Dietary iodine in pregnancy and postpartum

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 459-470

  Yarrington, Christina D ^a   Pearce, Elizabeth N ^a,b  

^a BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

iodine; lactation; pregnancy; thyroid

Indexed keywords

DIIODOTHYRONINE; IODIDE; IODINE; IODOTHYRONINE; LEVOTHYROXINE; LIOTHYRONINE; MULTIVITAMIN; POTASSIUM IODIDE; THIOCYANATE; THYROGLOBULIN; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GOITER; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HORMONE URINE LEVEL; HUMAN; INFANT NUTRITION; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; IODINATION; IODINE DEFICIENCY; LACTATION; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MATERNAL SMOKING; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; METABOLIC REGULATION; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; SEA FOOD; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STILLBIRTH; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID WEIGHT;

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IODINE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PREGNANCY; THYROID HORMONES;

EID: 80052192851     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: 15325520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31822ce2ff     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Zimmerman MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009;30:376-408.
2. Hershman JM. Physiological and pathological aspects of the effet of humanchorionic gonadotropin on the thyroid. Best Prac Res Celin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:249-265. (Pubitemid 38801668)
3. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: Pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endo Rev. 1997;18:404-433. (Pubitemid 27246883)
4. Yoshimura M, Hershman JM. Thyrotropic action of human chorionic gonadotropin. Thyroid. 1995;5:425-434.
5. Goodwin TM, Hershman JM.Hyperthyroidismdue to inappropriate production of human chorionic gonadotropin. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997;40:32-44. (Pubitemid 27152437)
6. Glinoer D. Pregnancy and iodine. Thyroid. 2001;11:471-481. (Pubitemid 32494596)
7. Roti E, Fang SL, Emerson CH, et al. Placental inner ring iodothyronine deiodination: A mechanism for decreased passage for T4 and T3 from mother to fetus. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1981;94: 183-189.
8. Elnagar B, Eltom A, Wide L, et al. Iodine status, thyroid function and pregnancy: Study of Swedish and Sudanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52:351-355. (Pubitemid 28230701)
9. Dunn JT, Delange F. Damaged reproduction: The most important consequence of iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2360-2363. (Pubitemid 32545677)
10. Dafnis E, Sabatini S. The effect of pregnancy on renal function: Physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Med Sci. 1992; 303:184-205.
11. De Escobar GM, Obregon MJ, Del Rey FE. Iodine deficiency and brain development in the first half of pregnancy. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:1554-1570. (Pubitemid 350224313)
12. Delange F, Bourdoux P, Chanoine JP, Physiopathology of iodine nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and early postnatal life. In: Berger H, ed. Vitamins and Minerals in Pregnancy and Lactation. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol. New York: Nestec Ltd., Vevey/Raven Press, Ltd.; 1986:205-213.
13. Beckers C. Iodine economy in and around pregnancy. In: Beckers C, Reinwein D. The Thyroid and Pregnancy. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 1991: 25-34.
14. Pearce EN, Leung AM, Blount BC, et al. Breastmilk iodine and perchlorate concentrations in lactating Boston-area women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:1673-1677. (Pubitemid 46997170)
15. Leung AM, Pearce EN, Hamilton T, et al. Colostrum iodine and perchlorate concentrations in Boston-area women: A cross-sectional study. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:326-330.
16. Tazebay UH, Wapnir IL, Levy O, et al. The mammary gland iodide transporter is expressed during lactation and in breast cancer. Nat Med. 2000;6:871-878. (Pubitemid 30644744)
17. Azizi F, Smyth P. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant iodine nutrition. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:803-809.
18. Semba RD, Delange F. Iodine in human milk: Perspectives for human health. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:269-278. (Pubitemid 32757677)
19. Dorea JG. Iodine nutrition and breast feeding. J Trace Elements inMed and Biol. 2002;16:207-220. (Pubitemid 36024950)
20. World Health OrganizationUnited Nations Children's Fund, InternationalCouncil for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
21. Institute of MedicineDietary Reference Intakes for VitaminA, vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.. Washington DC. National Academy Press; 2001.
22. Becker DV, Braverman LE, Delange F, et al. Iodine supplementation or pregnancy and lactation-United States and Canada: Recommendations of the American ThyroidAssociation. Thyroid. 2006;16: 949-951. (Pubitemid 46141294)
23. Andersen S, Karmisholt J, Pedersen KM, et al. Reliability of studies of iodine intake and recommendations for number of samples in groups and in individuals. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:813-818. (Pubitemid 351351635)
24. Leung AM, Pearce EN. Iodine nutrition in North America. Hot Thyroidol. 2007;5: Epub: Http://www.hotthyroidology.com.
25. London WT, Vought RL, Brown FA. Bread-dietary source of large quantities of iodine. N Engl J Med. 1966;223:338.
26. Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, et al. Sources of dietary iodine: Bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3421-3424. (Pubitemid 38951914)
27. Sigurdsson G, Franzon L. Urine excretion of iodine in an Icelandic population. Icelandic Med J. 1988;74:179-181.
28. Murray CM, Egan SK, Kim H, et al. US Food and Drug Administrations Total Diet Study: Dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008;1-10.
29. Hollowell JG, Haddow JE. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America. Pub Health Nutr. 2007;10:1532-1539. (Pubitemid 350224308)
30. Caldwell KL, Miller GA, WangRY, et al. Iodine status of the US population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Thyroid. 2008;118: 1207-1214.
31. Caldwell KL, Jones R, Wang R. Iodine status of the US population, National Health and Nutrition Survey 2005-2006 and 2007-2008. Thyroid. 2011;21:419-427.
32. Perrine CG, Herrick K, Serdula MK, et al. Some subgroups of reproductive age women in the United States may be at risk for iodine deficiency. J Nutr. 2010; 140:189-194.
33. Leung AM, Pearce EN, Braveman LE. Iodine content of prenatal multivitamins in the United States. Corr. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:939-940.
34. WHO Secretariat on behalf of the participants to the Consultation S, Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: Conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation Pub Health Nutr 2007;10:1606-1611.
35. Wolff J, Chaikoff IL, Goldberg C, et al. The temporary nature of the inhibitory action of excess iodine on organic iodine synthesis in the normal thyroid. Endocrinol. 1949;45:504-513.
36. Eng PH, Cardona GR, Fang SL, et al. Escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect is associated with a decrease in thyroid sodium/iodide symporter messenger ribonucleic acid and protein. Endocrinology. 1999;140:3404-3410. (Pubitemid 30645394)
37. Markou K, Georgopoulos N, Kyriazopoulou V, et al. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2001;11:501-510. (Pubitemid 32494599)
38. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Braverman LE, et al. Effects of amiodarone administration during pregnancy on neonatal thyroid function and subsequent neurodevelopment. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24:116-130. (Pubitemid 32201218)
39. Braverman LE. Adequate iodine intake-the good far outweighs the bad. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139:14-15. (Pubitemid 28351228)
40. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Bourdoux P, et al. Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:276-287.
41. Smyth PPA, Hetherton AM, Ryan R, et al. Alterations in iodine status and thyroid volume in pregnancy. In: Beckers C, Reinwein D. The Thyroid and Pregnancy. Schattauer, Stuttgart, New York; 1991: 55-58.
42. Brander A, Kivisaari L. Ultrasonography of the thyroid during pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;17:403-406. (Pubitemid 20019386)
43. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Bourdoux P, et al. Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:276-287.
44. Rasmussen NG, Hornnes PJ, Hegedus L. Ultrasonographically determined thyroid size in pregnancy and post partum: The goitrogenic effect of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:1216-1220. (Pubitemid 19144493)
45. Rotondi M, Amato G, Biondi B, et al. Parity as a thyroid size-determining factor in areas with moderate iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85: 4534-4537. (Pubitemid 32157629)
46. Knudsen N, Bulow I, Laurberg P, et al. Parity is associated with increased thyroid volumes solely among smokers in an area with moderate to mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146:39-43. (Pubitemid 34126417)
47. Younes-Rapozo V, Berendonk J, Savignon T, et al. Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2006;24:445-453. (Pubitemid 44584603)
48. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Vuevas E, et al. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology. 2004; 145:4037-4047. (Pubitemid 39120549)
49. Pearce EN. What do we know about iodine supplementation in pregnancy? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94: 3188-3190.
50. QianM, Wang D, WakinsWE, et al. The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: A meta-anylsis of studies conducted in China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005;14: 32-42. (Pubitemid 40528373)
51. Haddow JE, Palomake GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. NEJM. 1999;341:549-555. (Pubitemid 29384162)
52. Pop VJ, Jl Kuijpens, van Baar AL, et al. Low maternal free thyroxine conentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol. 1999;50:147-148.
53. Henrichs J, Bongers-Schokking JJ, Schenk JJ, et al. Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and cognitive functioning in early childhood: The generation R study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4227-4234.
54. Vermiglio V, Lo Presti M,Moleti M, et al. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: A possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:6054-6060.
55. Pedersen KM, Laurberg P, Iversen E, et al. Amelioration of some pregnancyassociated variations in thyroid function by iodine supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1078-1083. (Pubitemid 23301489)
56. Antonangeli L, Maccherini D, Cavaliere R, et al. Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: A longitudinal study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:29-34. (Pubitemid 34814736)
57. LiesenkotterKP,GopelW,BognerU, et al. Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996;134:443-448.
58. Nohr SB, Laurberg P. Opposite variation in maternal and neonatal thyroid function induced by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:623-627. (Pubitemid 32273644)
59. Romano R, Jannini EA, Pepe M, et al. The effects of iodoprophylaxis on thyroid size during pregnancy. Am J obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:482-485.
60. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Delange F, et al. A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:258-269.
61. Glinoer D. Maternal and fetal impact of chronic iodine deficiency. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997;40:102-116. (Pubitemid 27152442)
62. Guan H, Li C, Li Y, et al. High iodine intake is a risk factor of post-partum thyroiditis: Result of a survey from Shenyang, China. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28:876-881. (Pubitemid 43162817)
63. Reinhardt W, Kohl S, Hollmann D, et al. Efficacy and safety of iodine in the postpartum period in an area of mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Med Res. 1998;3:203-210.
64. Eltom A, Eltom M, Elnagar B, et al. Changes in iodine metabolism during late pregnancy and lactation: A longitudinal study among Sudanesewomen. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:429-433. (Pubitemid 30261396)
65. Nohr SB, Laurberg P, Borlum KG, et al. Iodine status in neonates in Denmark: Regional variations and dependency on maternal iodine supplementation. Acta Pediatrica. 1994;83:578-582. (Pubitemid 24197610)
66. Seibold-WeigerK,Wollmann H, Rendl J, et al. Iodine concentration in the breast milk of mothers of premature infants. Zeitschrift Fur Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie. 1999;203:81-85. (Pubitemid 29266295)
67. Laurberg P, Nohr SB, Pedersen KM, et al. Iodine nutrition in breast-fed infants is impaired by maternal smoking. J Clin Endicrinol Metab. 2004;89:181-187. (Pubitemid 38183879)
68. Pharoah PO, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. Neurological damange to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Lancet. 1971;1:308-310.
69. Thilly CH, Delange F, Lagasse R, et al. Fetal hypothyroidism and maternal thyroid status in severe endemic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;47:354-360. (Pubitemid 8393534)
70. Cao XY, Jiang XM, Dou ZH, et al. Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1739-1744.
71. Pretell EA, Palacios P, Tello L. Iodine deficiency and the maternal/fetal relationship. In: Dunn JG, Medeiros-Neto GAeds. Endemic Goiter and Cretinism. Continuing Threats to World Health. Pan American Health Organization Science Publication 292. Washington, DC: WHO; 143-155.
72. Fierro-Benitez R, Cazar R, Stanbury JB, et al. Effects on schoolchildren of prophylaxis of mothers with iodized oil in an area of iodine deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11:327-335.
73. Velasco I, Carreira M, Santiago P, et al. Effect of iodine prophylaxis during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of children during the first two years of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:3234-3241.
74. Berbel P, Mestre JL, Santamaria A, et al. Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: The importance of early iodine supplementation. Thyroid. 2009;19:511-519.