The association between anxiety and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels: Results from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

European Psychiatry

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 363-369

  Liukkonen, T ^a,b   Rasanen P ^b   Jokelainen, J ^b,c   Leinonen, M ^d   Jarvelin M R ^b,d,e   Meyer Rochow, V B ^b,f   Timonen, M ^b,g  

^a Savonlinna Central Hospital   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^c OULU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^d NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^e IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN   (Germany)

^g Oulu Health Centre   (Finland)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; Epidemiology; Neuroendogrinology; Unipolar depression

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FINLAND; HOPKINS SYMPTOM CHECKLIST 25; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SMOKING; SOCIAL CLASS; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ADULT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 80052270299     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: 17783585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Adamopoulos D.A., Karamertzanis M., Thomopoulos A., Pappa A., Koukkou E., Nicopoulou S.C. Age at menopause and prevalence of its different types in contemporary Greek Women. Menopause 2002, 9(6):443-448.
2. Albert C.M., Chae C.U., Rexrode K.M., Manson J.E., Kawachi I. Phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death among women. Circulation 2005, 111(4):480-487.
3. Aziz N., Fahey J.L., Detels R., Butch A.W. Analytic performance of a highly sensitive C-reactive protein-based immunoassay and the effects of laboratory variables on levels of protein in blood. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003, 4:652-657.
4. Baker D.G., Ekhator N.N., Kasckow J.W., Hill K.K., Zoumakis E., Dashevsky B.A., et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimmunomodulation 2001, 9(4):209-217.
5. Bankier B., Barajas J., Martinez-Rumayor A., Januzzi J.L. Association between C-reactive protein and generalized anxiety disorder in stable coronary heart disease patients. Eur Heart J 2008, 29(18):2212-2217.
6. Bankier B., Barajas J., Martinez-Rumayor A., Januzzi J.L. Association between anxiety and C-reactive protein levels in stable coronary heart disease patients. Psychosomatics 2009, 50(4):347-353.
7. Barger S.D., Sydeman S.J. Does generalized anxiety disorder predict coronary heart disease risk factors independently of major depressive disorder?. J Affect Disord 2005, 88(1):87-91.
8. Boyle S.H., Michalek J.E., Suarez E.C. Does generalized anxiety disorder predict coronary heart disease risk factors independently of major depressive disorder?. Psychosom Med 2006, 68(6):844-850.
9. Brennan A., Fargnoli J., Williams C., Li T., Willet W., Kawachi I., et al. Phobic anxiety is associated with higher serum concentrations of adipokines and cytokines in women with diabetes. Diabetes care 2009, 32(5):926-931.
10. Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine dependence and major depression. New evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:31-5.
11. Capuron L., Miller A.H. Cytokines and psychopathology: lessons from interferon-alpha. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56(11):819-824.
12. Carney R.M., Freedland K.E., Steinmeyer B., Blumenthal J.A., Berkman L.F., Watkins L.L., et al. Depression and five year survival following acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study. J Affect Disord 2008, 109:133-138.
13. Chae C.U., Lee R.T., Rifai N., Ridker P.M. Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension 2001, 38:399-403.
14. Danner M., Kasl S.V., Abramson J.L., Vaccarino V. Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosom Med 2003, 65:347-356.
15. Das U.N. Is metabolic syndrome X an inflammatory condition?. Exp Biol Med 2002, 227(11):989-997.
16. Degoratis L.R., Lipman R.S., Covi C. SCL-90: an outpatient's psychiatric rating scale- preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1973, 9:13-27.
17. Dreon D.M., Slavin J.L., Phinney S.D. Oral contraceptive use and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Life Sciences 2003, 73:1245-1252.
18. Empana J.P., Sykes D.H., Luc G., Juhan-Vague I., Arveiler D., Ferrieres J., et al. Contributions of depressive mood and circulating inflammatory markers to coronary heart disease in healthy European men: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation 2005, 111(18):2299-2305.
19. Evans D.L., Charney D.S. Mood disorders and medical illness: a major public health problem. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54:177-180.
20. Felger J.C., Alagbe O., Hu F., Mook D., Freeman A.A., Sanchez M.M., et al. Effects of interferon-alpha on rhesus monkeys: a nonhuman primate model of cytokine-induced depression. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 62:1324-1333.
21. Festa A., D'Agostino R., Howard G., Mykkänen L., Tracy R.P., Haffner S.M. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 2000, 102(1):42-47.
22. Ford D.E., Erlinger T.P. Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1010-1014.
23. Frasure-Smith N., Lespérance F. Reflections on depression as a cardiac risk factor. Psychosom Med 2005, 67(Suppl. 1):S19-S25.
24. Freeman M.P. Depression and hormonal contraception. JAMA 2001, 286:671-672.
25. Gimeno D., Kivimäki M., Brunner E.J., Elovainio M., De Vogli R., Steptoe A., et al. Associations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cognitive symptoms of depression: 12-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2009, 39(3):413-423.
26. Goodwin R.D. Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Prev Med 2003, 36:698-703.
27. Herrán A., Sierra-Biddle D., García-Unzueta M.T., Puente J., Vázquez-Barquero J.L., et al. The acute phase response in panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005, 8(4):529-535.
28. Howren M.B., Lamkin D.M., Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2009, 71(2):171-186.
29. Huffman J.C., Smith F.A., Blais M.A., Januzzi J.L., Fricchione G.L. Anxiety, independent of depressive symptoms, is associated with in-hospital cardiac complications after acute myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 2008, 65(6):557-563.
30. Huffman J.C., Celano C.M., Januzzi J.L. The relationship between depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010, 6:123-136.
31. Iacovides A., Siamouli M. Comorbid mental and somatic disorders: an epidemiological perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008, 21(4):417-421.
32. Joffe H., Cohen L.S., Estrogen Serotonin and mood disturbance: where is the therapeutic bridge?. Biol Psychiatry 1998, 44(9):798-811.
33. Järvelin M.R., Sovio U., King V., Lauren L., Xu B., McCarthy M.I., et al. Early life factors and blood pressure at age 31years in the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort. Hypertension 2004, 44(6):838-846.
34. Katon W.J. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54:216-226.
35. Keskimäki I., Salinto M., Aro S. Socioeconomic equity in Finnish hospital care in relation to need. Soc Sci Med 1995, 41(3):425-431.
36. Koenig W., Sund M., Fröchlich M., Fischer H.-G., Löwel H., Döring A., et al. C-reactive Protein, a Sensitive Marker of Inflammation, Predicts Future Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Initially Healthy Middle-Aged Men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999, 99:237-242.
37. Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I., Weiss S.T., Sparrow D. Anxiety and coronary heart disease: a synthesis of epidemiological, psychological, and experimental evidence. Ann Behav Med Spring 1998, 20(2):47-58.
38. Kubzansky L.D., Koenen K.C. Is posttraumatic stress disorder related to development of heart disease? An update. Clev Clin J Med 2009, 76(Suppl. 2):S60-S65.
39. von Känel R., Hepp U., Kraemer B., Traber R., Keel M., Mica L., et al. Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2007, 41(9):744-752.
40. Ladvig K.-H., Marten-Mittag B., Löwel H., Döring A., Koenig W. Influence of depressive mood on the associations of CRP and obesity in 3205 middle aged healthy men. Brain Behav Immun 2003, 17:268-275.
41. Lehtinen V., Joukamaa M. Epidemiology of depression: prevalence, risk factors and treatment situation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994, 377 Suppl.:7-10.
42. Lett H.S., Blumenthal J.A., Babyak M.A., Sherwood A., Strauman T., Robins C., et al. Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence, mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom Med 2004, 66:305-315.
43. Liukkonen T., Silvennoinen-Kassinen S., Jokelainen J., Räsänen P., Leinonen M., Meyer-Rochow V.B., et al. The association between C-reactive protein levels and depression: results from the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 60(8):825-830.
44. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995, 19:11-38.
45. Mantella R.C., Butters M.A., Amico J.A., Mazumdar S., Rollman B.L., Begley A.E., et al. Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33(6):773-781.
46. McLeish A.C., Zvolensky M.J., Marshall E.C., Leyro T.M. Negative affectivity as a moderator of the association between smoking status and anxiety sensitivity, anxiety symptoms, and perceived health among young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009, 197(2):111-116.
47. Miller R.J., Sutherland A.G., Hutchison J.D., Alexander D.A. C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 reseptor in post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Cytokine 2001, 13(4):253-255.
48. Mollica R.F., Wyshak G., de Marneffe D., Khuon F., Lavelle J. Indochinese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: a screening instrument for the psychiatric care of refugees. Am J Psych 1987, 144(4):497-500.
49. Nettelbladt P., Hansson L., Stefansson C.G., Borgquist L., Nordström G. Test characteristics of the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25) in Sweden, using the Present State Examination (PSE-9) as a caseness criterion. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1993, 28(3):130-133.
50. Odgers C.L., Caspi A., Broadbent J.M., Dickson N., Hancox R.J., Harrington H., et al. Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:476-483.
51. Otte C. Incomplete remission in depression: role of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008, 10(4):453-460.
52. Paluska S.A., Schwenk T.L. Physical activity and mental health: current concepts. Sports Med 2000, 29(3):167-180.
53. Parashar S., Rumsfeld J.S., Spertus J.A., Reid K.J., Wenger N.K., Krumholz H.M., et al. Time course of depression and outcome of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:2035-2043.
54. Pariante C.M., Lightman S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 2008, 31(9):464-468.
55. Pasco JA, Berk M, Henry MJ, Williams LJ Jacka FN, Kotowicz MA, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein and risk of major depression: a 10-year cohort study. XII. IFPE International Congress, Vienna, 2009; April 16-19.
56. Pearson T.A., Mensah G.A., Alexander R.W., Anderson J.L., Cannon R.O., Criqui M., et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003, 107:499-511.
57. Penninx B.W.J.H., Kritchevsky S.B., Yaffe K., Newman A.B., Simonsick E.M., Rubin S., et al. Inflammatory markers and depressed mood in older persons: results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54:566-572.
58. Pigott T.A. Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1999, 60(Suppl. 18):4-15.
59. Pitsavos C., Panagiotakos D.B., Papageorgiou C., Tsetsekou E., Soldatos C., Stefanadis C. Anxiety in relation to inflammation and coagulation markers, among healthy adults: the ATTICA study. Atherosclerosis 2006, 185:320-326.
60. Pradhan A.D., Manson J.E., Rifai N., Buring J.E., Ridker P.M. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001, 286(3):327-334.
61. Pratt L.A., Ford D.E., Crum R.M., Armenian H.K., Gallo J.J., Eaton W.W. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up. Circulation 1991, 94:3123-3129.
62. Rantakallio P. Groups at risk in low birth weight infants and perinatal mortality. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1969, 193 Suppl.:1-71.
63. Rantakallio P. The longitudinal study of the Northern Finland birth cohort of 1966. Pediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1988, 2:59-88.
64. Reichenberg A., Yirmiya R., Schuld A., Kraus T., Haack M., Morag A., et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:445-452.
65. Roberts R.E., Kaplan G.A., Shema S.J., Strawbridge W.J. Are the obese at greater risk for depression?. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:163-170.
66. Rocca W.A., Grossardt B.R., Geda Y.E., Gostout B.S., Bower J.H., Maraganore D.M., et al. Long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 2008, 15(6):1050-1059.
67. Roy A., DeJong J., Lamparski D., George T., Linnoila M. Depression among alcoholics. Relationship to clinical and cerebrospinal fluid variables. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:428-432.
68. Sandanger I., Moum T., Ingebrigtsen G., Dalgard O.S., Sørensen T., Bruusgaard D. Concordance between symptom screening and diagnostic procedure: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview I. Soc Psychiatry Psychiat Epidemiol 1998, 33(7):345-354.
69. Sillanaukee P., van der Gaag M.S., Sierksma A., Hendriks H.F., Strid N., Pönniö M., et al. Effect of type of alcoholic beverages on carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, sialic acid, and liver enzymes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003, 27(1):57-60.
70. Solomon M.B., Herman J.P. Sex differences in psychopathology: of gonads, adrenals and mental illness. Physiol Behav 2009, 25(97(2)):250-258.
71. Sorri M., Järvelin M.R. Well-being and health. Background to the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort research. Int J Circumpolar Health 1998, 57:82-83.
72. Sperner-Unterweger B. Immunological aetiology of major psychiatric disorders: evidence and therapeutic implications. Drugs 2005, 65(11):1493-1520.
73. Stewart J.C., Rand K.L., Muldoon M.F., Kamarck T.W. A prospective evaluation of the directionality of the depression-inflammation relationship Brain. Behav Immun 2009, 23(7):936-944.
74. Söndergaard H.P., Hansson L.O., Theorell T. The inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in refugees with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Chim Acta 2004, 342(1-2):93-98.
75. Taponen S., Martikainen H., Jarvelin M.R., Sovio U., Laitinen J., Pouta A., et al. Metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2114-2118.
76. Tzoulaki I., Jarvelin M.R., Hartikainen A.L., Leinonen M., Pouta A., Paldanius M. Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. Eur Heart J 2008, 29(8):1049-1056.
77. Veen G., Derijk R.H., Giltay E.J., van Vliet I.M., van Pelt J., Zitman F.G. The influence of psychiatric comorbidity on the dexamethasone/CRH test in major depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009, 19(6):409-415.
78. Williams M.J.A., Williams S.M., Milne B.J., Hancox R.J., Poulton R. Assosiation between C-reactive protein, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and oral contraceptive use in young adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004, 28(8):998-1003.
79. Winokur A., Winokur D.F., Rickels K., Cox D.S. Symptoms of emotional distress in a family planning service: stability over a four-week period. Br J Psychiatry 1984, 144:395-399.