Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 347-356

  Danner, Marion ^b   Kasl, Stanislav V ^b   Abramson, Jerome L ^a   Vaccarino, Viola ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Epidemiology; Inflammation; Population studies; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANAMNESIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE COURSE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0038012854     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000041542.29808.01     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:580-92.
2. Barrett-Barrick C. Sad, glad, or mad hearts? Epidemiological evidence for a causal relationship between mood disorders and coronary artery disease. J Affect Disord 1999;53:193-201.
3. Murphy JM, Monson RR, Olivier DC, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. Affective disorders and mortality: a general population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:473-80.
4. Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE. A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosom Med 1999;61:6-17.
5. Glassman AH, Shapiro PA. Depression and the course of coronary artery disease. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:4-11.
6. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 1999;318:1460-7.
7. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction: impact on 6-month survival. JAMA 1993;270:1819-25.
8. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Juneau M, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Gender, depression and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 1999;61:26-37.
9. Barefoot J, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation 1996;93:1976-80.
10. Ahern DK, Gorkin L, Anderson JL, Tierney C, Hallstrom A, Ewart C, Capone RJ, Schron E, Kornfeld D, Herd JA, Richardson DW, Follick MJ. Biobehavioral variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). Am J Cardiol 1990;66:59-62.
11. Carney RM, Rich MW, Freedland KE, Saini J, TeVelve A, Simeone C, Clark K. Major depressive disorder predicts cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med 1988;50:627-33.
12. Denollet J, Brutsaert DL. Personality, disease severity, and risk of long-term cardiac events in patients with a decreased ejection fraction after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:167-73.
13. Silverstone PH. Depression and outcome in acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1987;294:219-20.
14. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Juneau M, Theroux P. Depression and 1-year prognosis in unstable angina. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1354-60.
15. Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, Macera C, Eaker E, Glassman A, Marks J. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiology 1993;4:285-94.
16. Aromaa A, Raitasalo R, Reunanen A, Impivaara O, Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Lehtinen V, Joukamaa M, Maatela J. Depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1994;377:77-82.
17. Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen J. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med 1996;58:113-21.
18. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM, Armenian HK, Gallo JJ, Eaton WW. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up. Circulation 1996;94:3123-9.
19. Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men: population based case-control study. BMJ 1998;316:1714-9.
20. Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, Cooper-Patrick L, Wang N, Klag MJ. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1422-6.
21. Fredman L, Magaziner J, Hebel JR, Hawkes W, Zimmerman SI. Depressive symptoms and 6-year mortality among elderly community-dwelling women. Epidemiology 1999;10:54-9.
22. Whooley MA, Browner WS. Association between depressive symptoms and mortality in older women. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2129-35.
23. Everson SA, Roberts RE, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA. Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1133-8.
24. Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ, Moeschberger ML. Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among men and women in the NHANES I study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1261-8.
25. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26.
26. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836-43.
27. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-9.
28. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN, for the MRFIT Research Group. Relationships of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:537-47.
29. Tracy RP, Lemaitre RN, Psaty BM, Ives DG, Evans RW, Cushman M, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH. Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1121-7.
30. Koenig W, Sund M, Frohlich M, Fischer HG, Lowel H, Doring A, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999;99:237-42.
31. Liuzzu G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, Grillo RL, Rebuzzi AG, Pepys MB, Maseri A. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994;331:417-24.
32. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SDM, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB, for the European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. Lancet 1997;349:462-6.
33. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:448-54.
34. Sluzewska A, Rybakowski L, Bosmans E, Sobieska M, Berghmans R, Maes M, Wiktorowicz K. Indicators of immune activation in major depression. Psychiatry Res 1996;64:161-7.
35. Hornig M, Goodman DBP, Kamoun M, Amsterdam JD. Positive and negative acute phase proteins in affective subtypes. J Affect Disord 1998;49:9-18.
36. Berk M, Wadee AA, Kuschke RH, O'Neill-Kerr A. Acute-phase proteins in major depression. J Psychosom Res 1997;43:529-34.
37. Maes M, Scharpe S, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E, Suy E, Calabrese J, Cosyns P. Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins, and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in severe depression. Psychiatry Res 1993;49:11-27.
38. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1994.
39. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Analytic and reporting guidelines: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1996.
40. Robins LM, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:381-9.
41. DSM-III-R. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
42. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy LT, Spitznagel EL, Stoltzman RK, Farmer A, Brockington IF. A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:657-66.
43. Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. Health status of Vietnam veterans: psychosocial characteristics. JAMA 1988;259:2701-7.
44. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1630-4.
45. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Weiss DS. Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1990.
46. Regier DA, Myers JK, Kramer M, Robins LN, Blazer DG, Hough RL, Eaton WW, Locke BZ. The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program: historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:934-41.
47. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;279:1477-82.
48. Fischer CL, Gill CW. Acute-phase proteins. Boston: Little, Brown & Co; 1975.
49. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D. NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system. Diabetologia 1997;40:1286-92.
50. Morley JJ, Kushner I. Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;389:406-17.
51. Rose GA, Blackburn HB, Gillum RF, Prineas RJ. Cardiovascular survey methods. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1982.
52. Rose GA. The diagnosis of ischemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bull WHO 1962;27:645-58.
53. Rose G, Reid DD, Hamilton PJS, McCartney P, Keen H, Jarrett RJ. Myocardial ischemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart disease. Lancet 1977;1:105-9.
54. Feinleib M, Lambert PM, Zeiner-Hemriksen T, Rogot E, Hunt BM, Ingster-Moore L. The British-Norwegian migrant study: analysis of parameters of mortality differentials associated with angina. Biometrics 1982;38(suppl):1-120.
55. LaCroix AZ, Guralnik JM, Curb JD, Wallace RB, Ostfeld AM, Hennekens CH. Chest pain and coronary heart disease mortality among older men and women in three communities. Circulation 1990;81:436-66.
56. Sorlie PD, Cooper L, Schreiner PJ, Rosamond W, Szklo M. Repeatability and validity of the Rose questionnaire for angina pectoris in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:719-25.
57. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-90.
58. Visser M, Bouter L, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris T. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 1999;282:2131-5.
59. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thompson A, Appleby P, Gallimore JR. Low grade inflammation and coronary disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Br Heart J 2000;321:199-204.
60. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens C. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1998;97:425-8.
61. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998.
62. Pirkle JL, Flegal KM, Bernert JT, Brody DJ, Etzel RA, Maurer KR. Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. JAMA 1996;275:1233-40.
63. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation 1994;89:1329-445.
64. Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001;104:1894-8.
65. Serebruany VL, O'Connor CM, Gurbel PA. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelets in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1398-400.
66. Cohen HW, Gibson G, Alderman MH. Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents. Am J Med 2000;108:2-8.
67. Heard K, Cain BS, Dart RC, Cairns CB. Tricyclic antidepressants directly depress human myocardial mechanical function independent of effects on the conduction system. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:1122-7.
68. Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M, Hammersley V, Crown N, Wynn A, Meal A, Coupland C. Antidepressants as risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: case-control study in primary care. BMJ 2001;323:666-9.
69. Lanquillon S, Krieg JC, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H. Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:370-9.
70. Talbot F, Nouwen A. A review of the relationship between depression and diabetes in adults: is there a link? Diabetes Care 2000;23:1556-62.
71. Wu T, Dorn JP, Donahue RP, Sempos CT, Trevisan M. Associations of serum C-reactive protein with fasting insulin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Epidemiol 2001;155:65-71.
72. Geffken D, Cushman M, Burke G, Polak J, Sakkinen P, Tracy R. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:242-50.
73. Abramson J, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1286-92.
74. SUDAAN survey data analysis software. Research Triangle Park (NC): Research Triangle Institute; 1991.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) reference manuals and reports [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1996.
76. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
77. Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Mendes de Leon CF, Pahor M, Visser M, Corti M, Wallace RB. Cardiovascular events and mortality in newly and chronically depressed persons >70 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:988-94.
78. Dentino AN, Pieper CF, Rao MK, Currie MS, Harris T, Blazer DG, Cohen HJ. Association of interleukin-6 and other biological variables with depression in older people living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:6-11.
79. Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Fenker J, Gutbrodt H, Peters M, Kirchner H. Different immune patterns in melancholic and nonmelancholic major depression. J Affect Disord 2001;63:93-102.
80. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995;19:11-38.
81. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Stressful life events and major depression: risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:661-9.
82. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:837-41.
83. Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L. Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: genetic control of exposure to the environment? Psychol Med 1997;27:539-47.
84. Gold PW, Goodwin FK, Chrousous GP. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to the neurobiology of stress. N Engl J Med 1988;319:348-53, 413-20.
85. Dhalla N, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens 2000;18:655-73.
86. Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Frank JS, Demer LL, Edwards PA, Watson AD, Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation 1995;91:2488-96.
87. Kang D-H, McCarthy DO. The effect of psychological stress on neutrophil superoxide release. Res Nurs Health 1994;17:363-70.
88. Haggendal J, Jonsson L, Johansson G, Bjurstrom S, Carlsten J, Thoren-Tolling K. Catecholamine-induced free radicals in myocardial cell necrosis on experimental stress in pigs. Acta Physiol Scand 1987;131:447-52.
89. Irie M, Asami S, Nagata S, Masakazu M, Kasai H. Relationship between perceived workload, stress and oxidative DNA damage. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001;74:153-7.
90. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh E. Direct pro-inflammatory effects of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 2000;102:2165-8.
91. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. Relationship of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:537-47.
92. Ridker PM. Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors: can we better predict heart attacks? Ann Intern Med 1999;130:933-7.
93. Libby PL, Ridker PM. Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk: theory versus practice. Circulation 1999;100:1148-50.
94. Kennon S, Price CP, Mills PG, Ranjadayalan K, Cooper J, Clarke H, Timmis AD. The effect of aspirin on C-reactive protein as a marker of risk in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1266-70.
95. Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR, Balla J, Jacob HS, Vercellotti GM. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood 1993;82:513-20.
96. Stoney CM, Matthews KA, McDonald RH, Johnson CS. Sex differences in lipid, lipoprotein, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress. Psychophysiology 1988;25:645-56.
97. Matthews K. Interactive effects of behavior and reproductive hormones in sex differences in risk for coronary heart disease. Health Psychol 1989;8:373-87.
98. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, Stefanick ML, Kessler C, Judd HL, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Es[rogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study. Circulation 1999;100:717-22.
99. Mitchell AJ. The role of corticotropin releasing factor in depressive illness: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998;22:635-51.