메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 278, Issue 1721, 2011, Pages 3009-3016

Stem cells as a therapeutic tool for the blind: Biology and future prospects

Author keywords

Age related macular degeneration; Embryonic stem cell; Induced pluripotent stem cell; Retinal degeneration; Retinitis pigmentosa; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

BLINDNESS; CELL ORGANELLE; EMBRYO; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; FUTURE PROSPECT; TRANSPLANTATION; VISUAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 80052819844     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1028     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (46)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 79952692042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words
    • doi:10.1098/ rspb.2010.1747
    • Zrenner, E. et al. 2010 Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 1489-1497. (doi:10.1098/ rspb.2010.1747)
    • (2010) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.278 , pp. 1489-1497
    • Zrenner, E.1
  • 2
    • 23144432156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinal remodeling during retinal degeneration
    • doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.006
    • Jones, B. W. & Marc, R. E. 2005 Retinal remodeling during retinal degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 81, 123-137. (doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.006)
    • (2005) Exp. Eye Res , vol.81 , pp. 123-137
    • Jones, B.W.1    Marc, R.E.2
  • 3
    • 0038598030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis
    • doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03) 00457-7
    • Humayun, M. S. et al. 2003 Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vis. Res. 43, 2573-2581. (doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03) 00457-7)
    • (2003) Vis. Res , vol.43 , pp. 2573-2581
    • Humayun, M.S.1
  • 4
    • 0345445897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual efficacy of electrical stimulation of human retina with a microelectrode array during shortterm surgical trials
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0817
    • Rizzo, J. F., Wyatt, J., Loewenstein, J., Kelly, S. & Shire, D. 2003 Perceptual efficacy of electrical stimulation of human retina with a microelectrode array during shortterm surgical trials. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 5362-5369. (doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0817)
    • (2003) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.44 , pp. 5362-5369
    • Rizzo, J.F.1    Wyatt, J.2    Loewenstein, J.3    Kelly, S.4    Shire, D.5
  • 5
    • 0032769037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-establishment of visual circuitry after optic nerve regeneration
    • doi:10.1038/eye.1999.77
    • MacLaren, R. E. 1999 Re-establishment of visual circuitry after optic nerve regeneration. Eye 13, 277-284. (doi:10.1038/eye.1999.77)
    • (1999) Eye , vol.13 , pp. 277-284
    • Maclaren, R.E.1
  • 6
    • 35148875089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell therapy and the retina
    • doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702842
    • MacLaren, R. E. & Pearson, R. A. 2007 Stem cell therapy and the retina. Eye (Lond) 21, 1352-1359. (doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702842)
    • (2007) Eye (Lond) , vol.21 , pp. 1352-1359
    • Maclaren, R.E.1    Pearson, R.A.2
  • 7
    • 1842530296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group, doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.477
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. 2004 Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol. 122, 477-485. (doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.477)
    • (2004) Arch. Ophthalmol , vol.122 , pp. 477-485
  • 8
    • 0027537949 scopus 로고
    • Retinitis pigmentosa: The Friedenwald lecture
    • Berson, E. L. 1993 Retinitis pigmentosa: the Friedenwald lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 1659-1676.
    • (1993) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.34 , pp. 1659-1676
    • Berson, E.L.1
  • 9
    • 33750947173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinitis pigmentosa
    • doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(06)69740-7
    • Hartong, D. T., Berson, E. L. & Dryja, T. P. 2006 Retinitis pigmentosa. Lancet 368, 1795-1809. (doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(06)69740-7)
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 1795-1809
    • Hartong, D.T.1    Berson, E.L.2    Dryja, T.P.3
  • 10
    • 17244379811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration
    • doi:10.1126/science. 1110189
    • Edwards, A. O., Ritter, R., Abel, K. J., Manning, A., Panhuysen, C. & Farrer, L. A. 2005 Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308, 421-424. (doi:10.1126/science. 1110189)
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 421-424
    • Edwards, A.O.1    Ritter, R.2    Abel, K.J.3    Manning, A.4    Panhuysen, C.5    Farrer, L.A.6
  • 11
    • 0026681119 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam eye study
    • Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K. & Linton, K. L. P. 1992 Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology 99, 933-943.
    • (1992) Ophthalmology , vol.99 , pp. 933-943
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.K.2    Linton, K.L.P.3
  • 12
    • 1542297335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration
    • doi:10.1016/j.ajo. 2003.11.069
    • Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A. & Vannewkirk, M. R. 2004 The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137, 486-495. (doi:10.1016/j.ajo. 2003.11.069)
    • (2004) Am. J. Ophthalmol , vol.137 , pp. 486-495
    • Klein, R.1    Peto, T.2    Bird, A.3    Vannewkirk, M.R.4
  • 14
    • 0031037951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy
    • doi:10.1038/ng0397-236
    • Allikmets, R. et al. 1997 A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 15, 236-246. (doi:10.1038/ng0397-236)
    • (1997) Nat. Genet , vol.15 , pp. 236-246
    • Allikmets, R.1
  • 17
    • 0000141637 scopus 로고
    • The development of the rat eye in graft
    • Tansley, K. 1946 The development of the rat eye in graft. J. Exp. Biol. 22, 221-223.
    • (1946) J. Exp. Biol , vol.22 , pp. 221-223
    • Tansley, K.1
  • 18
    • 0001182670 scopus 로고
    • Retinal transplantation from fetal to maternal mammalian eye
    • Royo, P. E. & Quay, W. B. 1959 Retinal transplantation from fetal to maternal mammalian eye. Growth 23, 313-336.
    • (1959) Growth , vol.23 , pp. 313-336
    • Royo, P.E.1    Quay, W.B.2
  • 20
    • 0022973641 scopus 로고
    • Retinal transplantation: Successful grafting of embryonic rat retinal tissue into the lesion site of an adult host retina
    • Turner, J. E., Blair, J. R. & Chappell, T. E. 1986 Retinal transplantation: successful grafting of embryonic rat retinal tissue into the lesion site of an adult host retina. Fernstrom Found. Series 9, 301-309.
    • (1986) Fernstrom Found. Series , vol.9 , pp. 301-309
    • Turner, J.E.1    Blair, J.R.2    Chappell, T.E.3
  • 21
    • 0031950411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multipotential stem cells and progenitors in the vertebrate retina
    • doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199808)36:2,206::AID-NEU8.3.0.CO;2-5
    • Reh, T. A. & Levine, E. M. 1998 Multipotential stem cells and progenitors in the vertebrate retina. J. Neurobiol. 36, 206-220. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199808)36:2,206::AID-NEU8.3.0.CO;2-5)
    • (1998) J. Neurobiol , vol.36 , pp. 206-220
    • Reh, T.A.1    Levine, E.M.2
  • 22
    • 0034708051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival and differentiation of cultured retinal progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat
    • doi:10. 1006/bbrc.2000.2153
    • Chacko, D. M., Rogers, J. A., Turner, J. E. & Ahmad, I. 2000 Survival and differentiation of cultured retinal progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268, 842-846. (doi:10. 1006/bbrc.2000.2153)
    • (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.268 , pp. 842-846
    • Chacko, D.M.1    Rogers, J.A.2    Turner, J.E.3    Ahmad, I.4
  • 24
    • 0032919846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photoreceptor function of retinal transplants implicated by light-dark shift of S-antigen and rod transducin
    • doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98) 00326-5
    • Seiler, M. J., Aramant, R. B. & Ball, S. L. 1999 Photoreceptor function of retinal transplants implicated by light-dark shift of S-antigen and rod transducin. Vis. Res. 39, 2589-2596. (doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98) 00326-5)
    • (1999) Vis. Res , vol.39 , pp. 2589-2596
    • Seiler, M.J.1    Aramant, R.B.2    Ball, S.L.3
  • 25
    • 0031666066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intact sheets of fetal retina transplanted to restore damaged rat retinas
    • Seiler, M. J. & Aramant, R. B. 1998 Intact sheets of fetal retina transplanted to restore damaged rat retinas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 2121-2131.
    • (1998) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.39 , pp. 2121-2131
    • Seiler, M.J.1    Aramant, R.B.2
  • 26
    • 0037247456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of Anatomical Integration Between Subretinal Transplants and The Host Retina
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0132
    • Zhang, Y., Arner, K., Ehinger, B. & Perez, M. T. 2003 Limitation of anatomical integration between subretinal transplants and the host retina Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 324-331. (doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0132)
    • (2003) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.44 , pp. 324-331
    • Zhang, Y.1    Arner, K.2    Ehinger, B.3    Perez, M.T.4
  • 27
    • 0032952546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term full-thickness embryonic rabbit retinal transplants
    • Ghosh, F., Johansson, K. & Ehinger, B. 1999 Long-term full-thickness embryonic rabbit retinal transplants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 133-142.
    • (1999) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.40 , pp. 133-142
    • Ghosh, F.1    Johansson, K.2    Ehinger, B.3
  • 28
    • 54049086227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinal transplants restore visual responses: Trans-synaptic tracing from visually responsive sites labels transplant neurons
    • doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008. 06279.x
    • Seiler, M. J., Thomas, B. B., Chen, Z., Wu, R., Sadda, S. R. & Aramant, R. B. 2008 Retinal transplants restore visual responses: trans-synaptic tracing from visually responsive sites labels transplant neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28, 208-220. (doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008. 06279.x)
    • (2008) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 208-220
    • Seiler, M.J.1    Thomas, B.B.2    Chen, Z.3    Wu, R.4    Sadda, S.R.5    Aramant, R.B.6
  • 29
    • 0031837733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation and transplantation of photoreceptor sheets
    • doi:10.1076/ceyr.17.6.573.5184
    • Huang, J. C., Ishida, M., Hersh, P., Sugino, I. K. & Zarbin, M. A. 1998 Preparation and transplantation of photoreceptor sheets. Curr. Eye Res. 17, 573-585. (doi:10.1076/ceyr.17.6.573.5184)
    • (1998) Curr. Eye Res , vol.17 , pp. 573-585
    • Huang, J.C.1    Ishida, M.2    Hersh, P.3    Sugino, I.K.4    Zarbin, M.A.5
  • 30
    • 0026541653 scopus 로고
    • Photoreceptor transplantation: Anatomic, electrophysiologic, and behavioral evidence for the functional reconstruction of retinas lacking photoreceptors
    • doi:10.1016/0014-4886(92)90227-H
    • Silverman, M. S., Hughes, S. E., Valentino, T. L. & Liu, Y. 1992 Photoreceptor transplantation: anatomic, electrophysiologic, and behavioral evidence for the functional reconstruction of retinas lacking photoreceptors. Exp. Neurol. 115, 87-94. (doi:10.1016/0014-4886(92)90227-H)
    • (1992) Exp. Neurol , vol.115 , pp. 87-94
    • Silverman, M.S.1    Hughes, S.E.2    Valentino, T.L.3    Liu, Y.4
  • 32
    • 0027372282 scopus 로고
    • Cellular organization in retinal transplants using cell suspensions or fragments of embryonic retinal tissue
    • Juliusson, B., Bergstrom, A., Van Veen, T. & Ehinger, B. 1993 Cellular organization in retinal transplants using cell suspensions or fragments of embryonic retinal tissue. Cell Transplant 2, 411-418.
    • (1993) Cell Transplant , vol.2 , pp. 411-418
    • Juliusson, B.1    Bergstrom, A.2    van Veen, T.3    Ehinger, B.4
  • 33
    • 33644853775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0508214103
    • Akimoto, M. et al. 2006 Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 3890-3895. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0508214103)
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 3890-3895
    • Akimoto, M.1
  • 34
    • 0025861359 scopus 로고
    • Intraretinal grafting restores visual function in light-blinded rats
    • doi:10.1097/00001756-199109000-00008
    • del Cerro, M., Ison, J. R., Bowen, G. P., Lazar, E. & del Cerro, C. 1991 Intraretinal grafting restores visual function in light-blinded rats. Neuroreport 2, 529-532. (doi:10.1097/00001756-199109000-00008)
    • (1991) Neuroreport , vol.2 , pp. 529-532
    • del Cerro, M.1    Ison, J.R.2    Bowen, G.P.3    Lazar, E.4    del Cerro, C.5
  • 35
    • 15244346393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photoreceptor differentiation and integration of retinal progenitor cells transplanted into transgenic rats
    • doi:10.1016/j.exer.2004.11.001
    • Qiu, G., Seiler, M. J., Mui, C., Arai, S., Aramant, R. B., de Juan Jr, E. & Sadda, S. 2005 Photoreceptor differentiation and integration of retinal progenitor cells transplanted into transgenic rats. Exp. Eye Res. 80, 515-525. (doi:10.1016/j.exer.2004.11.001)
    • (2005) Exp. Eye Res , vol.80 , pp. 515-525
    • Qiu, G.1    Seiler, M.J.2    Mui, C.3    Arai, S.4    Aramant, R.B.5    de Juan, E.6    Sadda, S.7
  • 37
    • 77953783851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted disruption of outer limiting membrane junctional proteins (Crb1 and ZO-1) increases integration of transplanted photoreceptor precursors into the adult wild-type and degenerating retina
    • doi:10.3727/096368909X486057
    • Pearson, R. A., Barber, A. C., West, E. L., MacLaren, R. E., Duran, Y., Bainbridge, J.W., Sowden, J. C. & Ali, R. R. 2010 Targeted disruption of outer limiting membrane junctional proteins (Crb1 and ZO-1) increases integration of transplanted photoreceptor precursors into the adult wild-type and degenerating retina. Cell Transplant 19, 487-503. (doi:10.3727/096368909X486057)
    • (2010) Cell Transplant , vol.19 , pp. 487-503
    • Pearson, R.A.1    Barber, A.C.2    West, E.L.3    Maclaren, R.E.4    Duran, Y.5    Bainbridge, J.W.6    Sowden, J.C.7    Ali, R.R.8
  • 39
    • 0028578214 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural circuitry in retinal cell transplants to rat retina
    • doi:10.1155/NP.1994.17
    • Zucker, C. L., Ehinger, B., Seiler, M., Aramant, R. B. & Adolph, A. R. 1994 Ultrastructural circuitry in retinal cell transplants to rat retina. J. Neural Transplant Plast 5, 17-29. (doi:10.1155/NP.1994.17)
    • (1994) J. Neural Transplant Plast , vol.5 , pp. 17-29
    • Zucker, C.L.1    Ehinger, B.2    Seiler, M.3    Aramant, R.B.4    Adolph, A.R.5
  • 41
    • 0032906188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graft-host connections in long-term full-thickness embryonic rabbit retinal transplants
    • Ghosh, F., Bruun, A. & Ehinger, B. 1999 Graft-host connections in long-term full-thickness embryonic rabbit retinal transplants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 126-132.
    • (1999) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.40 , pp. 126-132
    • Ghosh, F.1    Bruun, A.2    Ehinger, B.3
  • 42
    • 0029160943 scopus 로고
    • Fiber and synaptic connections between embryonic retinal transplants and host retina
    • doi:10.1006/ exnr.1995.1027
    • Aramant, R. B. & Seiler, M. J. 1995 Fiber and synaptic connections between embryonic retinal transplants and host retina. Exp. Neurol. 133, 244-255. (doi:10.1006/ exnr.1995.1027)
    • (1995) Exp. Neurol , vol.133 , pp. 244-255
    • Aramant, R.B.1    Seiler, M.J.2
  • 43
    • 75749154037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual restoration and transplant connectivity in degenerate rats implanted with retinal progenitor sheets
    • doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07085.x
    • Seiler, M. J., Aramant, R. B., Thomas, B. B., Peng, Q., Sadda, S. R. & Keirstead, H. S. 2010 Visual restoration and transplant connectivity in degenerate rats implanted with retinal progenitor sheets. Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, 508-520. (doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07085.x)
    • (2010) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 508-520
    • Seiler, M.J.1    Aramant, R.B.2    Thomas, B.B.3    Peng, Q.4    Sadda, S.R.5    Keirstead, H.S.6
  • 44
    • 0029893597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and role of retinal glia in regeneration of ganglion cells following retinal injury
    • doi:10.1136/ bjo.80.5.458
    • MacLaren, R. E. 1996 Development and role of retinal glia in regeneration of ganglion cells following retinal injury. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 80, 458-464. (doi:10.1136/ bjo.80.5.458)
    • (1996) Br. J. Ophthalmol , vol.80 , pp. 458-464
    • Maclaren, R.E.1
  • 45
    • 0043201115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration
    • doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(03) 00039-9
    • Marc, R. E., Jones, B. W., Watt, C. B. & Strettoi, E. 2003 Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 22, 607-655. (doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(03) 00039-9)
    • (2003) Prog. Retin. Eye Res , vol.22 , pp. 607-655
    • Marc, R.E.1    Jones, B.W.2    Watt, C.B.3    Strettoi, E.4
  • 46
    • 9444282118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration between abutting retinas: Role of glial structures and associated molecules at the interface
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0165
    • Zhang, Y., Kardaszewska, A. K., Van Veen, T., Rauch, U. & Perez, M. T. R. 2004 Integration between abutting retinas: role of glial structures and associated molecules at the interface. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4440-4449. (doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0165)
    • (2004) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 4440-4449
    • Zhang, Y.1    Kardaszewska, A.K.2    van Veen, T.3    Rauch, U.4    Perez, M.T.R.5
  • 47
    • 0042208442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robust neural integration from retinal transplants in mice deficient in GFAP and vimentin
    • doi:10.1038/nn1088
    • Kinouchi, R., Takeda, M., Yang, L., Wilhelmsson, U., Lundkvist, A., Pekny, M. & Chen, D. F. 2003 Robust neural integration from retinal transplants in mice deficient in GFAP and vimentin. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 863-868. (doi:10.1038/nn1088)
    • (2003) Nat. Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 863-868
    • Kinouchi, R.1    Takeda, M.2    Yang, L.3    Wilhelmsson, U.4    Lundkvist, A.5    Pekny, M.6    Chen, D.F.7
  • 48
    • 33750554664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simultaneous treatment of MMP-2 stimulants in retinal transplantation enhances grafted cell migration into the host retina
    • doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0587
    • Suzuki, T., Mandai, M., Akimoto, M., Yoshimura, N. & Takahashi, M. 2006 The simultaneous treatment of MMP-2 stimulants in retinal transplantation enhances grafted cell migration into the host retina. Stem Cells 24, 2406-2411. (doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0587)
    • (2006) Stem Cells , vol.24 , pp. 2406-2411
    • Suzuki, T.1    Mandai, M.2    Akimoto, M.3    Yoshimura, N.4    Takahashi, M.5
  • 49
    • 0032830443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photoreceptor layer reconstruction in a rodent model of retinal degeneration
    • doi:10. 1006/exnr.1999.7157
    • Kwan, A. S. L., Wang, S. & Lund, R. D. 1999 Photoreceptor layer reconstruction in a rodent model of retinal degeneration. Exp. Neurol. 159, 21-33. (doi:10. 1006/exnr.1999.7157)
    • (1999) Exp. Neurol , vol.159 , pp. 21-33
    • Kwan, A.S.L.1    Wang, S.2    Lund, R.D.3
  • 50
    • 0036731042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased spontaneous retinal ganglion cell activity in rd mice after neural retinal transplantation
    • Radner, W., Sadda, S. R., Humayun, M. S., Suzuki, S. & De Juan Jr, E. 2002 Increased spontaneous retinal ganglion cell activity in rd mice after neural retinal transplantation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 3053-3058.
    • (2002) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.43 , pp. 3053-3058
    • Radner, W.1    Sadda, S.R.2    Humayun, M.S.3    Suzuki, S.4    de Juan, E.5
  • 51
    • 6944246177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multipotent retinal progenitors express developmental markers, differentiate into retinal neurons, and preserve light-mediated behavior
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0511
    • Klassen, H. J., Ng, T. F., Kurimoto, Y., Kirov, I., Shatos, M., Coffey, P. & Young, M. J. 2004 Multipotent retinal progenitors express developmental markers, differentiate into retinal neurons, and preserve light-mediated behavior. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4167-4173.(doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0511)
    • (2004) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 4167-4173
    • Klassen, H.J.1    Ng, T.F.2    Kurimoto, Y.3    Kirov, I.4    Shatos, M.5    Coffey, P.6    Young, M.J.7
  • 52
    • 41049110191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice
    • doi:10.1016/j.exer. 2008.01.018
    • Bartsch, U., Oriyakhel, W., Kenna, P. F., Linke, S., Richard, G., Petrowitz, B., Humphries, P., Farrar, G. J. & Ader, M. 2008 Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice. Exp. Eye Res. 86, 691-700. (doi:10.1016/j.exer. 2008.01.018)
    • (2008) Exp. Eye Res , vol.86 , pp. 691-700
    • Bartsch, U.1    Oriyakhel, W.2    Kenna, P.F.3    Linke, S.4    Richard, G.5    Petrowitz, B.6    Humphries, P.7    Farrar, G.J.8    Ader, M.9
  • 56
    • 0033512691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allogenic fetal retinal pigment epithelial cell transplant in a patient with geographic atrophy
    • doi:10.1097/00006982-199911000-00011
    • Weisz, J. M., Humayun, M. S., De Juan Jr, E., Del Cerro, M., Sunness, J. S., Dagnelie, G., Soylu, M., Rizzo, L. & Nussenblatt, R. B. 1999 Allogenic fetal retinal pigment epithelial cell transplant in a patient with geographic atrophy. Retina 19, 540-545. (doi:10.1097/00006982-199911000-00011)
    • (1999) Retina , vol.19 , pp. 540-545
    • Weisz, J.M.1    Humayun, M.S.2    de Juan, E.3    del Cerro, M.4    Sunness, J.S.5    Dagnelie, G.6    Soylu, M.7    Rizzo, L.8    Nussenblatt, R.B.9
  • 57
    • 0032491416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts
    • doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1145
    • Thomson, J. A. 1998 Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282, 1145-1147. (doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1145)
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1145-1147
    • Thomson, J.A.1
  • 58
    • 0034101804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: Somatic differentiation in vitro
    • doi:10.1038/74447
    • Reubinoff, B. E., Pera, M. F., Fong, C. Y., Trounson, A. & Bongso, A. 2000 Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 399-404. (doi:10.1038/74447)
    • (2000) Nat Biotechnol , vol.18 , pp. 399-404
    • Reubinoff, B.E.1    Pera, M.F.2    Fong, C.Y.3    Trounson, A.4    Bongso, A.5
  • 59
    • 33748580104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres
    • doi:10. 1038/nature05142
    • Klimanskaya, I., Chung, Y., Becker, S., Lu, S. J. & Lanza, R. 2006 Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres. Nature 444, 481-485. (doi:10. 1038/nature05142)
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 481-485
    • Klimanskaya, I.1    Chung, Y.2    Becker, S.3    Lu, S.J.4    Lanza, R.5
  • 60
    • 33745707125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinal incorporation and differentiation of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells
    • doi:10.1634/stemcells. 2005-0009
    • Banin, E., Obolensky, A., Idelson, M., Hemo, I., Reinhardtz, E., Pikarsky, E., Ben-Hur, T. & Reubinoff, B. 2006 Retinal incorporation and differentiation of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 24, 246-257. (doi:10.1634/stemcells. 2005-0009)
    • (2006) Stem Cells , vol.24 , pp. 246-257
    • Banin, E.1    Obolensky, A.2    Idelson, M.3    Hemo, I.4    Reinhardtz, E.5    Pikarsky, E.6    Ben-Hur, T.7    Reubinoff, B.8
  • 61
    • 23844475078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of Rx{thorn}/Pax6{thorn} neural retinal precursors from embryonic stem cells
    • doi:10.1073/ pnas.0500010102
    • Ikeda, H. et al. 2005 Generation of Rx{thorn}/Pax6{thorn} neural retinal precursors from embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 11 331-11 336. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.0500010102)
    • (2005) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 11331-11336
    • Ikeda, H.1
  • 62
    • 38949157774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward the generation of rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem cells
    • doi:10.1038/nbt1384
    • Osakada, F., Ikeda, H., Mandai, M., Wataya, T., Watanabe, K., Yoshimura, N., Akaike, A., Sasai, Y. & Takahashi, M. 2008 Toward the generation of rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 215-224. (doi:10.1038/nbt1384)
    • (2008) Nat. Biotechnol , vol.26 , pp. 215-224
    • Osakada, F.1    Ikeda, H.2    Mandai, M.3    Wataya, T.4    Watanabe, K.5    Yoshimura, N.6    Akaike, A.7    Sasai, Y.8    Takahashi, M.9
  • 63
    • 33748086466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells
    • doi:10.1073/pnas. 0601990103
    • Lamba, D. A., Karl, M. O., Ware, C. B. & Reh, T. A. 2006 Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12 769-12 774. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 0601990103)
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 12769-12774
    • Lamba, D.A.1    Karl, M.O.2    Ware, C.B.3    Reh, T.A.4
  • 64
    • 58049200677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.&Reh,T.A. 2009Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors restores some visual function in Crx-deficient mice
    • Lamba,D. A.,Gust, doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.015
    • Lamba,D. A.,Gust, J.&Reh,T.A. 2009Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors restores some visual function in Crx-deficient mice. Cell Stem Cell 4, 73-79. (doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.015)
    • Cell Stem Cell , vol.4 , pp. 73-79
    • Lamba, D.A.1    Gust, J.2    Reh, T.A.3
  • 65
    • 79960877703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult donor rod photoreceptors integrate into the mature mouse retina
    • doi:10.1167/iovs. 10-6329
    • Gust, J. & Reh, T. A. 2011 Adult donor rod photoreceptors integrate into the mature mouse retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 5266-5272. (doi:10.1167/iovs. 10-6329)
    • (2011) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.52 , pp. 5266-5272
    • Gust, J.1    Reh, T.A.2
  • 67
    • 33747195353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors
    • doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
    • Takahashi, K. & Yamanaka, S. 2006 Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126, 663-676. (doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024)
    • (2006) Cell , vol.126 , pp. 663-676
    • Takahashi, K.1    Yamanaka, S.2
  • 68
    • 36248966518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors
    • doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
    • Takahashi, K., Tanabe, K., Ohnuki, M., Narita, M., Ichisaka, T., Tomoda, K. & Yamanaka, S. 2007 Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861-872. (doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019)
    • (2007) Cell , vol.131 , pp. 861-872
    • Takahashi, K.1    Tanabe, K.2    Ohnuki, M.3    Narita, M.4    Ichisaka, T.5    Tomoda, K.6    Yamanaka, S.7
  • 69
    • 36749043230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells
    • doi:10.1126/science.1151526
    • Yu, J. et al. 2007 Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318, 1917-1920. (doi:10.1126/science.1151526)
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1917-1920
    • Yu, J.1
  • 70
    • 50149098605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons
    • doi:10. 1126/science.1158799
    • Dimos, J. T. et al. 2008 Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons. Science 321, 1218-1221. (doi:10. 1126/science.1158799)
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1218-1221
    • Dimos, J.T.1
  • 71
    • 50549089957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells
    • doi:10.1016/j.cell. 2008.07.041
    • Park, I. H. et al. 2008 Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 134, 877-886. (doi:10.1016/j.cell. 2008.07.041)
    • (2008) Cell , vol.134 , pp. 877-886
    • Park, I.H.1
  • 72
    • 42649130264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson's disease
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0801677105
    • Wernig, M. et al. 2008 Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 5856-5861.(doi:10.1073/pnas.0801677105)
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 5856-5861
    • Wernig, M.1
  • 73
    • 77749279749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells follows developmental principles but with variable potency
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0 910012107
    • Hu, B.-Y., Weick, J. P., Yu, J., Ma, L.-X., Zhang, X.-Q., Thomson, J. A. & Zhang, C. 2010 Neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells follows developmental principles but with variable potency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 4335-4340. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0 910012107)
    • (2010) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 4335-4340
    • Hu, B.-Y.1    Weick, J.P.2    Yu, J.3    Ma, L.-X.4    Zhang, X.-Q.5    Thomson, J.A.6    Zhang, C.7
  • 74
    • 38049028459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts
    • doi:10.1038/ nbt1374
    • Nakagawa, M. et al. 2008 Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 101-106. (doi:10.1038/ nbt1374)
    • (2008) Nat. Biotechnol , vol.26 , pp. 101-106
    • Nakagawa, M.1
  • 75
    • 65649116572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences
    • doi:10.1126/science. 1172482
    • Junying, Y., Kejin, H., Kim, S. O., Shulan, T., Stewart, R., Slukvin, I. I. & Thomson, J. A. 2009 Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science 324, 797-801. (doi:10.1126/science. 1172482)
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 797-801
    • Junying, Y.1    Kejin, H.2    Kim, S.O.3    Shulan, T.4    Stewart, R.5    Slukvin, I.I.6    Thomson, J.A.7
  • 77
    • 66749139607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal cells
    • doi:10.1038/ nprot.2009.51
    • Osakada, F., Ikeda, H., Sasai, Y. & Takahashi, M. 2009 Stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal cells. Nat. Protoc. 4, 811-824. (doi:10.1038/ nprot.2009.51)
    • (2009) Nat Protoc , vol.4 , pp. 811-824
    • Osakada, F.1    Ikeda, H.2    Sasai, Y.3    Takahashi, M.4
  • 78
    • 77951016970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced pluripotent stem cells generate both retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors: Therapeutic implications in degenerative changes in glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration
    • doi:10.1002/ stem.320
    • Parameswaran, S., Balasubramanian, S., Babai, N., Qiu, F., Eudy, J. D., Thoreson, W. B. & Ahmad, I. 2010 Induced pluripotent stem cells generate both retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors: therapeutic implications in degenerative changes in glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Stem Cells 28, 695-703. (doi:10.1002/ stem.320)
    • (2010) Stem Cells , vol.28 , pp. 695-703
    • Parameswaran, S.1    Balasubramanian, S.2    Babai, N.3    Qiu, F.4    Eudy, J.D.5    Thoreson, W.B.6    Ahmad, I.7
  • 79
    • 65549115150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of retinal cells from mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells
    • doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.035
    • Hirami, Y., Osakada, F., Takahashi, K., Okita, K., Yamanaka, S., Ikeda, H., Yoshimura, N. & Takahashi, M. 2009 Generation of retinal cells from mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurosci. Lett. 458, 126-131. (doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.035)
    • (2009) Neurosci. Lett , vol.458 , pp. 126-131
    • Hirami, Y.1    Osakada, F.2    Takahashi, K.3    Okita, K.4    Yamanaka, S.5    Ikeda, H.6    Yoshimura, N.7    Takahashi, M.8
  • 80
    • 70349347145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro differentiation of retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells by small-molecule induction
    • doi:10.1242/jcs.050393
    • Osakada, F., Jin, Z.-B., Hirami, Y., Ikeda, H., Danjyo, T., Watanabe, K., Sasai, Y. & Takahashi, M. 2009 In vitro differentiation of retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells by small-molecule induction. J. Cell Sci. 122, 3169-3179. (doi:10.1242/jcs.050393)
    • (2009) J. Cell Sci , vol.122 , pp. 3169-3179
    • Osakada, F.1    Jin, Z.-B.2    Hirami, Y.3    Ikeda, H.4    Danjyo, T.5    Watanabe, K.6    Sasai, Y.7    Takahashi, M.8
  • 81
    • 39549118221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological and functional rescue in RCS rats after RPE cell line transplantation at a later stage of degeneration
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0992
    • Wang, S., Lu, B., Girman, S., Holmes, T., Bischoff, N. & Lund, R. D. 2008 Morphological and functional rescue in RCS rats after RPE cell line transplantation at a later stage of degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 416-421. (doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0992)
    • (2008) Nvest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.49 , pp. 416-421
    • Wang, S.1    Lu, B.2    Girman, S.3    Holmes, T.4    Bischoff, N.5    Lund, R.D.6
  • 82
    • 0028574219 scopus 로고
    • Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal neovascularization
    • doi:10.1007/BF00184273
    • Algvere, P. V., Berglin, L., Gouras, P. & Sheng, Y. 1994 Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal neovascularization. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232, 707-716. (doi:10.1007/BF00184273)
    • (1994) Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol , vol.232 , pp. 707-716
    • Algvere, P.V.1    Berglin, L.2    Gouras, P.3    Sheng, Y.4
  • 83
    • 0030998645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transplantation of RPE in age-related macular degeneration: Observations in disciform lesions and dry RPE atrophy
    • doi:10.1007/BF00941722
    • Algvere, P. V., Berglin, L., Gouras, P., Sheng, Y. & Kopp, E. D. 1997 Transplantation of RPE in age-related macular degeneration: observations in disciform lesions and dry RPE atrophy. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 235, 149-158. (doi:10.1007/BF00941722)
    • (1997) Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol , vol.235 , pp. 149-158
    • Algvere, P.V.1    Berglin, L.2    Gouras, P.3    Sheng, Y.4    Kopp, E.D.5
  • 84
    • 0141458866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous retinal pigment epithelium and choroid translocation in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: Short-term follow-up
    • doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00384-2
    • Van Meurs, J. C. & Van Den Biesen, P. R. 2003 Autologous retinal pigment epithelium and choroid translocation in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: short-term follow-up. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 136, 688-695. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00384-2)
    • (2003) Am. J. Ophthalmol , vol.136 , pp. 688-695
    • van Meurs, J.C.1    van den Biesen, P.R.2
  • 85
    • 33847102621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • doi:10.1016/j. ophtha.2006.06.049
    • MacLaren, R. E. et al. 2007 Autologous transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 114, 561-570. (doi:10.1016/j. ophtha.2006.06.049)
    • (2007) Ophthalmology , vol.114 , pp. 561-570
    • Maclaren, R.E.1
  • 86
    • 6344287506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation and comparative assessment of retinal pigment epithelium from human embryonic stem cells using transcriptomics
    • Klimanskaya, I., Hipp, J., Rezai, K. A., West, M., Atala, A. & Lanza, R. 2004 Derivation and comparative assessment of retinal pigment epithelium from human embryonic stem cells using transcriptomics. Cloning Stem Cells 6, 217-245.
    • (2004) Cloning Stem Cells , vol.6 , pp. 217-245
    • Klimanskaya, I.1    Hipp, J.2    Rezai, K.A.3    West, M.4    Atala, A.5    Lanza, R.6
  • 87
    • 0037022299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.032662199
    • Kawasaki, H. et al. 2002 Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1580-1585. (doi:10.1073/pnas.032662199)
    • (2002) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 1580-1585
    • Kawasaki, H.1
  • 88
    • 1542636991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cells
    • doi:10.1167/iovs.03-1034
    • Haruta, M. et al. 2004 In vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 1020-1025. (doi:10.1167/iovs.03-1034)
    • (2004) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 1020-1025
    • Haruta, M.1
  • 89
    • 70349327681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional retinal pigment epithelium cells
    • doi:10.1016/j. stem.2009.07.002
    • Idelson, M. et al. 2009 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Stem Cell 5, 396-408. (doi:10.1016/j. stem.2009.07.002)
    • (2009) Cell Stem Cell , vol.5 , pp. 396-408
    • Idelson, M.1
  • 90
    • 33750732308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Embryonic Stem Cellderived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS rats
    • doi:10.1089/clo. 2006.8.189
    • Lund, R. D. et al. 2006 Human embryonic stem cellderived cells rescue visual function in dystrophic RCS rats. Cloning Stem Cells 8, 189-199. (doi:10.1089/clo. 2006.8.189)
    • (2006) Cloning Stem Cells , vol.8 , pp. 189-199
    • Lund, R.D.1
  • 91
    • 56349103166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elucidating the phenomenon of HESC-derived RPE: Anatomy of cell genesis, expansion and retinal transplantation
    • doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.007
    • Vugler, A. et al. 2008 Elucidating the phenomenon of HESC-derived RPE: anatomy of cell genesis, expansion and retinal transplantation. Exp. Neurol. 214, 347-361. (doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.007)
    • (2008) Exp. Neurol , vol.214 , pp. 347-361
    • Vugler, A.1
  • 92
    • 77949519072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of human iPSderived retinal pigment epithelium cell transplantation in the retinal dystrophic rat
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008152
    • Carr, A. J. et al. 2009 Protective effects of human iPSderived retinal pigment epithelium cell transplantation in the retinal dystrophic rat. PLoS ONE 4, e8152. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008152)
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.e8152 , pp. 4
    • Carr, A.J.1
  • 93
    • 70349873363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2009 Long-term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration
    • doi:10.1002/stem.149
    • Lu, B., Malcuit, C., Wang, S., Girman, S., Francis, P., Lemieux, L., Lanza, R. & Lund, R. 2009 Long-term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration. Stem Cells 27, 2126-2135.(doi:10.1002/stem.149)
    • Stem Cells , vol.27 , pp. 2126-2135
    • Lu, B.1    Malcuit, C.2    Wang, S.3    Girman, S.4    Francis, P.5    Lemieux, L.6    Lanza, R.7    Lund, R.8


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.