Microbiology of nitrogen cycle in animal manure compost

Microbial Biotechnology

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 700-709

  Maeda, Koki ^a,b   Hanajima, Dai ^a   Toyoda, Sakae ^b   Yoshida, Naohiro ^b   Morioka, Riki ^a   Osada, Takashi ^c  

^a NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR HOKKAIDO REGION   (Japan)

^b TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LIVESTOCK AND GRASSLAND SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITROGEN; NITROUS OXIDE; MANURE; SOIL;

ACREMONIUM; ASCOMYCETES; ASPERGILLUS; BACILLUS; CLADOSPORIUM; COMPOST; COMPOSTING; DENITRIFICATION; FUNGAL COMMUNITY; MANURE; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MICROBIOLOGY; NITRIFICATION; NITROBACTER; NITROGEN CYCLE; NITROSOMONAS; NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION; NONHUMAN; PENICILLIUM; SHORT SURVEY; ANIMAL; ARCHAEON; BACTERIA; FUNGUS; METABOLISM; SOIL;

ANIMALIA; FUNGI; NITROSOMONADALES;

ANIMALS; ARCHAEA; BACTERIA; DENITRIFICATION; FUNGI; MANURE; NITRIFICATION; NITROGEN CYCLE; NITROUS OXIDE; SOIL; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 80052363135     PISSN: 17517907     EISSN: 17517915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00236.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (112)

1. Abell, G., Revill, A., Smith, C., Bissett, A., Volkman, J., and Robert, S. (2009) Archaeal ammonia oxidizers and nirS-type denitrifiers dominate sediment nitrifying and denitrifying populations in a subtropical macrotidal estuary. ISME J 4: 286-300.
2. Anastasi, A., Varese, G., and Marchisio, V.F. (2005) Isolation and identification of fungal communities in compost and vermicompost. Mycologia 97: 33-44.
3. Antonyuk, S., Strange, R., Sawers, G., Eady, R., and Hasnain, S. (2005) Atomic resolution structures of resting-state, substrate-and product-complexed Cu-nitrite reductase provide insight into catalytic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 12041-12046.
4. Ashida, N., Ishii, S., Hayano, S., Tago, K., Tsuji, T., Yoshimura, Y., etal. (2010) Isolation of functional single cells from environments using a micromanipulator: application to study denitrifying bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85: 1211-1217.
5. Bartossek, R., Nicol, G., Lanzen, A., Klenk, H., and Schleper, C. (2010) Homologues of nitrite reductases in ammonia-oxidizing archaea: diversity and genomic context. Environ Microbiol 12: 1075-1088.
6. Beffa, T., Blanc, M., Lyon, P., Vogt, G., Marchiani, M., Fischer, J., and Aragno, M. (1996) Isolation of Thermus strains from hot composts (60 to 80 degrees C). Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 1723-1727.
7. Bernal, M., Alburquerque, J., and Moral, R. (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review. Bioresour Technol 100: 5444-5453.
8. Blanc, M., Marilley, L., Beffa, T., and Aragno, M. (1997) Notes: rapid identification of heterotrophic, thermophilic, spore-forming bacteria isolated from hot composts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 47: 1246-1248.
9. Blanc, M., Marilley, L., Beffa, T., and Aragno, M. (1999) Thermophilic bacterial communities in hot composts as revealed by most probable number counts and molecular (16S rDNA) methods. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 28: 141-149.
10. Braker, G., and Tiedje, J.M. (2003) Nitric oxide reductase (norB) genes from pure cultures and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 3476-3483.
11. Brochier-Armanet, C., Boussau, B., Gribaldo, S., and Forterre, P. (2008) Mesophilic Crenarchaeota: proposal for a third archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 245-252.
12. Brown, K., Tegoni, M., Prudêncio, M., Pereira, A., Besson, S., Moura, J., etal. (2000) A novel type of catalytic copper cluster in nitrous oxide reductase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 7: 191-195.
13. Casciotti, K., and Ward, B. (2001) Dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes from autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 2213-2221.
14. 2 emissions and denitrifier community size and activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 1870-1878.
15. Dandie, C., Miller, M., Burton, D., Zebarth, B., Trevors, J., and Goyer, C. (2007) Nitric oxide reductase-targeted real-time PCR quantification of denitrifier populations in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4250-4258.
16. Danon, M., Franke-Whittle, I., Insam, H., Chen, Y., and Hadar, Y. (2008) Molecular analysis of bacterial community succession during prolonged compost curing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 65: 133-144.
17. Daum, M., Zimmer, W., Papen, H., Kloos, K., Nawrath, K., and Bothe, H. (1998) Physiological and molecular biological characterization of ammonia oxidation of the heterotrophic nitrifier Pseudomonas putida. Curr Microbiol 37: 281-288.
18. De Boer, W., and Kowalchuk, G. (2001) Nitrification in acid soils: micro-organisms and mechanisms. Soil Biol Biochem 33: 853-866.
19. Dees, P.M., and Ghiorse, W.C. (2001) Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35: 207-216.
20. Eghball, B., Power, J., Gilley, J., and Doran, J.W. (1997) Nutrient, carbon, and mass loss during composting of beef cattle feedlot manure. J Environ Qual 26: 189-193.
21. Einsle, O., Messerschmidt, A., Stach, P., Bourenkov, G., Bartunik, H., Huber, R., and Kroneck, P. (1999) Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase. Nature 400: 476-480.
22. Einsle, O., Stach, P., Messerschmidt, A., Simon, J., Kröger, A., Huber, R., and Kroneck, P. (2000) Cytochrome c nitrite reductase from Wolinella succinogenes. J Biol Chem 275: 39608-39616.
23. El Kader, N., Robin, P., Paillat, J., and Leterme, P. (2007) Turning, compacting and the addition of water as factors affecting gaseous emissions in farm manure composting. Bioresour Technol 98: 2619-2628.
24. Fernandes, L., Zhan, W., Patni, N., and Jui, P. (1994) Temperature distribution and variation in passively aerated static compost piles. Bioresour Technol 48: 257-264.
25. Fukumoto, Y., and Inubushi, K. (2009) Effect of nitrite accumulation on nitrous oxide emission and total nitrogen loss during swine manure composting. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55: 428-434.
26. 4 emissions during swine manure composting without forced aeration - effect of compost pile scale. Bioresour Technol 89: 109-114.
27. Fukumoto, Y., Suzuki, K., Osada, T., Kuroda, K., Hanajima, D., Yasuda, T., and Haga, K. (2006) Reduction of nitrous oxide emission from pig manure composting by addition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 40: 6787-6791.
28. Hallin, S., Throback, I.N., Dicksved, J., and Pell, M. (2006) Metabolic profiles and genetic diversity of denitrifying communities in activated sludge after addition of methanol or ethanol. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5445-5452.
29. Hallin, S., Jones, C., Schloter, M., and Philippot, L. (2009) Relationship between N-cycling communities and ecosystem functioning in a 50-year-old fertilization experiment. ISME J 3: 597-605.
30. Hao, X., Chang, C., Larney, F.J., and Travis, G.R. (2001) Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting. J Environ Qual 30: 376-386.
31. Hao, X., Chang, C., and Larney, F.J. (2004) Carbon, nitrogen balances and greenhouse gas emission during cattle feedlot manure composting. J Environ Qual 33: 37-44.
32. He, Y., Inamori, Y., Mizuochi, M., Kong, H., Iwami, N., and Sun, T. (2001) Nitrous oxide emissions from aerated composting of organic waste. Environ Sci Technol 35: 2347-2351.
33. 4 from the aerated composting of food waste. Sci Total Environ 254: 65-74.
34. Heylen, K., Gevers, D., Vanparys, B., Wittebolle, L., Geets, J., Boon, N., and De Vos, P. (2006a) The incidence of nirS and nirK and their genetic heterogeneity in cultivated denitrifiers. Environ Microbiol 8: 2012-2021.
35. Heylen, K., Vanparys, B., Gevers, D., Wittebolle, L., Boon, N., and De Vos, P. (2006b) Nitric oxide reductase (norB) gene sequence analysis reveals discrepancies with nitrite reductase (nir) gene phylogeny in cultivated denitrifiers. Environ Microbiol 9: 1072-1077.
36. Hultman, J., Vasara, T., Partanen, P., Kurola, J., Kontro, M., Paulin, L., etal. (2009) Determination of fungal succession during municipal solid waste composting using a cloning-based analysis. J Appl Microbiol 108: 472-487.
37. Iida, K., Ueda, Y., Kawamura, Y., Ezaki, T., Takade, A., Yoshida, S., and Amako, K. (2005) Paenibacillus motobuensis sp. nov., isolated from a composting machine utilizing soil from Motobu-town, Okinawa, Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55: 1811-1816.
38. Innerebner, G., Knapp, B., Vasara, T., Romantschuk, M., and Insam, H. (2006) Traceability of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in compost-treated soils. Soil Biol Biochem 38: 1092-1100.
39. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Climate Change 2001, Radiative Forcing of Climate Change, The Scientific Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
40. Ishii, K., and Takii, S. (2003) Comparison of microbial communities in four different composting processes as evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. J Appl Microbiol 95: 109-119.
41. Ishii, K., Fukui, M., and Takii, S. (2000) Microbial succession during a composting process as evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. J Appl Microbiol 89: 768-777.
42. Ishii, S., Yamamoto, M., Kikuchi, M., Oshima, K., Hattori, M., Otsuka, S., and Senoo, K. (2009) Microbial populations responsive to denitrification-inducing conditions in rice paddy soil, as revealed by comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 7070-7078.
43. Ishii, S., Tago, K., and Senoo, K. (2010) Single-cell analysis and isolation for microbiology and biotechnology: methods and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86: 1281-1292.
44. Ishii, S., Ashida, N., Otsuka, S., and Senoo, K. (2011) Isolation of oligotrophic denitrifiers carrying previously uncharacterized functional gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol (in press): doi: 10.1128/AEM.02189-10.
45. 2O in a compost reactor treating organic household waste. J Appl Microbiol 106: 1502-1511.
46. 2O within soil mesocosms as a function of water-filled pore space. Soil Biol Biochem 40: 2273-2280.
47. Junier, P., Molina, V., Dorador, C., Hadas, O., Kim, O., Junier, T., etal. (2010) Phylogenetic and functional marker genes to study ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85: 425-440.
48. Kim, B., Lee, S., Weon, H., Kwon, S., Go, S., Park, Y., etal. (2006) Ureibacillus suwonensis sp. nov., isolated from cotton waste composts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56: 663-666.
49. Ko, H., Kim, K., Kim, H., Kim, C., and Umeda, M. (2008) Evaluation of maturity parameters and heavy metal contents in composts made from animal manure. Waste Manag 28: 813-820.
50. Koba, K., Osaka, K., Tobari, Y., Toyoda, S., Ohte, N., Katsuyama, M., and Suzuki, N. (2009) Biogeochemistry of nitrous oxide in groundwater in a forested ecosystem elucidated by nitrous oxide isotopomer measurements. Geoch Cosmoch Acta 73: 3115-3133.
51. Kowalchuk, G., Naoumenko, Z., Derikx, P., Felske, A., Stephen, J., and Arkhipchenko, I. (1999) Molecular analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the β subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in compost and composted materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 396-403.
52. Kowalchuk, G., and Stephen, J. (2001) Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a model for molecular microbial ecology. Ann Rev Microbiol 55: 485-529.
53. Kuroda, K., Osada, T., Yonaga, M., Kanematu, A., Nitta, T., Mouri, S., and Kojima, T. (1996) Emissions of malodorous compounds and greenhouse gases from composting swine feces. Bioresour Technol 56: 265-271.
54. - in a grassland soil. Eur J Soil Sci 59: 285-291.
55. Leininger, S., Urich, T., Schloter, M., Schwark, L., Qi, J., Nicol, G., etal. (2006) Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442: 806-809.
56. Maeda, K., Hanajima, D., Morioka, R., and Osada, T. (2010a) Characterization and spatial distribution of bacterial communities within passively aerated cattle manure composting piles. Bioresour Technol 101: 9631-9637.
57. Maeda, K., Toyoda, S., Shimojima, R., Osada, T., Hanajima, D., Morioka, R., and Yoshida, N. (2010b) The source of nitrous oxide emission from cattle manure composting process revealed by isotopomer analysis and amoA abundance of beta-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 1555-1562.
58. Maeda, K., Morioka, R., Hanajima, D., and Osada, T. (2010c) The impact of using mature compost on nitrous oxide emission and the denitrifier community in the cattle manure composting process. Microb Ecol 59: 25-36.
59. Mahimairaja, S., Bolan, N.S., and Hedley, M.J. (1995) Denitrification losses of N from fresh and composted manures. Soil Biol Biochem 27: 1223-1225.
60. Martins, O., and Dewes, T. (1992) Loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of animal wastes. Bioresour Technol 42: 103-111.
61. Mertens, J., Broos, K., Wakelin, S., Kowalchuk, G., Springael, D., and Smolders, E. (2009) Bacteria, not archaea, restore nitrification in a zinc-contaminated soil. ISME J 3: 916-923.
62. Mertoglu, B., Calli, B., Inanc, B., and Ozturk, I. (2006) Evaluation of in situ ammonia removal in an aerated landfill bioreactor. Proc Biochem 41: 2359-2366.
63. Moir, J., Crossman, L., Spiro, S., and Richardson, D. (1996) The purification of ammonia monooxygenase from Paracoccus denitrificans. FEBS Lett 387: 71-74.
64. Murphy, M., Turley, S., and Adman, E. (1997) Structure of nitrite bound to copper-containing nitrite reductase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Biol Chem 272: 28455-28460.
65. Muyzer, G., De Waal, E., and Uitterlinden, A. (1993) Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 695-700.
66. Nicholson, F., Chambers, B., Williams, J., and Unwin, R. (1999) Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresour Technol 70: 23-31.
67. Osada, T., and Fukumoto, Y. (2001) Development of a new dynamic chamber system for measuring harmful gas emissions from composting livestock waste. Wat Sci Technol 44: 79-86.
68. 2O reduction in soils and in pure cultures of denitrifiers. J Geophys Res 112: G02005.
69. 2O fluxes of an acidic fen. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 1125-1134.
70. Papen, H., and Von Berg, R. (1998) A most probable number method (MPN) for the estimation of cell numbers of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria in soil. Plant Soil 199: 123-130.
71. Park, H., Wells, G., Bae, H., Criddle, C., and Francis, C. (2006) Occurrence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in wastewater treatment plant bioreactors. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5643-5647.
72. Pattey, E., Trzcinski, M.K., and Desjardins, R.L. (2005) Quantifying the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of composting dairy and beef cattle manure. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 72: 173-187.
73. Peters, S., Koschinsky, S., Schwieger, F., and Tebbe, C. (2000) Succession of microbial communities during hot composting as detected by PCR-single-strand-conformation polymorphism-based genetic profiles of small-subunit rRNA genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 930-936.
74. Philippot, L., Čuhel, J., Saby, N., Chèneby, D., Chronáková, A., Bru, D., etal. (2009) Mapping field-scale spatial patterns of size and activity of the denitrifier community. Environ Microbiol 11: 1518-1526.
75. Podmirseg, S., Schoen, M., Murthy, S., Insam, H., and Wett, B. (2010) Quantative and qualitative effects of bioaugmentation on ammonia oxidizers at a two-step WWTP. Wat Sci Technol 61: 1003-1009.
76. Poly, F., Wertz, S., Brothier, E., and Degrange, V. (2008) First exploration of Nitrobacter diversity in soils by a PCR cloning-sequencing approach targeting functional gene nxrA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63: 132-140.
77. 2O): the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 326: 123-125.
78. 2O from the nitrogen cycle - could enzymic regulation hold the key? Trends Biotechnol 27: 388-397.
79. Rudolf, M., and Kroneck, P. (2005) The nitrogen cycle: its biology. Met Ions Biol Syst 43-Biogeochemical Cycles of Elements: 75-104.
80. Saito, T., Ishii, S., Otsuka, S., Nishiyama, M., and Senoo, K. (2008) Identification of novel betaproteobacteria in a succinate-assimilating population in denitrifying rice paddy soil by using stable isotope probing. Microb Environ 23: 192-200.
81. Santoro, A., Casciotti, K., and Francis, C. (2010) Activity, abundance and diversity of nitrifying archaea and bacteria in the central California Current. Environ Microbiol 12: 1989-2006.
82. Scala, D., and Kerkhof, L. (1999) Diversity of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in continental shelf sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 1681-1687.
83. Schloss, P., Hay, A., Wilson, D., and Walker, L. (2003) Tracking temporal changes of bacterial community fingerprints during the initial stages of composting. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 46: 1-9.
84. Sharma, S., Aneja, M.K., Mayer, J., Munch, J.C., and Schloter, M. (2005) Diversity of transcripts of nitrite reductase genes (nirK and nirS) in rhizospheres of grain legumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 2001-2007.
85. Shaw, L., Nicol, G., Smith, Z., Fear, J., Prosser, J., and Baggs, E. (2006) Nitrosospira spp. can produce nitrous oxide via a nitrifier denitrification pathway. Environ Microbiol 8: 214-222.
86. Shimaya, C., and Hashimoto, T. (2008) Improvement of media for thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in compost. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 54: 529-533.
87. Stres, B., Mahne, I., Avgustin, G., and Tiedje, J.M. (2004) Nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene fragments differ between native and cultivated Michigan soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 301-309.
88. Sutka, R.L., Ostrom, N.E., Ostrom, P.H., Breznak, J.A., Gandhi, H., Pitt, A.J., and Li, F. (2006) Distinguishing nitrous oxide production from nitrification and denitrification on the basis of isotopomer abundances. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 638-644.
89. 2O production by fungal denitrification. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 3989-3996.
90. 4 emissions during passively aerated composting of straw-rich pig manure. Bioresour Technol 98: 2659-2670.
91. Takaya, N. (2009) Response to hypoxia, reduction of electron acceptors, and subsequent survival by filamentous fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73: 1-8.
92. Tavares, P., Pereira, A., Moura, J., and Moura, I. (2006) Metalloenzymes of the denitrification pathway. J Inorg Biochem 100: 2087-2100.
93. Teissier, S., and Torre, M. (2002) Simultaneous assessment of nitrification and denitrification on freshwater epilithic biofilms by acetylene block method. Wat Res 36: 3803-3811.
94. Throback, I.N., Enwall, K., Jarvis, A., and Hallin, S. (2004) Reassessing PCR primers targeting nirS, nirK and nosZ genes for community surveys of denitrifying bacteria with DGGE. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 49: 401-417.
95. Tiquia, S.M., and Tam, N.F.Y. (2000) Fate of nitrogen during composting of chicken litter. Environ Pollut 110: 535-541.
96. Tiquia, S., Richard, T., and Honeyman, M. (2002) Carbon, nutrient, and mass loss during composting. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 62: 15-24.
97. Toyoda, S., and Yoshida, N. (1999) Determination of nitrogen isotopomers of nitrous oxide on a modified isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 71: 4711-4718.
98. 2O isotopomers during production by denitrifier. Soil Biol Biochem 37: 1535-1545.
99. Wang, C., Shyu, C., Ho, S., and Chiou, S. (2007) Species diversity and substrate utilization patterns of thermophilic bacterial communities in hot aerobic poultry and cattle manure composts. Microb Ecol 54: 1-9.
100. Wells, G., Park, H., Yeung, C., Eggleston, B., Francis, C., and Criddle, C. (2009) Ammonia-oxidizing communities in a highly aerated full-scale activated sludge bioreactor: betaproteobacterial dynamics and low relative abundance of Crenarchaea. Environ Microbiol 11: 2310-2328.
101. Wertz, S., Poly, F., Le Roux, X., and Degrange, V. (2008) Development and application of a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis tool to study the diversity of Nitrobacter-like nxrA sequences in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63: 261-271.
102. Wertz, S., Dandie, C.E., Goyer, C., Trevors, J.T., and Patten, C.L. (2009) Diversity of nirK denitrifying genes and transcripts in an agricultural soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 7365-7377.
103. Wrage, N., Velthof, G., Van Beusichem, M., and Oenema, O. (2001) Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide. Soil Biol Biochem 33: 1723-1732.
104. Wrage, N., Velthof, G., Laanbroek, H., and Oenema, O. (2004) Nitrous oxide production in grassland soils: assessing the contribution of nitrifier denitrification. Soil Biol Biochem 36: 229-236.
105. Yamamoto, N., Otawa, K., and Nakai, Y. (2009) Bacterial communities developing during composting processes in animal manure treatment facilities. Asian Austral J Anim Sci 22: 900-905.
106. Yamamoto, N., Otawa, K., and Nakai, Y. (2010) Diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea during cattle manure composting. Microb Ecol 60: 807-815.
107. 2O isotopomers. Nature 405: 330-334.
108. Yoshinari, T., and Knowles, R. (1976) Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction by denitrifying bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 69: 705-710.
109. Zhang, Y., Ronimus, R., Turner, N., Zhang, Y., and Morgan, H. (2002) Enumeration of thermophilic Bacillus species in composts and identification with a random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocol. Syst Appl Microbiol 25: 618-626.
110. Zhu, S., Chan, G., Cai, K., Qu, L., and Huang, L. (2007) Leachates from municipal solid waste disposal sites harbor similar, novel nitrogen-cycling bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 267: 236-242.
111. Zumft, W.G. (1997) Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 533-616.
112. Zumft, W.G. (2005) Biogenesis of the bacterial respiratory Cu. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 10: 154-166.