THz active imaging systems with real-time capabilities

IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 183-200

  Friederich, Fabian ^a   Von Spiegel, Wolff ^a   Bauer, Maris ^a   Meng, Fanzhen ^a   Thomson, Mark D ^a   Boppel, Sebastian ^a   Lisauskas, Alvydas ^a   Hils, Bernd ^a   Krozer, Viktor ^a   Keil, Andreas ^b   Löffler, Torsten ^b   Henneberger, Ralf ^c   Huhn, Anna Katharina ^d   Spickermann, Gunnar ^d   Bolívar, Peter Haring ^d   Roskos, Hartmut G ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b SynView GmbH   (Germany)

^c Radiometer Physics GmbH (RPG)   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SIEGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Demodulating detector array; electrooptic terahertz detection; femtosecond systems; optical parametric oscillator; photonic detectors; photonic systems; photonic mixer device; submillimeter wave imaging; submillimeter wave technology; synthetic aperture imaging; synthetic aperture radar; terahertz imaging

Indexed keywords

DEMODULATING DETECTOR ARRAYS; ELECTROOPTIC TERAHERTZ DETECTIONS; FEMTOSECOND SYSTEMS; PHOTONIC DETECTORS; PHOTONIC SYSTEMS; PHOTONIC-MIXER DEVICES; SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING; SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE TECHNOLOGY; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE IMAGING; TERAHERTZ IMAGING;

CCD CAMERAS; DETECTORS; FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS; IMAGING SYSTEMS; OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS; PIXELS; REAL TIME SYSTEMS; SCANNING; SUBMILLIMETER WAVES; SYNTHETIC APERTURES; TERAHERTZ WAVES;

TERAHERTZ WAVE DETECTORS;

EID: 80052512925     PISSN: 2156342X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2011.2159559     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. H.-B. Liu, H. Zhong, N. Karpowicz, Y. Chen, and X.-C. Zhang, "Terahertz spectrosopy and imaging for defense and security applications," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, pp. 1514-1527, 2007.
2. B. M. Fischer, Y. Demarty, M. Schneider, T. Löffler, A. Keil, and H. Quast, "THz all-electronic 3-D imaging for safety and security applications," in Proc. SPIE, 2010, vol. 7671, pp. 767111-767111-7.
3. A. G. Davies, A. D. Burnett, W. H. Fan, E. H. Linfield, and J. E. Cunningham, "Terahertz spectroscopy of explosives and drugs," Mater. Today, vol. 11, pp. 18-26, 2008. (Pubitemid 351241234)
4. N. Krumbholz, T. Hochrein, N. Vieweg, T. Hasek, K. Kretschmer, M. Bastian, M. Mikulic, and M. Koch, "Monitoring polymeric compounding processes inline with THz time-domain spectroscopy," Polymer Test., vol. 28, pp. 30-35, 2009.
5. N. Hasegawa, T. Löffler, M. Thomson, and H. G. Roskos, "Remote identification of protrusions and dents on surfaces by terahertz reflectometry with spatial beam filtering and out-of-focus detection," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 3996-3998, 2003.
6. D. Banerjee, W. von Spiegel, M. D. Thomson, S. Schabel, and H. G. Roskos, "Diagnosing water content in paper by terahertz radiation," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 9060-9066, 2008.
7. K. Kawase, T. Shibuya, S. Hayashi, and K. Suizu, "THz imaging techniques for nondestructive inspections," Comptes Rendus Physique, vol. 11, pp. 510-518, 2010.
8. B. Hils, M. D. Thomson, T. Löffler, W. von Spiegel, C. am Weg, H. G. Roskos, P. deMaagt, D. Doyle, and R. D. Geckeler, "Terahertz profilometry at 600 GHz with 0.5 m depth resolution," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, pp. 11289-11293, 2008.
9. A. Roggenbuck, H. Schmitz, A. Deninger, I. C. Mayorga, J. Hemberger, R. Gsten, and M. Grüninger, "Coherent broadband continouswave terahertz spectroscopy on solid-state samples," New J. Phys., vol. 12, p. 043017, 2010.
10. C. J. Strachan, P. F. Taday, D. A. Newnham, K. C. Gordon, J. A. Zeitler, M. Pepper, and T. Rades, "Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to quantify pharmaceutical polymorphism and crystallinity," J. Pharmaceut. Sci., vol. 94, pp. 837-846, 2005. (Pubitemid 40577316)
11. M.Nagel, F. Richter, P. Haring Bolìvar, andH. Kurz, "A functionalized THz sensor for marker-free DNA analysis," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 48, pp. 3625-3636, 2003. (Pubitemid 37492817)
12. K. B. Cooper, R. J. Dengler, N. Llombart, A. Talukder, A. V. Panangadan, C. S. Peay, I. Mehdi, and P. H. Siegel, "Fast, high-resolution terahertz radar imaging at 25 meters," in Proc. SPIE, 2010, vol. 7671, p. 76710Y.
13. K. B. Cooper, R. J. Dengler,G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht,A. Skalare, I. Mehdi, and P. H. Siegel, "Penetrating 3-D imaging at 4-and 25-m range using a submillimeter-wave radar," IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2771-2778, 2008.
14. B. Pradarutti, R. Müller, G. Matthäus, C. Brückner, S. Riehemann, G. Notni, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, "Multichannel balanced electrooptic detection for terahertz imaging," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, pp. 17652-17660, 2007.
15. B. Pradarutti, R. Müller, W. Freese, G. Matthäus, S. Riehemann, G. Notni, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, "Terahertz line detection by a microlens array coupled photoconductive antenna array," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, pp. 18443-18450, 2008.
16. J.M. Dai, J. Liu, and X.-C. Zhang, "Terahertz wave air photonics: Terahertz wave generation and detection with laser-induced gas plasma," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 183-190, 2011.
17. G. Malcolm, "Terahertz laser sources based on optical parametric oscillators," presented at the 6th Optoelectron. Photon. Winter School, , Fai della Paganella, Italy, Feb. 20-26, 2011.
18. S. Wohnsiedler, M. Theuer, M. Herrmann, S. Islam, J. Jonuscheit, R. Beigang, and F.Hase, "Simulation and experiment of terahertz standoff detection," in Proc. SPIE, 2009, vol. 7215, p. 72150H.
19. W. von Spiegel, C. amWeg, R. Henneberger, R. Zimmermann, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Active THz imaging system with improved frame rate," in Proc. SPIE, 2009, vol. 7311, p. 73110O.
20. W. von Spiegel, C. am Weg, R. Henneberger, R. Zimmermann, and H. G. Roskos, "Illumination aspects in active terahertz imaging," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 58, pp. 2008-2013, 2010.
21. C. amWeg, W. von Spiegel, R. Henneberger, R. Zimmermann, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Quasioptical system design," in Proc. SPIE, 2009, vol. 7215, p. 72150R.
22. C. amWeg, W. von Spiegel, R. Henneberger, R. Zimmermann, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Fast active THz cameras with ranging capabilities," J. Infrared Millim. THz Waves, vol. 30, pp. 1281-1296, 2009.
23. C. amWeg, W. von Spiegel, R. Henneberger, R. Zimmermann, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Fast active THz camera with range detection by frequency modulation," in Proc. SPIE, 2009, vol. 7215, p. 72150F.
24. M. C. Kemp, "Millimetre wave and terahertz technology for the detection of concealed threats a review," in Proc. SPIE, 2006, vol. 6402, p. 64020D.
25. V. Krozer, T. Löffler, J. Dall,A.Kusk, F. Eichhorn,R.K.Olsson, J.D. Buron, P. U. Jepsen, V. Zhurbenko, and T. Jensen, "THz imaging systems with aperture synthesis techniques," IEEE Trans.Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 58, pp. 2027-2039, 2010.
26. K. Miyashiro, J. Schellenberg, J. Loveberg, V. Kolinko, and J. McCoy, "An E-band electronically scanned imaging radar system," in Proc. IMS, IEEE/MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp., 2007, pp. 1459-1462. (Pubitemid 47486273)
27. V. Manasson, L. Sadovnik, R. Mino, and S. Rodionov, "Novel passive millimeter-wave imaging system: Prototype fabrication and testing," in Proc. SPIE, 2000, vol. 4032, pp. 2-13.
28. A. Natarajan, A. Komijani, X. Guan, A. Babakhani, Y. Wang, and A. Hajimiri, "A 77GHz phased-array transmitter with local LOPath phase-shifting in silicon," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, pp. 2795-2806, Dec. 2006.
29. L. Schulwitz and A.Mortazawi, "A compact dual-polarized multibeam phased-array architecture for millimeter-wave radar," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 3588-3594, Nov. 2005. (Pubitemid 41697037)
30. N. Skou and D. Le Vine, Microwave Radiometer Systems; Design and Analysis. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2006.
31. C. S. Ruf, "Numerical annealing of low-redundancy linear arrays," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 85-90, 1993.
32. A. F. Yegulalp, "Fast backprojection algorithm for synthetic aperture radar," in IEEE Radar Conf. Rec., 1999, pp. 60-65.
33. S. Basu and Y. Bresler, "O(N3logN) backprojection algorithm for Radon transform," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 76-88, 2002. (Pubitemid 34466422)
34. L. M. H. Ulander, H. Hellsten, and G. Stenström, "Synthetic-aperture radar processing using fast factorized back-projection," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Systems, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 760-776, 2003.
35. Q.Wu, T. D. Hewitt, and X.-C. Zhang, "Two-dimensional electro-optic imaging of THz beams," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 1026-1028, 1996. (Pubitemid 126595579)
36. T. Yasuda, Y. Kawada, H. Toyoda, and H. Takahashi, "Terahertz movies of internal transmission images," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, pp. 15583-15588, 2007. (Pubitemid 350127702)
37. A. Nahata, J. T. Yardley, and T. F. Heinz, "Two-dimensional imaging of continuous-wave terahertz radiation using electro-optic detection," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 81, pp. 963-965, 2002.
38. K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, H.Minamide, and H. Ito, "Terahertz parametric sources and imaging applications," Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, pp. S258-S265, 2005. (Pubitemid 40872027)
39. T. J. Edwards, D. Walsh, M. B. Spurr, C. F. Rae, M. H. Dunn, and P. G. Browne, "Compact source of continuously and widely-tunable terahertz radiation," Opt. Exp., vol. 14, pp. 1582-1589, 2006. (Pubitemid 43270822)
40. G.Zhao, R. N. Schouten,N. van derValk,W. T.Wenckebach, and P.C. M. Planken, "Design and performance of a THz emission and detection setup based on a semi-insulating GaAs emitter," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 73, pp. 1715-1719, 2002.
41. A. Dreyhaupt, S. Winnerl, T. Dekorsy, and M. Helm, "High-intensity terahertz radiation from a microstructured large-area photoconductor," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, p. 121114, 2005.
42. T. Löffler, M. Kreß, M. Thomson, T. Hahn, N. Hasegawa, and H. G. Roskos, "Comparative performance of terahertz emitters in amplifierlaser-based systems," Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, pp. S134-S141, 2005. (Pubitemid 40872018)
43. T. Bartel, P.Gaal,K. Reimann, M.Woerner, and T. Elsaesser, "Generation of single-cycle THz transients with high electric-field amplitudes," Opt. Lett., vol. 30, p. 28052807, 2005.
44. M. D. Thomson, V. Blank, and H. G. Roskos, "Terahertz white-light pulses froman air plasma photo-induced by incommensurate two-color optical fields," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, pp. 23173-23182, 2010.
45. F. Meng and D. Molter et al., "THz imaging with a THz-OPO and a CMOS camera,", unpublished.
46. F. Z. Meng, D. Thomson, D. Molter, T. Löffler, J. Bartschke, T. Bauer, M. Nittmann, and H. G. Roskos, "Coherent electro-optical detection of THz radiation from an optical parametric oscillator," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, pp. 11316-11326, 2010.
47. D. Molter, M. Theuer, and R. Beigang, "Nanosecond terahertz optical parametric oscillator with a novel quasi-phase matching scheme in lithium niobate," Opt. Exp., vol. 17, pp. 6623-6628, 2009.
48. T. Bauer, J. S. Kolb, T. Löffler, E. Mohler, H. G. Roskos, and U. C. Pernisz, "Indium-tin-oxide-coated glass as dichroic mirror for far-infrared electromagnetic radiation," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 92, pp. 2210-2212, 2002.
49. F. Meng, M. D. Thomson, V. Blank, W. von Spiegel, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Characterizing large-area electro-optic crystals toward two-dimensional real-time terahertz imaging," Appl. Opt., vol. 48, p. 51975204, 2009.
50. Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, "Free-space electro-optic sampling of terahertz beams," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 3523-3525, 1995.
51. T. Löffler, T. May, C. am Weg, A. Alcin, B. Hils, and H. G. Roskos, "Continuous-wave terahertz imaging with a hybrid system," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, p. 091111, 2007.
52. T. May, C. am Weg, A. Alcin, B. Hils, T. Löffler, and H. G. Roskos, "Towards an active real-time THz camera: First realization of a hybrid system," in Proc. SPIE, 2007, vol. 6549, p. 654907.
53. F. Friederich, G. Schuricht, A. Deninger, F. Lison, G. Spickermann, P. Haring Bolìvar, and H. G. Roskos, "Phase-locking of the beat signal of two distributed-feedback lasers to oscillators working in theMHz to THz range," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, pp. 8621-8629, 2010.
54. PMDtec. Siegen, Germany [Online]. Available: http://www. pmdtec.com
55. G. Spickermann, F. Friederich, H. G. Roskos, and P. Haring Bolívar, "A high signal-to-noise ratio electrooptical THz imaging system based on an optical demodulating detector array," Opt. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 3424-3426, 2009.
56. F. Friederich, G. Spickermann, A. Roggenbuck, A. Deninger, C. am Weg, W. von Spiegel, F. Lison, P. Haring Bolìvar, and H. G. Roskos, "Hybrid continuous-wave demodulating multipixel terahertz imaging systems," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2022-2026, 2010.
57. T. Ringbeck, T. Möller, and B. Hagebeuker, "Multidimensional measurement by using 3-D PMD sensors," Adv. Radio Sci., vol. 5, pp. 135-146, 2007.
58. T. Ringbeck, "A 3-D time of flight camera for object detection," presented at the 8th Conf. Optical 3-D Meas. Tech., ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Jul. 2007.
59. G. Gallot and D. Grischkowsky, "Electro-optic detection of terahertz radiation," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 16, pp. 1204-1212, 1999. (Pubitemid 129307205)
60. Z. Jiang, F. G. Sun, and Q. Chen, "Electro-optic sampling near zero optical transmission point," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 74, pp. 1191-1193, 1999. (Pubitemid 129615635)
61. M. Ortolani, A. Di Gaspare, and R. Casini, "Progress in producing terahertz detector arrays," in SPIE Newsroom, Feb. 14, 2011, 10.1117/2. 1201101.003449.
62. A. W. M. Lee and Q. Hu, "Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by use of a microbolometer focal-plane array," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 30, pp. 2563-2565, 2005. (Pubitemid 41609665)
63. A.W.M. Lee, Q. Qin, S. Kumar, B. S.Williams, and Q. Hu, "Real-time terahertz imaging over a standoff distance ( 25 meters)," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, p. 141125, 2006.
64. F. Simoens, T. Durand, J.Meilhan, P.Gellie,W.Maineult, C. Sirtori, S. Barbieri, H. Beere, and D. Ritchie, "Terahertz imaging with a quantum cascade laser and amorphous-silicon microbolometer array," in Proc. SPIE, 2009, vol. 7485, p. 74850M.
65. Q. Li, S.-H.Ding, R. Yao, andQ.Wang, "Real-time terahertz scanning imaging by use of a pyroelectric array camera and image denoising," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 27, pp. 2381-2386, 2010.
66. R. Tauk, F. Teppe, S. Boubanga, D. Coquillat,W. Knap,Y.M.Meziani, C. Gallon, F. Boeuf, T. Skotnicki, T. Skotnicki, C. Fenouillet-Beranger, D. K. Maude, S. Rumyantsev, andM. S. Shur, "Plasma wave detection of terahertz radiation by silicon field effects transistors: Responsivity and noise equivalent power," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, p. 253511, 2006.
67. M. Dyakonov and M. Shur, "Detection, mixing, and frequency multiplication of terahertz radiation by two-dimensional electronic fluid," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 380-387, 1996. (Pubitemid 126768136)
68. S. J. Allen, D. C. Tsui, and R. A. Logan, "Observation of the twodimensional plasmon in silicon inversion layers," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 38, p. 980983, 1977.
69. W. Knap, V. Kachorovskii, Y. Deng, S. Rumyantsev, J.-Q. Lü, R. Gaska, M. S. Shur, G. Simin, X. Hu, M. Asif Khan, C. A. Saylor, and L. C. Brunel, "Nonresonant detection of terahertz radiation in field effect transistors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 91, pp. 9346-9353, 2002.
70. A. Lisauskas, U. Pfeiffer, E.Öjefors, P.Haring Bolìvar, D. Glaab, and H. G. Roskos, "Rational design of high-responsivity detectors of terahertz radiation based on distributed self-mixing in silicon field-effect transistors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 105, p. 114511, 2009.
71. E. Öjefors, U. Pfeiffer, A. Lisauskas, and H. G. Roskos, "A 0.65 THz focal-plane array in a quarter-micron CMOS process technology," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, pp. 1968-1976, 2009.
72. A. Lisauskas, W. von Spiegel, S. Boubanga-Tombet, A. El Fatimy, D. Coquillat, F. Teppe, N. Dyakonova,W. Knap, and H. G. Roskos, "Terahertz imaging with GaAs field-effect transistors," Electron. Lett., vol. 44, pp. 408-409, 2008. (Pubitemid 351388594)
73. A. Lisauskas,D.Glaab, H. G. Roskos, E. Öjefors, and U. Pfeiffer, "Terahertz imaging with Si MOSFET focal-plane arrays," in Proc. SPIE., 2009, vol. 7215, p. 72150.
74. E. Öjefors, A. Lisauskas, D. Glaab, H. G. Roskos, and U. R. Pfeiffer, "Terahertz imaging detectors in CMOS technology," J. Infrared Millim. THz Waves, vol. 30, pp. 1269-1280, 2009.
75. E. Öjefors, N. Baktash, Y. Zhao, R. Al Hadi, H. Sherry, and U. R. Pfeiffer, "Terahertz imaging detectors in a 65-nm CMOS SOI technology," in Proc. ESSCIRC, Seville, Spain, Sep. 2010, pp. 486-489.
76. S. Boppel, A. Lisauskas, V. Krozer, and H. G. Roskos, "Performance and performance variations of sub-1-THz detectors fabricated with a 0.15-m CMOS foundry process," Electron. Lett., vol. 47, no. 11, May 26, 2011.
77. W. J. Stillman and M. S. Shur, "Closing the gap: Plasma wave electronic terahertz detectors," J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron., vol. 2, pp. 209-221, 2007.
78. W. Stillman, M. S. Shur, D. Veksler, S. Rumyantsev, and F. Guarin, "Device loading effects on nonresonant detection of terahertz radiation by silicon MOSFETs," Electron. Lett., vol. 43, pp. 422-423, 2007. (Pubitemid 46516305)
79. D. Glaab, S. Boppel, A. Lisauskas, U. Pfeiffer, E. Öjefors, and H. G. Roskos, "Terahertz heterodyne detection with silicon field-effect transistors," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, p. 042106, 2010.
80. U. Pfeiffer, E. Öjefors, A. Lisauskas, D. Glaab, and H. G. Roskos, "A CMOS focal-plane array for heterodyne terahertz imaging," in Proc. IEEE RFIC Symp., 2009, pp. 433-436.
81. S. Boppel, A. Lisauskas, U. Pfeiffer, E. Öjefors, and H. G. Roskos, "Field effect transistors for power and heterodyne detection of terahertz radiation fabricated inCMOS technology," presented at the NATOSET Panel Meeting SET-159 Terahertz and Other Electromagnetic Wave Techniques for Defence and Security, Vilnius, May 3-4, 2010.
82. U. R. Pfeiffer, E. Öjefors, A. Lisauskas, and H. G. Roskos, "Opportunities for silicon at mmwave and terahertz frequencies," in Proc. IEEE Bipolar/BICMOS Circuits and TechnologyMeeting (BCTM), 2008, pp. 149-156.
83. E. Öjefors and U. R. Pfeiffer, "A 650 GHz receiver front-end for terahertz imaging arrays," in Proc. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC), 2010, pp. 430-432.