메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 568-590

Communicating Before a Crisis: An Exploration of Bolstering, CSR, and Inoculation Practices

Author keywords

Additional strategies to traditional crisis management; Communicating before a crisis exploration of bolstering, CSR and inoculation practices; Crisis preparation strategy for minimizing damage to corporate reputation; Crisis non crisis condition; Mean differences between message types (crisis scenario); Multivariate analyses (MANCOVA) design assessing predictions and questions; Omnibus multivariate results; Preemptive communication strategies for crisis management; Promotion of CSR as resistance strategy

Indexed keywords


EID: 80052955560     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444314885.ch28     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (29)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0347571013 scopus 로고
    • Prior reassurance of group consensus as a factor in producing resistance to persuasion
    • Anderson, L. R., & McGuire, W. J. (1965). Prior reassurance of group consensus as a factor in producing resistance to persuasion. Sociometry, 28: 44-56.
    • (1965) Sociometry , vol.28 , pp. 44-56
    • Anderson, L.R.1    McGuire, W.J.2
  • 2
    • 0003653928 scopus 로고
    • Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration
    • Albany: State University of New York Press
    • Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration. Albany: State University of New York Press.
    • (1995)
    • Benoit, W.L.1
  • 3
    • 10844233900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing better at doing good: When, why, and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives
    • Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good: When, why, and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 47: 9-24.
    • (2004) California Management Review , vol.47 , pp. 9-24
    • Bhattacharya, C.B.1    Sen, S.2
  • 4
    • 84970389828 scopus 로고
    • An inoculation theory explanation for the effects of corporate issue/advocacy advertising campaigns
    • Burgoon, M., Pfau, M., & Birk, T. S. (1995). An inoculation theory explanation for the effects of corporate issue/advocacy advertising campaigns. Communication Research, 22: 485-505.
    • (1995) Communication Research , vol.22 , pp. 485-505
    • Burgoon, M.1    Pfau, M.2    Birk, T.S.3
  • 5
    • 0000758307 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance
    • Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4: 497-505.
    • (1979) Academy of Management Review , vol.4 , pp. 497-505
    • Carroll, A.B.1
  • 6
    • 44949275678 scopus 로고
    • The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders
    • July/August
    • Carroll, A. B. (1991, July/August). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34: 39-48.
    • (1991) Business Horizons , vol.34 , pp. 39-48
    • Carroll, A.B.1
  • 7
    • 33745307179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inoculation theory of resistance to influence at maturity: Recent progress in theory development and application and suggestions for future research
    • In P. J. Kalbfleisch (Ed.), Communication yearbook 29, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Compton, J. A., & Pfau, M. (2005). Inoculation theory of resistance to influence at maturity: Recent progress in theory development and application and suggestions for future research. In P. J. Kalbfleisch (Ed.), Communication yearbook 29 (pp. 97-145). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2005) , pp. 97-145
    • Compton, J.A.1    Pfau, M.2
  • 8
    • 0005436730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their effects
    • Coombs, W. T. (1999a). Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their effects. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11: 125-142.
    • (1999) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.11 , pp. 125-142
    • Coombs, W.T.1
  • 9
    • 0003801684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Coombs, W. T. (1999b). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1999)
    • Coombs, W.T.1
  • 10
    • 33749467914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of past crises on current crises communication: Insights from situational crisis communication theory
    • Coombs, W. T. (2004). Impact of past crises on current crises communication: Insights from situational crisis communication theory. Journal of Business Communication, 41: 265-289.
    • (2004) Journal of Business Communication , vol.41 , pp. 265-289
    • Coombs, W.T.1
  • 11
    • 48049109502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory
    • Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10: 163-176.
    • (2007) Corporate Reputation Review , vol.10 , pp. 163-176
    • Coombs, W.T.1
  • 12
    • 0001682764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communication and attributions in a crisis: An experimental study in crisis communication
    • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (1996). Communication and attributions in a crisis: An experimental study in crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8: 279-295.
    • (1996) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.8 , pp. 279-295
    • Coombs, W.T.1    Holladay, S.J.2
  • 13
    • 85066198907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An extended examination of the crisis situations: A fusion of the relational management and symbolic approaches
    • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2001). An extended examination of the crisis situations: A fusion of the relational management and symbolic approaches. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13: 321-340.
    • (2001) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.13 , pp. 321-340
    • Coombs, W.T.1    Holladay, S.J.2
  • 14
    • 84990321345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory
    • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16: 165-186.
    • (2002) Management Communication Quarterly , vol.16 , pp. 165-186
    • Coombs, W.T.1    Holladay, S.J.2
  • 15
    • 84909215142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoned action in crisis communication: An attribution theory-based approach to crisis management
    • In D. P. Millar & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Responding to crisis: A rhetorical approach to crisis communication, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2004). Reasoned action in crisis communication: An attribution theory-based approach to crisis management. In D. P. Millar & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Responding to crisis: A rhetorical approach to crisis communication (pp. 95-115). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2004) , pp. 95-115
    • Coombs, W.T.1    Holladay, S.J.2
  • 16
    • 84993054057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpacking the halo effect: Reputation and crisis management
    • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2006). Unpacking the halo effect: Reputation and crisis management. Journal of Communication Management, 10: 123-137.
    • (2006) Journal of Communication Management , vol.10 , pp. 123-137
    • Coombs, W.T.1    Holladay, S.J.2
  • 17
    • 84990393924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corporate governance, communication, and getting social values into the decisional chain
    • Deetz, S. (2003). Corporate governance, communication, and getting social values into the decisional chain. Management Communication Quarterly, 16: 606-611.
    • (2003) Management Communication Quarterly , vol.16 , pp. 606-611
    • Deetz, S.1
  • 18
    • 0003714701 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of attitudes
    • Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
    • Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
    • (1993)
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Chaiken, S.2
  • 19
    • 0003793601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis communications: A casebook approach
    • Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Fearn-Banks, K. (2007). Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2007)
    • Fearn-banks, K.1
  • 20
    • 0003454812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image
    • Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    • Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    • (1996)
    • Fombrun, C.J.1
  • 21
    • 84892041756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building corporate reputation through CSR initiatives: Evolving standards
    • Fombrun, C. J. (2005). Building corporate reputation through CSR initiatives: Evolving standards. Corporate Reputation Review, 8: 7-11.
    • (2005) Corporate Reputation Review , vol.8 , pp. 7-11
    • Fombrun, C.J.1
  • 22
    • 0346198098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reputation quotient: A multistakeholder measure of corporate reputation
    • Fombrun, C. J., Gardberg, N. A., & Sever, J. (2000). The reputation quotient: A multistakeholder measure of corporate reputation. Journal of Brand Management, 7: 241-255.
    • (2000) Journal of Brand Management , vol.7 , pp. 241-255
    • Fombrun, C.J.1    Gardberg, N.A.2    Sever, J.3
  • 23
    • 0345304858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Airlines' and American Airlines' online crisis communication following the September 11 terrorist attacks
    • Greer, C. F., & Moreland, K. (2003). United Airlines' and American Airlines' online crisis communication following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Public Relations Review, 29: 427-441.
    • (2003) Public Relations Review , vol.29 , pp. 427-441
    • Greer, C.F.1    Moreland, K.2
  • 24
    • 0030239766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of counter-attack in apologetic public relations crises: The case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC
    • Hearit, K. M. (1996). The use of counter-attack in apologetic public relations crises: The case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC. Public Relations Review, 22: 233-248.
    • (1996) Public Relations Review , vol.22 , pp. 233-248
    • Hearit, K.M.1
  • 25
    • 0036882178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The next wave of corporate community involvement: Corporate social initiatives
    • Hess, D., Rogovsky, N., & Dunfee, T. W. (2002). The next wave of corporate community involvement: Corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 44: 110-125.
    • (2002) California Management Review , vol.44 , pp. 110-125
    • Hess, D.1    Rogovsky, N.2    Dunfee, T.W.3
  • 26
    • 58149370536 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses
    • Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 105: 302-308.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 302-308
    • Huberty, C.J.1    Morris, J.D.2
  • 27
    • 0345456998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defending the Mercedes A-class: Combining and changing crisisresponse strategies
    • Ihlen, Ø. (2002). Defending the Mercedes A-class: Combining and changing crisisresponse strategies. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14: 185-206.
    • (2002) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.14 , pp. 185-206
    • Ihlen, O.1
  • 28
    • 39149112565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of threat type and duration on public relations practitioners' cognitive, affective and conative responses in crisis situations
    • Jin, Y., & Cameron, G. T. (2007). The effects of threat type and duration on public relations practitioners' cognitive, affective and conative responses in crisis situations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19: 255-281.
    • (2007) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.19 , pp. 255-281
    • Jin, Y.1    Cameron, G.T.2
  • 29
    • 0033474676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding fuel to the fire: NASA's crisis communications regarding Apollo 1
    • Kauffman, J. (2000). Adding fuel to the fire: NASA's crisis communications regarding Apollo 1. Public Relations Review, 25: 421-432.
    • (2000) Public Relations Review , vol.25 , pp. 421-432
    • Kauffman, J.1
  • 30
    • 0035623784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A successful failure: NASA's crisis communications regarding Apollo 13
    • Kauffman, J. (2001). A successful failure: NASA's crisis communications regarding Apollo 13. Public Relations Review, 27: 437-448.
    • (2001) Public Relations Review , vol.27 , pp. 437-448
    • Kauffman, J.1
  • 31
    • 0003868165 scopus 로고
    • Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences
    • (3rd edn.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole
    • Kirk, R. E. (1995). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (3rd edn.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
    • (1995)
    • Kirk, R.E.1
  • 32
    • 13244275501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corporate social responsibility and consumers' attributions and brand evaluations in a product-harm crisis
    • Klein, J., & Dawar, N. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and consumers' attributions and brand evaluations in a product-harm crisis. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21: 203-217.
    • (2004) International Journal of Research in Marketing , vol.21 , pp. 203-217
    • Klein, J.1    Dawar, N.2
  • 33
    • 0004250492 scopus 로고
    • Emotion and adaptation
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1991)
    • Lazarus, R.S.1
  • 34
    • 70349271715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of cognitive and affective inoculation appeals in conferring resistance against cognitive and affective attacks
    • Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, June, Jerusalem
    • Lee, W., & Pfau, M. (1997). The effectiveness of cognitive and affective inoculation appeals in conferring resistance against cognitive and affective attacks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, June, Jerusalem.
    • (1997)
    • Lee, W.1    Pfau, M.2
  • 35
    • 33646502712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A relational approach examining the interplay of prior reputation and immediate response to a crisis
    • Lyon, L., & Cameron, G. T. (2004). A relational approach examining the interplay of prior reputation and immediate response to a crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16: 213-241.
    • (2004) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.16 , pp. 213-241
    • Lyon, L.1    Cameron, G.T.2
  • 36
    • 85050709969 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of supportive and refutational defenses in immunizing and restoring beliefs against persuasion
    • McGuire, W. J. (1961). The effectiveness of supportive and refutational defenses in immunizing and restoring beliefs against persuasion. Sociometry, 24: 184-197.
    • (1961) Sociometry , vol.24 , pp. 184-197
    • McGuire, W.J.1
  • 37
    • 0007161910 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of the resistance to persuasion induced by various types of prior belief defenses
    • McGuire, W. J. (1962). Persistence of the resistance to persuasion induced by various types of prior belief defenses. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64: 241-248.
    • (1962) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 241-248
    • McGuire, W.J.1
  • 38
    • 58149435231 scopus 로고
    • The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion
    • McGuire, W. J., & Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62: 327-337.
    • (1961) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 327-337
    • McGuire, W.J.1    Papageorgis, D.2
  • 39
    • 34247390233 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of forewarning in developing resistance to persuasion
    • McGuire, W. J., & Papageorgis, D. (1962). Effectiveness of forewarning in developing resistance to persuasion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26: 24-34.
    • (1962) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.26 , pp. 24-34
    • McGuire, W.J.1    Papageorgis, D.2
  • 40
    • 0032337760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating public relations and legal responses during a crisis: The case of Odwalla, Inc
    • Martinelli, K. A., & Briggs, W. (1998). Integrating public relations and legal responses during a crisis: The case of Odwalla, Inc. Public Relations Review, 24: 443-460.
    • (1998) Public Relations Review , vol.24 , pp. 443-460
    • Martinelli, K.A.1    Briggs, W.2
  • 41
    • 34548306186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The debate over corporate social responsibility
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • May, S., Cheney, G., & Roper, J. (2007). The debate over corporate social responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (2007)
    • May, S.1    Cheney, G.2    Roper, J.3
  • 42
    • 85058328413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (2001)
    • Mendelberg, T.1
  • 43
    • 84987453883 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between violations of expectations and the induction of resistance to persuasion
    • Miller, M. D. & Burgoon, M. (1979). The relationship between violations of expectations and the induction of resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 5: 301-313.
    • (1979) Human Communication Research , vol.5 , pp. 301-313
    • Miller, M.D.1    Burgoon, M.2
  • 44
    • 0003120268 scopus 로고
    • Inoculation in political campaign communication
    • Pfau, M., & Burgoon, M. (1988). Inoculation in political campaign communication. Human Communication Research, 15: 91-111.
    • (1988) Human Communication Research , vol.15 , pp. 91-111
    • Pfau, M.1    Burgoon, M.2
  • 45
    • 4043182013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The traditional explanation for resistance based on the core elements of threat and counterarguing and an alternative rationale based on attitude accessibility: Do these mechanisms trigger distinct or overlapping processes of resistance?
    • Pfau, M., Compton, J., Parker, K. A., et al. (2004). The traditional explanation for resistance based on the core elements of threat and counterarguing and an alternative rationale based on attitude accessibility: Do these mechanisms trigger distinct or overlapping processes of resistance? Human Communication Research, 30: 329-360.
    • (2004) Human Communication Research , vol.30 , pp. 329-360
    • Pfau, M.1    Compton, J.2    Parker, K.A.3
  • 46
    • 0035297807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role and impact of affect in the process of resistance to persuasion
    • Pfau, M., Szabo, E., Anderson, J., et al. (2001). The role and impact of affect in the process of resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 27: 216-252.
    • (2001) Human Communication Research , vol.27 , pp. 216-252
    • Pfau, M.1    Szabo, E.2    Anderson, J.3
  • 47
    • 28044440328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustaining edges: CSR, postmodern play, and SMEs
    • Schoenberger-Orgad, M., & McKie, D. (2005). Sustaining edges: CSR, postmodern play, and SMEs. Public Relations Review, 31: 578-583.
    • (2005) Public Relations Review , vol.31 , pp. 578-583
    • Schoenberger-orgad, M.1    McKie, D.2
  • 48
    • 33644627834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: A field experiment
    • Sen, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Korschun, D. (2006). The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: A field experiment. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34: 158-166.
    • (2006) Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , vol.34 , pp. 158-166
    • Sen, S.1    Bhattacharya, C.B.2    Korschun, D.3
  • 49
    • 34248988181 scopus 로고
    • Effects of combining congruity principle strategies for the reduction of persuasion
    • Tannenbaum, P. H., & Norris, E. L. (1965). Effects of combining congruity principle strategies for the reduction of persuasion. Sociometry, 28: 145-157.
    • (1965) Sociometry , vol.28 , pp. 145-157
    • Tannenbaum, P.H.1    Norris, E.L.2
  • 50
    • 84886170957 scopus 로고
    • Speech presented at a meeting of the Public Relations Student Society of America
    • Trust Bank Speech, November 9, Madison, Wisconsin
    • Trust Bank Speech (1994, November 9). Speech presented at a meeting of the Public Relations Student Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.
    • (1994)
  • 51
    • 70349967488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rectification without assuming responsibility: Testing the transgression flowchart with the Vioxx Recall
    • Vlad, I., Sallot, L. M., & Reber, B. H. (2006). Rectification without assuming responsibility: Testing the transgression flowchart with the Vioxx Recall. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18: 357-379.
    • (2006) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.18 , pp. 357-379
    • Vlad, I.1    Sallot, L.M.2    Reber, B.H.3
  • 52
    • 31344473235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptualization of corporate reputation in Germany: An evaluation and extension of the RQ
    • Walsh, G., & Wiedmann, K. (2004). A conceptualization of corporate reputation in Germany: An evaluation and extension of the RQ. Corporate Reputation Review, 6: 304-312.
    • (2004) Corporate Reputation Review , vol.6 , pp. 304-312
    • Walsh, G.1    Wiedmann, K.2
  • 53
    • 10844297526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of inoculation, bolstering, and combined approaches in crisis communication
    • Wan, H. H., & Pfau, M. (2004). The relative effectiveness of inoculation, bolstering, and combined approaches in crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16: 301-328.
    • (2004) Journal of Public Relations Research , vol.16 , pp. 301-328
    • Wan, H.H.1    Pfau, M.2
  • 54
    • 36549079462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Werther, W. B., Jr., & Chandler, D. (2006). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2006)
    • Werther Jr, W.B.1    Chandler, D.2
  • 55
    • 0000544724 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the involvement of construction
    • Zaichkowski, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement of construction. Journal of Consumer Research, 12: 341-352.
    • (1985) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.12 , pp. 341-352
    • Zaichkowski, J.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.