T. Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 2002, 15:870-878.
40. Gusnard D.A., Akbudak E., Shulman G.L., Raichle M.E. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A 2001, 98:4259-4264.
41. Hanakawa T., Honda M., Sawamoto N., Okada T., Yonekura Y., Fukuyama H., et al. The role of rostral Brodmann area 6 in mental-operation tasks: an integrative neuroimaging approach. Cerebal Cortex 2002, 12:1157-1170.
42. Hanslmayr S., Pastotter B., Bauml K.H., Gruber S., Wimber M., Klimesch W. The electrophysiological dynamics of interference during the Stroop task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, 20:215-225.
43. Harris J. The increased diagnosis of " juvenile bipolar disorder": what are we treating?. Psychiatric Services 2005, 56:529-531.
44. Henson R.N., Mattout J., Singh K.D., Barnes G.R., Hillebrand A., Friston K. Population-level inferences for distributed MEG source localization under multiple constraints: application to face-evoked fields. Neuroimage 2007, 38:422-438.
45. Hirata M., Koreeda S., Sakihara K., Kato A., Yoshimine T., Yorifuji S. Effects of the emotional connotations in words on the frontal areas-a spatially filtered MEG study. Neuroimage 2007, 35:420-429.
46. Holmes A.J., Pizzagalli D.A. Response conflict and frontocingulate dysfunction in unmedicated participants with major depression. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:2904-2913.
47. Holmes A.J., Pizzagalli D.A. Spatiotemporal dynamics of error processing dysfunctions in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008, 65:179-188.
48. Hopfinger J.B., Buonocore M.H., Mangun G.R. The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3:284-291.
49. Hosokawa T., Momose T., Kasai K. Brain glucose metabolism difference between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders in depressed and euthymic states. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2009, 33:243-250.
50. Ishii R., Shinosaki K., Ukai S., Inouye T., Ishihara T., Yoshimine T., et al. Medial prefrontal cortex generates frontal midline theta rhythm. Neuroreport 1999, 10:675-679.
51. Jabbi M., Swart M., Keysers C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage 2007, 34:1744-1753.
52. Kahkonen S., Yamashita H., Rytsala H., Suominen K., Ahveninen J., Isometsa E. Dysfunction in early auditory processing in major depressive disorder revealed by combined MEG and EEG. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 2007, 32:316-322.
53. Kaufman J., Birmaher B., Brent D., Rao U., Flynn C., Moreci P., et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1997, 36:980-988.
54. Kaur S., Sassi R.B., Axelson D., Nicoletti M., Brambilla P., Monkul E.S., et al. Cingulate cortex anatomical abnormalities in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:1637-1643.
55. Kim E., Jung Y.C., Ku J., Kim J.J., Lee H., Kim S.Y., et al. Reduced activation in the mirror neuron system during a virtual social cognition task in euthymic bipolar disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2009, 33:1409-1416.
56. Lapalme E., Lina J.M., Mattout J. Data-driven parceling and entropic inference in MEG. Neuroimage 2006, 30:160-171.
57. Leibenluft E., Charney D.S., Towbin K.E., Bhangoo R.K., Pine D.S. Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:430-437.
58. Leibenluft E., Rich B.A., Vinton D.T., Nelson E.E., Fromm S.J., Berghorst L.H., et al. Neural circuitry engaged during unsuccessful motor inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:52-60.
59. Lennox B.R., Jacob R., Calder A.J., Lupson V., Bullmore E.T. Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania. Psychological Medicine 2004, 34:795-802.
60. Lieberman M.D., Cunningham W.A. Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 2009, 4:423-428.
61. Logan B.R., Rowe D.B. An evaluation of thresholding techniques in fMRI analysis. Neuroimage 2004, 22:95-108.
62. Luu P., Tucker D.M., Makeig S. Frontal midline theta and the error-related negativity: neurophysiological mechanisms of action regulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:1821-1835.
63. Malhi G.S., Lagopoulos J., Das P., Moss K., Berk M., Coulston C.M. A functional MRI study of Theory of Mind in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disorder 2008, 10:943-956.
64. Maurer U., Brem S., Bucher K., Brandeis D. Emerging neurophysiological specialization for letter strings. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2005, 17:1532-1552.
65. McMahon R.J., Wells K.C. Conduct problems. Treatment of childhood disorders 1998, 111-207. Guilford Press, New York. E.J. Mash, R.A. Barkley (Eds.).
66. McManis M.H., Bradley M.M., Berg W.K., Cuthbert B.N., Lang P.J. Emotional reactions in children: verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses to affective pictures. Psychophysiology 2001, 38:222-231.
67. Moadab I., Gilbert T., Dishion T.J., Tucker D.M. Frontolimbic activity in a frustrating task: covariation between patterns of coping and individual differences in externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Development and Psychopathology 2010, 22:391-404.
68. Moreno C., Laje G., Blanco C., Jiang H., Schmidt A.B., Olfson M. National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007, 64:1032-1039.
69. Mulas F., Capilla A., Fernandez S., Etchepareborda M.C., Campo P., Maestu F., et al. Shifting-related brain magnetic activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 59:373-379.
70. Mulert C., Seifert C., Leicht G., Kirsch V., Ertl M., Karch S., et al. Single-trial coupling of EEG and fMRI reveals the involvement of early anterior cingulate cortex activation in effortful decision making. Neuroimage 2008, 42:158-168.
71. Nagahama Y., Okada T., Katsumi Y., Hayashi T., Yamauchi H., Sawamoto N., et al. Transient neural activity in the medial superior frontal gyrus and precuneus time locked with attention shift between object features. Neuroimage 1999, 10:193-199.
72. Nelson E.E., Vinton D.T., Berghorst L., Towbin K.E., Hommer R.E., Dickstein D.P., et al. Brain systems underlying response flexibility in healthy and bipolar adolescents: an event-related fMRI study. Bipolar Disorder 2007, 9:810-819.
73. Nichols T., Hayasaka S. Controlling the familywise error rate in functional neuroimaging: a comparative review. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2003, 12:419-446.
74. Onoda K., Okamoto Y., Shishida K., Hashizume A., Ueda K., Yamashita H., et al. Anticipation of affective images and event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha activity: an MEG study. Brain Research 2007, 1151:134-141.
75. Ossadtchi A., Baillet S., Mosher J.C., Thyerlei D., Sutherling W., Leahy R.M. Automated interictal spike detection and source localization in magnetoencephalography using independent components analysis and spatio-temporal clustering. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:508-522.
76. Paus T. Primate anterior cingulate cortex: where motor control, drive and cognition interface. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001, 2:417-424.
77. Pavuluri M.N., Passarotti A.M., Harral E.M., Sweeney J.A. An fMRI study of the neural correlates of incidental versus directed emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009, 48:308-319.
78. Perez-Edgar K., Fox N. A behavioral and electrophysiological study of children's selective attention under neutral and affective conditions. Journal of Cognition and Development 2005, 6:89-116.
79. Phillips M.L., Travis M.J., Fagiolini A., Kupfer D.J. Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008.
80. Poznanski E.O., Grossman J.A., Buchsbaum Y., Banegas M., Freeman L., Gibbons R. Preliminary studies of the reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Rating Scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1984, 23:191-197.
81. Proverbio A.M., Adorni R. Orthographic familiarity, phonological legality and number of orthographic neighbours affect the onset of ERP lexical effects. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2008, 4:27.
82. Rich B.A., Brotman M.A., Dickstein D.P., Mitchell D.G., Blair R.J., Leibenluft E. Deficits in attention to emotional stimuli Distinguish youth with severe mood dysregulation from youth with bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2010, 38:695-706.
83. Rich B.A., Holroyd T., Carver F.W., Onelio L.M., Mendoza J.K., Cornwell B.R., et al. A preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder using magnetoencephalography. Depression and Anxiety 2010, 27:276-286.
84. Rich B.A., Schmajuk M., Perez-Edgar K.E., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Leibenluft E. Different psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:309-317.
85. Rich B.A., Schmajuk M., Perez-Edgar K.E., Pine D.S., Fox N.A., Leibenluft E. The impact of reward, punishment, and frustration on attention in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 58:532-539.
86. Salminen M., Ravaja N. Increased oscillatory theta activation evoked by violent digital game events. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 435:69-72.
87. Sanches M., Sassi R.B., Axelson D., Nicoletti M., Brambilla P., Hatch J.P., et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex of child and adolescent bipolar patients: a morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research 2005, 138:43-49.
88. Santesso D.L., Dillon D.G., Birk J.L., Holmes A.J., Goetz E., Bogdan R., et al. Individual differences in reinforcement learning: behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging correlates. Neuroimage 2008, 42:807-816.
89. Santesso D.L., Steele K.T., Bogdan R., Holmes A.J., Deveney C.M., Meites T.M., et al. Enhanced negative feedback responses in remitted depression. Neuroreport 2008, 19:1045-1048.
90. Sekihara K., Nagarajan S.S., Poeppel D., Marantz A., Miyashita Y. Reconstructing spatio-temporal activities of neural sources using an MEG vector beamformer technique. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2001, 48:760-771.
91. Shackman A.J., Salomons T.V., Slagter H.A., Fox A.S., Winter J.J., Davidson R.J. The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2011, 12:154-167.
92. Shaffer D., Gould M.S., Brasic J., Ambrosini P., Fisher P., Bird H., et al. A Children's Global Assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry 1983, 40:1228-1231.
93. Siegrist J., Menrath I., Stocker T., Klein M., Kellermann T., Shah N.J., et al. Differential brain activation according to chronic social reward frustration. Neuroreport 2005, 16:1899-1903.
94. Stockwell R.G., Mansinha L., Lowe R.P. Localization of the complex spectrum: the S transform. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 1996, 44:998-1000.
95. Stringaris A., Baroni A., Haimm C., Brotman M., Lowe C.H., Myers F., et al. Pediatric bipolar disorder versus severe mood dysregulation: risk for manic episodes on follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 49:397-405.
96. Stringaris A, Cohen P, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Adult outcomes of youth irritability: a 20-year prospective community based study. American Journal of Psychiatry, in press.
97. Tanaka S., Honda M., Sadato N. Modality-specific cognitive function of medial and lateral human Brodmann area 6. Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:496-501.
98. Taniguchi M., Kato A., Fujita N., Hirata M., Tanaka H., Kihara T., et al. Movement-related desynchronization of the cerebral cortex studied with spatially filtered magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2000, 12:298-306.
99. Tucker D.M., Luu P., Frishkoff G., Quiring J., Poulsen C. Frontolimbic response to negative feedback in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112:667-678.
100. Vrba J., Robinson S.E. Signal processing in magnetoencephalography. Methods 2001, 25:249-271.
101. Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated scale of Intelligence 1999, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
102. Wessa M., Houenou J., Paillere-Martinot M.L., Berthoz S., Artiges E., Leboyer M., et al. Fronto-striatal overactivation in euthymic bipolar patients during an emotional go/nogo task. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:638-646.
103. Wessa M., Linke J. Emotional processing in bipolar disorder: behavioural and neuroimaging findings. International Review of Psychiatry 2009, 21:357-367.
104. Wienbruch C., Paul I., Bauer S., Kivelitz H. The influence of methylphenidate on the power spectrum of ADHD children - an MEG study. BMC Psychiatry 2005, 5:29.
105. Wilkinson D., Halligan P. The relevance of behavioural measures for functional-imaging studies of cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2004, 5:67-73.
106. Young R.C., Biggs J.T., Ziegler V.E., Meyer D.A. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry 1978, 133:429-435.
107. Yu R., Mobbs D., Seymour B., Calder A.J. Insula and striatum mediate the default bias. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30:14702-14707.
108. Zimmerman M., Ruggero C.J., Chelminski I., Young D. Is bipolar disorder overdiagnosed?. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008, e1-e6.