Anxiety and coronary heart disease: A synthesis of epidemiological, psychological, and experimental evidence

Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 47-58

  Kubzansky, Laura D ^a   Kawachi, Ichiro ^b   Weiss, Scott T ^b   Sparrow, David ^b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; THROMBOSIS; VASOSPASM;

EID: 0032429886     PISSN: 08836612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02884448     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Coryell W, Noyes R, Clancy J: Excess mortality in panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982, 39:701-703.
2. Coryell W, Noyes R, House JD: Mortality among outpatients with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986, 143:508-510.
3. Haines AP, Imeson JD, Meade TW: Phobic anxiety and ischaemic heart disease. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed. 1987, 295(6593):297-299.
4. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, et al: Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 1994, 89(5):1992-1997.
5. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST: Symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study. Circulation. 1994, 90(5):2225-2229.
6. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP: Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: Psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992, 135(8):854-864.
7. Tellegen A: Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In Tuma AH, Maser JD (eds), Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1985.
8. Barlow DH: Anxiety and Its Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press, 1988.
9. Regier DA, Kaelber CT: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Program: Studying the prevalence and incidence of psychopathology. In Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Zahner GEP (eds), Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology. New York: Wiley Liss, 1995, 135-155.
10. Frijda NH: Emotions are functional, most of the time. In Ekman P, Davidson RJ (eds), The Nature of Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, 112-122.
11. Kamarck T, Jennings JR: Biobehavioral factors in sudden cardiac death. Psychological Bulletin. 1991, 109:42-75.
12. Scherer KR: Emotion as a process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information. 1982, 21(4-5):555-570.
13. Arnold MB: Emotion and Personality. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
14. Ellsworth PC: Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In Strongman KT (ed), International Review of Studies of Emotion. New York: John Wiley & Sons, LTD, 1991, 143-161.
15. Frijda NH: The Emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
16. Lazarus RL (ed): Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1968. Emotions and Adaptation: Conceptual and Empirical Relations. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1968.
17. Ellsworth PC, Smith CA: From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion. 1988, 12(3): 271-302.
18. Frijda NH: Moods, emotions episodes, and emotions. In Lewis M, Haviland JM (eds), Handbook of Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press, 1993, 381-405.
19. Lader M, Marks I: Clinical Anxiety. London: Heinemann, 1973.
20. Ohman A: Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In Lewis M, Haviland JM (eds), HandBook of Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press, 1993, 511-536.
21. Clark LA, Watson D: Distinguishing functional from dysfunctional affective responses. In Ekman P, Davidson RJ (eds), The Nature of Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, 131-137.
22. Spielberger CD, Sarason JG: Stress and Anxiety. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1978.
23. Kendall PC, Butcher JN: Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Wiley, 1982.
24. Kendall RE: The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975.
25. Booth-Kewley S, Friedman HS: Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin. 1987, 101: 343-362.
26. Friedman M: Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
27. Krantz DS, Durel LA: Psychobiological substrates of the Type A behavior pattern. Health Psychology. 1983, 2:393-411.
28. Dembroski TM, Weiss SM, Shields JL, Haynes S, Feinleib M: Coronary-Prone Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978.
29. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M: Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction [see comments]. Circulation. 1995, 91(4):999-1005.
30. Matthews KA: Coronary heart disease and Type A behaviors: Update on and alternative to the Booth-Kewley and Friedman (1987) quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin. 1988, 104:373-380.
31. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Spiro III A, Vokonas P, Weiss ST: A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study. Circulation. 1996, 94(9):2090-2095.
32. Clark LA: The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis. In Kendall PC, Watson D (eds), Anxiety and Depression: Distinctive and Overlapping Features. New York: Academic Press, 1989, 83-129.
33. Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR: Major depression in patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984, 41:1129-1135.
34. Forrester AW, Lipsey JR, Teitelbaum ML, et al: Depression following myocardial infarction. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1992, 22:33-46.
35. Carney RM, Rich MW, Freedland KE, et al: Major depressive disorder predicts cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1988, 50(6):627-633.
36. Hayward C: Psychiatric illness and cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiologic Reviews. 1995, 17:129-138.
37. Clark LA, Watson D: Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric considerations and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1991, 100:316-336.
38. Eriksen CW: Cognitive responses to internally cued anxiety. In Spielberger CD (ed), Anxiety and Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1966, 327-360.
39. Noyes Jr. R, Clancy J, Hoenk PR, Slymen DJ: The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980, 37:173-178.
40. Denollet J, Sys SU, Stroobant N, et al: Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease [see comments]. Lancet. 1996, 347(8999):417-421.
41. Weissman MM, Markowitz JS, Ouellette R, Greenwald S, Kahn JP: Panic disorder and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular problems: Results from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990, 147:1504-1508.
42. Talbott E, Kuller LH, Perper J, Murphy PA: Sudden unexpected death in women: Biologic and psychosocial origins. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981, 114:671-682.
43. Tennant CC, Langeluddecke PM: Psychological correlates of coronary heart disease. Psychological Medicine. 1985, 15:581-588.
44. Borkovec TD, Robinson E, Pruzinsky T, Dupree J: Preliminary explanation of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983, 21:9-16.
45. Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Spiro III A, et al: Is worrying bad for your heart? A prospective study of worry and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study. Circulation. 1997, 95(4):818-824.
46. Allgulander C, Lavori PW: Excess mortality among 3,302 patients with 'pure' anxiety neurosis. Archive of General Psychiatry. 1991, 48:599-602.
47. Wheeler EO, White PD, Reed EW, Cohen ME: Neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, effort syndrome, neurasthenia): A twenty-year follow-up study of one hundred and seventy-three patients. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1950, 142:878-889.
48. Martin RL, Cloninger CR, Guze SB, Clayton PJ: Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985, 42:47-54.
49. Wardwell WI, Bahnson CB: Behavioral variables and myocardial infarction in the Southeastern Connecticut Heart Study. Journal of Chronic Disease. 1973, 26:447-461.
50. Berkson J: Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics. 1946, 2:47-53.
51. Bass C, Wade C: Chest pain with normal coronary arteries: A comparative study of psychiatric and social morbidity. Psychological Medicine. 1984, 14:51-61.
52. Thorogood M, Cowen P, Mann J, Murphy M, Vessey M: Fatal myocardial infarction and use of psychotropic drugs in young women. Lancet. 1992, 340:1067-1068.
53. Anonymous: Psychotropic drugs and myocardial infarction: Cause for or caused by panic? (editorial). Lancet. 1992, 340(8827):1069-1070.
54. Tilley S: Alcohol, other drugs and tobacco use and anxiolytic effectiveness: A comparison of anxious patients and psychiatric nurses. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987, 151:389-392.
55. Taylor CB, King R, Ehlers A, et al: Treadmill exercise test and ambulatory measures in panic attacks. American Journal of Cardiology. 1987, 60:48J-52J.
56. Pohl R, Yeragani VK, Balon R, et al: Smoking in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1992, 43:253-262.
57. Breslau N, Kilbey M, Andreski P: Nicotine dependence, major depression, and anxiety in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991, 48:1069-1074.
58. Fisher M, Schneider M, Pegler C, et al: Eating attitudes, health-risk behaviors, self-esteem, and anxiety among adolescent females in a suburban high school. Journal of Adolescent Health. 1991, 12:377-384.
59. LaPorte DJ: A fatiguing effect in obese patients during partial fasting: Increase in vulnerability to emotion-related events and anxiety. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1990, 9:345-355.
60. Schneiderman N: Psychophysiologic factors in atherogenesis and coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1987, 76(1, Pt. 2):I41-I47.
61. Starkman MN, Cameron OG, Ness RM, Zelnik T: Peripheral catecholamine levels and symptoms of anxiety: Studies in patients with and without pheochromocytoma. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1990, 52:129-142.
62. Sevy S, Papadimtriou GN, Surmont DW, Goldman S, Mendlewicz J: Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry. 1989, 25:141-152.
63. Middleton HC: Cardiovascular dystonia in recovered panic patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1990, 19:229-236.
64. Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR, Zimmerli WD: Psychophysiological response patterns in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991, 83:4-11.
65. Clark DB, Taylor CB, Hayward C, et al: Motor activity and tonic heart rate in panic disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1990, 32:45-53.
66. Dunner D: Anxiety and panic: Relationship to depression and cardiac disorders. Psychosomatics. 1985, 26(11 Suppl.):18-22.
67. Charney DS, Heninger GR: Abnormal regulation of noradrenergic function in panic disorders: Effects of clonidine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986, 43:1042-1054.
68. Katon W: Panic disorder: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment in primary care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986, 10(Suppl.): 21-27.
69. Wells KB, Golding JM, Burnam MA: Affective, substances use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or chronic lung conditions. General Hospital Psychiatry. 1989, 11:320-327.
70. Noyes R, Clancy J, Hoenk PR, Slymen DR: Anxiety neurosis and physical illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1978, 19:407-413.
71. Jenkins CD, Sooervell PD, Hames CG: Does blood pressure rise with age? ...or with stress? Journal of Human Stress. 1983, 9:4-12.
72. Pernini C, Muller FB, Buhler FR: Suppressed aggression accelerates early development of essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 1991, 9:499-503.
73. Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN: Psychological, biological and health behavior predictors of blood pressure changes in middle-aged women. Journal of Hypertension. 1991, 9(5):399-406.
74. Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Kannel WB, Cobb JL, D'Agostino RB: Psychological predictors of hypertension in the Framingham Study. Is there tension in hypertension? [see comments]. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993, 270(20):2439-2443.
75. Jonas BS, Franks P, Ingram DD: Are symptoms of anxiety and depression risk factors for hypertension? Longitudinal evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Archives of Family Medicine. 1997, 6:43-49.
76. Shedler J, Mayman M, Manis M: The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist. 1993, 48(11):1117-1131.
77. Warrenburg S, Levine J, Schwartz GE, et al: Defensive coping and blood pressure reactivity in medical patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1989, 12(5):407-424.
78. Sommers-Flanagan J, Greenberg RP: Psychosocial variables and hypertension: A new look at an old controversy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989, 177(1):15-24.
79. King AC, Barr Taylor C, Albright CA, Haskell WL: The relationship between repressive and defensive coping styles and blood pressure responses in healthy, middle-aged men and women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1990, 34(4):461-471.
80. Hayward C, Taylor CB, Roth WT, King R, Agras WS: Plasma lipid levels in patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989, 146:917-919.
81. Bajwa WK, Asnis GM, Sanderson WC, Irfan A, van Praag HM: High cholesterol levels in patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992, 149:376-378.
82. Tancer ME, Stein MB, Moul DE, Uhde TW: Normal serum cholesterol in panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1990, 27:99-101.
83. Niaura R, Stoney CM, Herbert PN: Lipids in psychological research: The last decade. Biological Psychology. 1992, 34:1-43.
84. Grinker RR: The psychosomatic aspects of anxiety. In Spielberger CD (ed), Anxiety and Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1966, 131-132.
85. Lown B: Sudden cardiac death: Biobehavioral perspective. Circulation. 1987, 76(1, Pt. 2):I186-I196.
86. Lown B, Ruberman W: The concept of precoronary care. Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease. 1970, 39:97-102.
87. Lown B, Graboys TB: Management of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. American Journal of Cardiology. 1977, 39(6):910-918.
88. Taggart P, Carruthers M, Somerville W: Electrocardiogram, plasma catecholamines, and lipids, and their modification by oxyprenolol when speaking before an audience. Lancet. 1973, 2:341-346.
89. Taggart P, Gibbons D, Somerville W: Some effects of motor-car driving on the normal and abnormal heart. British Medical Journal. 1969, 4:130-134.
90. Benson H, Alexander S, Feldman CL: Decreased premature ventricular contractions through use of the relaxation response in patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Lancet. 1975, 1:380-382.
91. Weiss T, Engel BT: Operant conditioning of heart rate in patients with premature ventricular contractions. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1971, 33:301-321.
92. Katz C, Martin RD, Landa B, Chadda KD: Relationship of psychologic factors to frequent symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. American Journal of Medicine. 1985, 78:589-594.
93. Orth-Gomer K, Edwards ME, Erhardt L, Sjogren A, Theorell T: Relation between ventricular arrhythmias and psychological profile. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1980, 207:31-36.
94. Freeman AM, Cohen-Cole S, Fleece L, Waldo A, Folks DG: Psychiatric symptoms, Type A behavior and arrhythmias following coronary bypass. Psychosomatics. 1984, 25:586-589.
95. Follick MJ, Ahern DK, Gorkin L, et al: Relation of psychosocial and stress reactivity variables to ventricular arrhythmias in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). American Journal of Cardiology. 1990, 66:63-67.
96. Follick MJ, Gorkin L, Capone RJ, et al: Psychological distress as a predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in a post-myocardial infarct population. American Heart Journal. 1988, 116:32-36.
97. Yeragani VK, Pohl R, Berger R, et al: Decreased heart rate variability in panic disorder patients: A study of power-spectral analysis of heart rate. Psychiatry Research. 1993, 46:89-103.
98. Stein MB, Tancer ME, Uhde TW: Heart rate and plasma norepinephrine responsivity to orthostatic challenge in anxiety disorders. Comparison of patients with panic disorder and social phobia and normal control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992, 49:311-317.
99. van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Kollee LAA, Hopman JCW, Stoelinga GBA, van Geijn HP: Heart rate variability. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993, 118:436-447.
100. Lown B, Verrier RL: Neural activity and ventricular fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976, 294(21):1165-1170.
101. Billman GE, Schwartz PJ, Stone HL: Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate: A predictor of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1982, 66:874-880.
102. Wharton JM, Coleman RE, Strauss HC: The role of the autonomic nervous system in sudden cardiac death. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 1992, 2:65-71.
103. Schwartz PJ, La Rovere MT, Vanoli E: Autonomic nervous system and sudden cardiac death. Experimental basis and clinical observations for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification. Circulation. 1992, 85(Suppl. I):177-191.
104. Martin GJ, Magid NM, Myers G, et al: Heart rate variability and sudden death secondary to coronary artery disease during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. American Journal of Cardiology. 1987, 60(1):86-89.
105. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger Jr. JT, Moss AJ: Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology. 1987, 59(4):256-262.
106. Huikuri HV, Linnaluoto MK, Seppanen T, et al: Circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in survivors of cardiac arrest. American Journal of Cardiology. 1992, 70:610-615.
107. Bigger Jr. JT, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, et al: Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1992, 85(1):164-171.
108. Molgaard H, Sorensen KE, Bjerregaard P: Attenuated 24-h heart rate variability in apparently healthy subjects, subsequently suffering sudden cardiac death. Clinical Autonomic Research. 1991, 1:223-233.
109. Fei L, Anderson MH, Katritsis D, et al: Decreased heart rate variability in survivors of sudden cardiac death not associated with coronary artery disease. British Heart Journal. 1994, 71:16-21.
110. Miyawaki E, Salzman C: Autonomic nervous system tests in psychiatry: Implications and potential uses of heart rate variability. Integrative Psychiatry. 1991, 7:21-28.
111. Friedman BH, Thayer JF, Borkovec TD, et al: Autonomic characteristics of nonclinical panic and blood phobia. Biological Psychiatry. 1993, 34:298-310.
112. Carney RM, Rich MW, Tevelde A, et al: The relationship between heart rate, heart rate variability, and depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1988, 32:159-164.
113. Garcia CC, Kagan J, Reznick JS: Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development. 1984, 55:1005-1019.
114. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N: Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science. 1988, 240:167-171.
115. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Gibbons J: Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development. 1989, 60:838-845.
116. Yeragani VK, Balon R, Pohl R, et al: Decreased R-R variance in panic disorder patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990, 81:554-559.
117. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST: Decreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from the Normative Aging Study). American Journal of Cardiology. 1995, 75(14):882-885.
118. Offerhaus RE: Heart rate variability in psychiatry. In Kitney RJ, Rompelman O (eds), The Study of Heart Rate Variability. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1980, 225-238.
119. Pagani M, Mazzuero G, Ferrari A, et al: Symphathovagal interaction during mental stress: A study using spectral analysis of heart rate variability in healthy control subjects and patients with a prior myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1991, 83(Suppl. II):II-43-II-51.
120. Fuller BF: The effects of stress-anxiety and coping styles on heart-rate variability. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 1992, 12:81-86.
121. Rasmussen K, Ravnsbaek J, Funch-Jenson P, Bagger JP: Oesophageal spasm in patients with coronary artery spasm. Lancet. 1986, 1(8474):174-176.
122. Davies MJ, Thomas A: Thrombosis and acute coronary artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. New England Journal of Medicine. 1984, 310:1137-1140.
123. Falk E: Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis: Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. British Heart Journal. 1983, 50:127-134.
124. Gorlin R, Fuster V, Ambrose JA: Anatomic-physiologic links between acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1986, 74:6-9.
125. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, et al: Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators [see comments]. Circulation. 1995, 92(7):1720-1725.
126. Gelernt MD, Hochman JS: Acute myocardial infarction triggered by emotional stress. American Journal of Cardiology. 1992, 69:1512-1513.
127. Tofler GH, Stone PH, Maclure M, et al: Analysis of possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction (the MILIS Study). American Journal of Cardiology. 1990, 66:22-27.
128. Reich P, DeSilva RA, Lown B, Murawski BJ: Acute psychological disturbance preceding life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981, 246:233-235.
129. Levine SP, Towell BL, Suarez AM, et al: Platelet activation and secretion associated with emotional stress. Circulation. 1985, 71:1129-1134.
130. Fleischman AI, Bierenbaum ML, Stier A: Effect of stress due to anticipated minor surgery upon in vivo platelet aggregation in humans. Journal of Human Stress. 1976, 2:33-37.
131. Gordon JL, Bowyer DE, Evans CW, Mitchinson MJ: Human platelet reactivity during stressful diagnostic procedures. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973, 26:958-962.
132. Haft JI, Arkel YS: Effect of emotional stress on platelet aggregation in humans. Chest. 1976, 70:501-505.
133. Mest HJ, Zehl U, Sziegoleit W, Taube C, Forster W: Influence of mental stress on plasma level of prostaglandins, thromboxane B, and on circulating platelet aggregates in man. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine. 1982, 8:553-563.
134. Neiss R: Reconceptualizing arousal: Psychobiological states in motor performance. Psychological Bulletin. 1988, 103(3):345-366.
135. Leventhal H, Patrick-Miller L: Emotion and illness: The mind is in the body. In Lewis M, Haviland JM (eds), Handbook of Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press, 1993, 365-380.
136. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A: Sudden cardiac death: Epidemiology, transient risk, and intervention assessment [see comments]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993, 119(12):1187-1197.
137. Marmot M, Winkelstein Jr. W: Epidemiologic observations on intervention trials for prevention of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1975, 101(3):177-181.
138. Anderson NB, Armstead CA: Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: A new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995, 57:213-225.
139. Pincus T, Callahan LF: What explains the association between socioeconomic status and health: Primarily access or medical care or mind-body variables? Advances: The Journal of Mind-Body Health. 1995, 11:4-36.
140. Kemper TD: Sociological models in the explanation of emotions. In Lewis M, Haviland JM (eds), Handbook of Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press, 1993, 41-52.